1.1. Upgrade bandwidthUpgrade bandwidth
2.2. Upgrade desktop operating Upgrade desktop operating systemssystems
3.3. Increase the number of serversIncrease the number of servers
4.4. Determine industry standardsDetermine industry standards
5.5. Convert to VoIPConvert to VoIP
Which of the Which of the
following is following is notnot
infrastructure infrastructure
investments a firm investments a firm
may consider?may consider?
1.1. Upgrade bandwidthUpgrade bandwidth
2.2. Upgrade desktop operating Upgrade desktop operating systemssystems
3.3. Increase the number of serversIncrease the number of servers
4.4. Determine industry standardsDetermine industry standards
5.5. Convert to VoIPConvert to VoIP
Which of the Which of the
following is following is notnot
infrastructure infrastructure
investments a firm investments a firm
may consider?may consider?
Determining industry standards is not typically associated with Determining industry standards is not typically associated with information technology infrastructure investments.information technology infrastructure investments.
1.1. TangibleTangible
2.2. ContainedContained
3.3. IntangibleIntangible
4.4. DifferentialDifferential
5.5. Factorial Factorial
Which type of cost or Which type of cost or
benefit of systems benefit of systems
cannot be cannot be
immediately immediately
quantified?quantified?
1.1. TangibleTangible
2.2. ContainedContained
3.3. IntangibleIntangible
4.4. DifferentialDifferential
5.5. FactorialFactorial
Which type of cost or Which type of cost or
benefit of systems benefit of systems
cannot be cannot be
immediately immediately
quantified?quantified?
Intangible benefits, such as more efficient customer service or enhanced Intangible benefits, such as more efficient customer service or enhanced employee goodwill, cannot be immediately quantified but may lead to employee goodwill, cannot be immediately quantified but may lead to quantifiable gains in the long run.quantifiable gains in the long run.
1.1. Payback methodPayback method
2.2. Accounting rate of ROIAccounting rate of ROI
3.3. Net present valueNet present value
4.4. Profitability indexProfitability index
5.5. Internal rate of returnInternal rate of return
Which financial model Which financial model
gives an approximation gives an approximation
of the accounting income of the accounting income
earned by a project?earned by a project?
1.1. Payback methodPayback method
2.2. Accounting rate of ROIAccounting rate of ROI
3.3. Net present valueNet present value
4.4. Profitability indexProfitability index
5.5. Internal rate of returnInternal rate of return
Which financial model Which financial model
gives an approximation gives an approximation
of the accounting income of the accounting income
earned by a project?earned by a project?
The accounting rate of return on investment (ROI) calculates the rate of return from an investment by adjusting the cash inflows produced by the investment for depreciation.
1.1. Payback methodPayback method
2.2. Cost-benefit ratioCost-benefit ratio
3.3. Net present valueNet present value
4.4. Profitability indexProfitability index
5.5. Internal rate of returnInternal rate of return
Which financial model Which financial model
takes into account the takes into account the
time value of money?time value of money?
1.1. Payback methodPayback method
2.2. Cost-benefit ratioCost-benefit ratio
3.3. Net present valueNet present value
4.4. Profitability indexProfitability index
5.5. Internal rate of returnInternal rate of return
Which financial model Which financial model
takes into account the takes into account the
time value of money?time value of money?
Internal rate of return (IRR) is defined as the rate of return or profit that an investment is expected to earn, taking into account the time value of money.
1.1. Industry standardizationIndustry standardization
2.2. OperationsOperations
3.3. DesignDesign
4.4. DataData
5.5. Cost Cost
Which of the following Which of the following
is is notnot a significant a significant
problem area for problem area for
information systems? information systems?
1.1. Industry standardizationIndustry standardization
2.2. OperationsOperations
3.3. DesignDesign
4.4. DataData
5.5. CostCost
Which of the following Which of the following
is is notnot a significant a significant
problem area for problem area for
information systems?information systems?
A very large percentage of information systems fail to deliver benefits or to solve the problems for which they were intended because the process of organizational change surrounding system building was not properly addressed.
1.1. programmer.programmer.
2.2. change agent.change agent.
3.3. financial expert.financial expert.
4.4. chief information officer.chief information officer.
5.5. operational manager.operational manager.
