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Anatomy : is the study of structures or
body parts and their relationships toone another. “anatome = up (ana) +
cutting (tome) “
Anatomy : Gross anatomy -
macroscopic.
Histology -
microscopic.
• Anatomical position: body is erect,
feet together, palms face forward andthe thumbs point away from the body .
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Disciplines of Anatomy
•Gross Anatomy: structures studied with thenaked eye.
•Microscopic anatomy (histology)
•Cell biology
•Developmental anatomy (embryology)
•Pathological anatomy
•Radiologic anatomy (x-ray C! MR")
• s#rgical anatomy
Anatomical terminology from ancient Greek and Latin
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Levels of StructuralOrganization
•iochemical !atoms, molecules"
•#ellular
•$issue
•%rgan
•%rgan system
•%rganism
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• $#perior : means the part is abo&e
another or closer to head !cranial ".
• "nferior : means the part is below another
or towards the feet !caudal".
Anatomical directional terminology
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• Anterior : means towards the front !the
eyes are anterior to the brain" -
'&entral(.
• Posterior : means toward the back !the
pharyn) is posterior to the oral
ca&ity" - 'dorsal(.
Anatomical directional terminology
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• Medial : relates to the imaginary midline
di&iding the body into e*ualright and left hal&es !the nose is medial to the
eyes".
• %ateral& means to words the side with respectto the imaginary midline
!the ears are lateral to the eyes".
Anatomical directional terminology
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"psilateral& the same side !the spleen and
descending colon areipsilateral ".
Contralateral & +efers to the opposite side
!the spleen and gallbladder are contralateral ".
Anatomical directional terminology
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• Proximal : is used to describe a part that
is closer to the trunk of the
body or closer to another specified point ofreference than another
part !the elbow is pro)imal to the wrist".
• Distal: it means that a particular bodypart is farther from the trunk or
farther from another specified point of
reference than another part
!fingers are distal to the wrist".
Anatomical directional terminology
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• $#perficial& means situated near thesurface. eripheral also means
outward or near the surface.
• Deep& is used to describe parts that are
more internal .
Anatomical directional terminology
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Regional Terms
• Axial part : includes the head, neck, and
trunk.
• Appendicular part : Includes the limbs
which are attached to the body's axis.
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• $agittal plane di&ides the
body into left and right
sections.
• Midsagittal (median) plane
di&ides the body into
e*ual hal&es at midline.
• 'rontal (coronal) plane di&ides the body into
anterior and posterior
sections.
• !ransverse (horiontal)
plane di&ides the body
into superior and inferior
sections.
ody $ections
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Transverse planeCoronal plane
Coronal plane
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Sagittal plane
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Eleven organ system
ntegumentary/keletal0uscular
1er&ous2ndocrine#ardio&ascular Lymphatic3immune
+espiratory4igesti&e5rinary+eproducti&e
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Regional Terms Used for Pla
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