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1960sThis was the most dangerous decade.
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• A summit was planned for May 1960 to discuss Berlin and nuclear weapons.
• President Eisenhower wanted an 'open skies' agreement
• Khrushchev refused - but Eisenhower did so anyway.
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The U-2 Incident
May 1, 1960
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Gary Powers
U-2 spy plane
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Aftermath
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• The Paris Summit between Dwight Eisenhower and Nikita Khrushchev collapsed.
• Eisenhower refused to make apologies over the incident, demanded by Khrushchev.
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Effects of the U2 incident• 1. The Paris meeting collapsed, and
there was no Test Ban Treaty.• 2. There was no discussion of the
problem of Berlin - which led ultimately to the Berlin Wall.
• 3. The incident was seen as a defeat for the US – – so US elected John F Kennedy as
President because he promised to get much tougher on the Russians.
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The Cuban Revolution
Castro!
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Fidel Castro.
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China
China breaks relations off with the Soviet Union!
1960
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China's first intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM)
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Kennedy elected president!
1961
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• Let every nation know that we shall pay any price, bear and burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, for the survival and success of freedom.
• Now the trumpet calls again . . . against the
enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war. Ask not what your country can do for you: ask what you can do for your country. Inaugural speech of President Kennedy, 1961
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Bay of Pigs
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April 17, 1961
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President Kennedy receives the Brigade 2506 flag in Miami in Dec. 29, 1962 and declares: "I promise to return this flag in a free Havana."
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The Berlin Wall
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Causes• 1. Growing tension
• Kennedy tried to get tough on Communism.
• He financed the forces fighting the Communists in Vietnam and Laos
• In 1961 he helped an invasion of Cuba
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Causes• 2. Refugees
• West Berlin was wealthy and free.
• Many East Germans worked in West Berlin, and saw this.
• By 1961, 3 million had fled to the west through Berlin.
• by August 1961, the flow was 1,800 a day.
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Causes
• 3. Sabotage
• The Russians claimed that the Americans used West Berlin for spying and sabotage
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Results of Berlin Wall
• 1. Berlin was split in two. Hundreds of East Berliners died trying to cross it
• 2. America complained, but did not try to take it down – it was not worth a war.
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• 3. The West became more anti-communist.
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•The Berlin Wall is the Symbol of the Cold War!!!!
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Cuban Missile Crisis
October 14 – November 20, 1962
Nuclear catastrophe was hanging by a thread ... and we weren't counting days or hours, but minutes."
-Soviet General and Army Chief of Operations, Anatoly Gribkov
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Causes
• 1. Superpower Tension
• 2. Fidel Castro’s Cuba
• 3. The Bay of Pigs
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• October 14th – U2 spy plane took pictures of missile bases in Cuba
• Kennedy told ten days before operational
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What to do?
• 1. Nuclear Strike? It would cause a nuclear war.
• 2. Conventional attack? There were Russian troops in Cuba, and it would probably lead to a war with Russia.
• 3. Use the UN? Too slow.
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What to do?
• 4. Do nothing? The missile bases were too dangerous.
• 5. Blockade? This would stop the missiles getting to the missile bases, but it was not a direct act of war.
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13 Days on the Brink!!• October 22 - Kennedy announced
• that he was mounting a naval blockade of Cuba.
• October 23 - Khrushchev explained that the missile sites were ‘solely to defend Cuba against the attack of an aggressor’.
• October 24 Russia would get ready ‘a fitting reply to the aggressor’.
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13 Days on the Brink!!
• 20 Russian ships were heading for Cuba.
• October 25 - The first Russian ship reached the naval blockade. It was an oil ship and was allowed through
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13 Days on the Brink!!
• More Soviet ships approached the “quarantine line”. Missiles on Board!!!
• America wondered if Khrushchev had enough time to instruct the ship captains.
• Soviet ships stopped dead in the water after receiving a radio message from Moscow.
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13 Days on the Brink!!
• "We were eyeball to eyeball and the other guy just blinked." Secretary of State Dean Rusk
• Not out of the woods yet!!!!• October 25 - Military alert was raised
to DEFCON 2, the highest ever in U.S. history. The military could, at a moment's notice, launch an attack on Cuba or the Soviet Union.
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13 Days on the Brink!!
• October 26 – US received a letter from Khrushchev. (letter one)
• The Soviets would remove their missiles if Kennedy publicly guaranteed the U.S. would never invade Cuba.
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• Then we received another letter from Russia.
• Demanding that we remove missile bases in Turkey.
• They were old and out of date. BUT!!!!!
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13 Days on the Brink!!• October 27 - Kennedy wrote to
Khrushchev that US would lift the blockade
• And agree not to invade Cuba if Khrushchev would dismantle the missile bases.
• Kennedy also offered secretly to dismantle the Turkish missile bases.
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Results• 1.
Khrushchev lost prestige – he had failed, but prevented nuclear disaster.
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• 2. Kennedy gained prestige. He was seen as the men who faced down the Russians.
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Results• 3. Both sides had had a fright.
The two leaders set up a telephone ‘hotline’ to talk directly in a crisis.
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Results• 4. In 1963, they agreed a
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Cuba was the start of the end of the Cold War.
• 5. Cuba remained a Communist dictatorship, but America left it alone.
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Nuclear Test Ban
August 5, 1963
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Assassination of JFK
November 22, 1963
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Lee Harvey OswaldJohnson being sworn in as president.
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Leonid Brezhnev
1964
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Prague SpringJanuary 5 – August 20, 1968
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