During system During system
implementation the implementation the
systems analyst becomes systems analyst becomes
a(n)…a(n)…
1.1. programmer.programmer.
2.2. change agent.change agent.
3.3. financial expert.financial expert.
4.4. chief information officer.chief information officer.
5.5. operational manager.operational manager.
During system During system
implementation the implementation the
systems analyst becomes systems analyst becomes
a(n)…a(n)…
The system analyst is the catalyst for the entire change process and is responsible for ensuring that all parties involved accept the changes created by a new system.
1.1. Management qualityManagement quality
2.2. Level of complexity and riskLevel of complexity and risk
3.3. Governmental regulationGovernmental regulation
4.4. Management supportManagement support
5.5. Role of users Role of users
Which of the Which of the
following is following is notnot
necessarily a factor necessarily a factor
that will help that will help
determine the determine the
implementation implementation
outcome? outcome?
1.1. Management qualityManagement quality
2.2. Level of complexity and riskLevel of complexity and risk
3.3. Governmental regulationGovernmental regulation
4.4. Management supportManagement support
5.5. Role of users Role of users
Which of the Which of the
following is following is notnot
necessarily a factor necessarily a factor
that will help that will help
determine the determine the
implementation implementation
outcome?outcome?
Government regulation does not necessarily affect the implementation outcome of system changes. The other options are largely behavioral and organizational issues.
1.1. DesignDesign
2.2. DataData
3.3. CostCost
4.4. OperationsOperations
5.5. Not sureNot sure
Which problem area Which problem area
should be addressed if should be addressed if
information required for information required for
a specific business a specific business
function is function is
inaccessible?inaccessible?
1.1. DesignDesign
2.2. DataData
3.3. CostCost
4.4. OperationsOperations
5.5. Not sureNot sure
Which problem area Which problem area
should be addressed if should be addressed if
information required for information required for
a specific business a specific business
function is inaccessible?function is inaccessible?
Other data problems may be a high level of inaccuracy or inconsistency, or the information in certain fields may be erroneous or ambiguous, or not organized properly.
1.1. DesignDesign
2.2. DataData
3.3. CostCost
4.4. OperationsOperations
5.5. Not sureNot sure
Which problem area should Which problem area should
be addressed if the system be addressed if the system
is not compatible with the is not compatible with the
structure, culture, or goals structure, culture, or goals
of the organization? of the organization?
1.1. DesignDesign
2.2. DataData
3.3. CostCost
4.4. OperationsOperations
5.5. Not sureNot sure
Which problem area should Which problem area should
be addressed if the system be addressed if the system
is not compatible with the is not compatible with the
structure, culture, or goals structure, culture, or goals
of the organization?of the organization?
Historically, information systems design has been preoccupied with technical issues at the expense of organizational concerns. Without a close organizational fit, such systems create tensions, instability, and conflict.
1.1. user-designer user-designer communication gap.communication gap.
2.2. structural disorientation.structural disorientation.
3.3. mythical man-month.mythical man-month.
4.4. complex technology.complex technology.
5.5. user-designer incompatibility.user-designer incompatibility.
Users and systems Users and systems
specialists having specialists having
different backgrounds, different backgrounds,
interests, and interests, and
priorities regarding priorities regarding
new systems is called new systems is called
the…the…
1.1. user-designer communication user-designer communication gap.gap.
2.2. structural disorientation.structural disorientation.
3.3. mythical man-month.mythical man-month.
4.4. complex technology.complex technology.
5.5. user-designer incompatibility.user-designer incompatibility.
Users and systems Users and systems
specialists having specialists having
different backgrounds, different backgrounds,
interests, and interests, and
priorities regarding priorities regarding
new systems is called new systems is called
the…the…
These differences between users and system designers lead to divergent organizational loyalties, approaches to problem solving, and vocabularies.
1.1. Sufficient funding is available.Sufficient funding is available.
2.2. Successful work habit changes will Successful work habit changes will result.result.
3.3. Successful organizational Successful organizational realignments will occur.realignments will occur.
4.4. Employees will be rewarded for time Employees will be rewarded for time and effort.and effort.
5.5. Employees will receive network Employees will receive network access.access.
Which of the Which of the
following is following is notnot a a
reason why it’s reason why it’s
important to have important to have
management backing management backing
of an information of an information
systems project?systems project?
1.1. Sufficient funding is available.Sufficient funding is available.
2.2. Successful work habit changes will Successful work habit changes will result.result.
3.3. Successful organizational Successful organizational realignments will occur.realignments will occur.
4.4. Employees will be rewarded for time Employees will be rewarded for time and effort.and effort.
5.5. Employees will receive network Employees will receive network access.access.
Which of the Which of the
following is following is notnot a a
reason why it’s reason why it’s
important to have important to have
management backing management backing
of an information of an information
systems project?systems project?
If an information systems project has the backing and commitment of management at various levels, it is more likely to be perceived positively by both users and the technical staff.
1.1. internal rate of return.internal rate of return.
2.2. return on investment.return on investment.
3.3. stock share.stock share.
4.4. man-month.man-month.
5.5. cost basis.cost basis.
The traditional unit The traditional unit
of measurement of measurement
used by systems used by systems
designers to project designers to project
costs is the …costs is the …
1.1. internal rate of return.internal rate of return.
2.2. return on investment.return on investment.
3.3. stock share.stock share.
4.4. man-month.man-month.
5.5. cost basis.cost basis.
The traditional unit The traditional unit
of measurement of measurement
used by systems used by systems
designers to project designers to project
costs is the …costs is the …
Projects are estimated in terms of how many man-months are required. However, adding more workers to a project does not necessarily reduce the time needed to complete it.
1.1. increased man-months.increased man-months.
2.2. internal integration tools.internal integration tools.
3.3. external integration tools.external integration tools.
4.4. formal control tools.formal control tools.
5.5. formal planning tools.formal planning tools.
Projects with Projects with
challenging and challenging and
complex technology to complex technology to
master benefit from… master benefit from…
1.1. increased man-months.increased man-months.
2.2. internal integration tools.internal integration tools.
3.3. external integration tools.external integration tools.
4.4. formal control tools.formal control tools.
5.5. formal planning tools.formal planning tools.
Projects with Projects with
challenging and challenging and
complex technology to complex technology to
master benefit from…master benefit from…
The success of such projects depends on how well their technical complexity can be managed.
1.1. Gantt chartsGantt charts
2.2. Man-month calendarsMan-month calendars
3.3. Pert chartsPert charts
4.4. Group decision support Group decision support systemssystems
5.5. Teleconferencing toolsTeleconferencing tools
Which of the following Which of the following
formal planning tools formal planning tools
lists the specific lists the specific
activities that make up a activities that make up a
project and their project and their
duration?duration?
1.1. Gantt chartsGantt charts
2.2. Man-month calendarsMan-month calendars
3.3. Pert chartsPert charts
4.4. Group decision support Group decision support systemssystems
5.5. Teleconferencing toolsTeleconferencing tools
Which of the following Which of the following
formal planning tools formal planning tools
lists the specific lists the specific
activities that make up a activities that make up a
project and their project and their
duration?duration?
Large projects benefit from appropriate use of formal planning tools and formal control tools. With proper project management techniques, a detailed plan can be developed.
1.1. Gantt chartsGantt charts
2.2. Man-month calendarsMan-month calendars
3.3. Pert chartsPert charts
4.4. Group decision support Group decision support systemssystems
5.5. Teleconferencing toolsTeleconferencing tools
Which of the following Which of the following
formal planning tools formal planning tools
visually represents the visually represents the
sequence and timing of sequence and timing of
different tasks in a different tasks in a
project as well as project as well as
required resources?required resources?
1.1. Gantt chartsGantt charts
2.2. Man-month calendarsMan-month calendars
3.3. Pert chartsPert charts
4.4. Group decision support Group decision support systemssystems
5.5. Teleconferencing toolsTeleconferencing tools
Which of the following Which of the following
formal planning tools formal planning tools
visually represents the visually represents the
sequence and timing of sequence and timing of
different tasks in a different tasks in a
project as well as project as well as
required resources?required resources?
These project management techniques can help managers identify bottlenecks and determine the impact that problems will have on project completion times.
1.1. predictive analysis.predictive analysis.
2.2. subterfuge.subterfuge.
3.3. mis-designing.mis-designing.
4.4. counterimplementation.counterimplementation.
5.5. biased management.biased management.
A deliberate strategy to A deliberate strategy to
thwart the thwart the
implementation of an implementation of an
information system is information system is
known as…known as…
1.1. predictive analysis.predictive analysis.
2.2. subterfuge.subterfuge.
3.3. mis-designing.mis-designing.
4.4. counterimplementation.counterimplementation.
5.5. biased management.biased management.
A deliberate strategy to A deliberate strategy to
thwart the thwart the
implementation of an implementation of an
information system is information system is
known as…known as…
If the use of a system is voluntary, users may choose to avoid it; if its use is mandatory, resistance will take the form of increased error rates, disruptions, turnover, and even sabotage.
1.1. Management edictsManagement edicts
2.2. User educationUser education
3.3. More equipmentMore equipment
4.4. User participationUser participation
5.5. Better incentives for usersBetter incentives for users
Which of the following Which of the following
is is notnot an effective an effective
strategy managers strategy managers
should use to overcome should use to overcome
user resistance to new user resistance to new
projects?projects?
1.1. Management edictsManagement edicts
2.2. User educationUser education
3.3. More equipmentMore equipment
4.4. User participationUser participation
5.5. Better incentives for usersBetter incentives for users
Which of the following Which of the following
is is notnot an effective an effective
strategy managers strategy managers
should use to overcome should use to overcome
user resistance to new user resistance to new
projects?projects?
Strategies to overcome user resistance include user participation, user education and training, management edicts and policies, and better incentives for users who cooperate.
1.1. How data will be changedHow data will be changed
2.2. Organizational structure Organizational structure changeschanges
3.3. How operations will changeHow operations will change
4.4. Decision-making changesDecision-making changes
5.5. Attitudinal changesAttitudinal changes
Which of the following Which of the following
is is notnot explained in a explained in a
well-written well-written
organizational impact organizational impact
analysis for new analysis for new
system projects?system projects?
1.1. How data will be changedHow data will be changed
2.2. Organizational structure Organizational structure changeschanges
3.3. How operations will changeHow operations will change
4.4. Decision-making changesDecision-making changes
5.5. Attitudinal changesAttitudinal changes
Which of the following Which of the following
is is notnot explained in a explained in a
well-written well-written
organizational impact organizational impact
analysis for new analysis for new
system projects?system projects?
Although systems analysis and design activities are supposed to include an organization impact analysis, this area has traditionally been neglected.
1.1. Formal planning toolsFormal planning tools
2.2. Sociotechnical design planSociotechnical design plan
3.3. External integration toolsExternal integration tools
4.4. Technical implementation Technical implementation planplan
5.5. IT Strategic planIT Strategic plan
Which of the following Which of the following
establishes the establishes the
human objectives for human objectives for
a system that leads to a system that leads to
increased job increased job
satisfaction?satisfaction?
1.1. Formal planning toolsFormal planning tools
2.2. Sociotechnical design planSociotechnical design plan
3.3. External integration toolsExternal integration tools
4.4. Technical implementation Technical implementation planplan
5.5. IT Strategic planIT Strategic plan
Which of the following Which of the following
establishes the establishes the
human objectives for human objectives for
a system that leads to a system that leads to
increased job increased job
satisfaction?satisfaction?
A well-formulated sociotechnical project design plan is expected to produce an information system that blends technical efficiency with sensitivity to organizational and human needs.
1.1. Sociotechnical designSociotechnical design
2.2. External integrationExternal integration
3.3. ErgonomicsErgonomics
4.4. Enterprise-wide planningEnterprise-wide planning
5.5. Not sureNot sure
Which of the Which of the
following refers to following refers to
the interaction of the interaction of
people and machines people and machines
in the work in the work
environment? environment?
1.1. Sociotechnical designSociotechnical design
2.2. External integrationExternal integration
3.3. ErgonomicsErgonomics
4.4. Enterprise-wide planningEnterprise-wide planning
5.5. Not sureNot sure
Which of the Which of the
following refers to following refers to
the interaction of the interaction of
people and machines people and machines
in the work in the work
environment?environment?
Ergonomics considers the design of jobs, health issues, and the end-user interface of information systems. The impact of the application system on the work environment and job dimensions must be carefully assessed.