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The First Humans in North America?
Came here how? And When?
10,000 B.C.E.
Who was the first white man to set foot on this soil?
LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA
NORTH AMERICA
ASIA
LAND BRIDGE
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AFTER THE CRUSADES INTRODUCED EUROPE TO
THE SPICES AND RICHES OF AFRICA AND ASIA SEVERAL
COUNTRIES DESIRED A MORE DIRECT ROUTE SINCE
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONTROLLED THE TRADE
ROUTES AND PRICES. SPAIN, PORTUGAL,
ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND THE NETHERLANDS BEGAN
SEARCHING FOR NEW ROUTES VIA THE OCEAN.
SEARCHING FOR A SHORTCUT
How to get from Europe to Asia quickly?
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REASONS FOR
EUROPEAN EXPANSION
MOREWEALTH
SPREADCHRISTIANITY
MORE TERRITO
RY
EXPANDTRADE
EXPLORE THE
WORLD
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NEW TECHNOLOGY: COMPASS
GLOBE
RUDDER
IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN
QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)
MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES
MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT
CHANGED?
1543 GLOBE
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SPANISH EXPLORATION
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR,
CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN
EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE
RICHES OF ASIA.
THE PORTUGUESE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE.
AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE
AMERICAS.
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Columbus’s Arrival• 1492• Landed on an island in the Caribbean.• Thought he was in India• Called the people Indios• Claimed the island • named it San Salvador-Died thinking he had foundIndia
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His impact on natives:
• Disease (mumps, measles, chicken pox, small pox, typhus)• Killed the natives by the 1000’s
• Recognized economic benefits of using local peoples for forced labor• European weaponry dominated natives
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Columbus’s Impact on Africans?
• Loss of native work force led to settlers bringing in Africans to help• Led to slavery and 10 millions slaves being brought over.• Civil War
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His Impact on Europeans?
• mass migrations• Columbian Exchange• Transfer of goods between Europe and the Americas
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SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS
HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO
FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU
THE QUEST FOR RICHES ENSLAVED THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER
DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS in Texas, New Mexico, and to California
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Why were Spanish unstoppable?
• Guns• Germs (killed as many as 90% of people)• Steel• Horses• Had only 508 men, 16 horses, and 10 cannons• How then were they able to take Mexico?
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SPAIN CONTROL:
TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK.
OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO STAKE A CLAIM.
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THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY
Jamestown 1607
1st permanent settlement in U.S.
Captain John Smith and Pocohontas
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John Smith’s Mistakes
• Built town on a swamp• No women• No food• Bad water• Unlike Spanish, their policy was total defeat of natives• How was it saved?
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ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS
TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE
LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERS
RELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH
HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO successful?
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The First!!!!!!!!!!
THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER
AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620
Thanksgiving
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THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND
TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM. THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH CHURCHES IN THE “NEW WORLD”
*knew they could be punished severely for this in England
With religion as the driving force
New England Colonies formed:
•Massachusetts
•New Hampshire
•Connecticut
•Rhode Island
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RELIGIOUS LEADERS WERE THE MOST POWERFUL COMMUNITY FIGURES REGULATED ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND
INTOLERANT OF DIFFERING RELIGIOUS VIEWS
STRESSED EDUCATION AND LITERACY AS EVERYONE NEEDED TO BE ABLE TO READ THE BIBLE
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE IN NEW ENGLAND
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NEW HAMPSHIRE, MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT
LONG, COLD WINTERS AS WELL AS MOUNTAINS DID NOT ALLOW FOR LARGE-SCALE FARMING
MOST SETTLERS CAME FROM ENGLAND
MAIN INDUSTRIES WERE LUMBERING, SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, IRON WORKS, AND WOOL PRODUCTION
MOST VILLAGES AND TOWNS WERE NEAR HARBORS
OVERVIEW OF THE NORTHERN COLONIES
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KING CHARLES II GAVE THE MIDDLE COLONIES AS GIFTS TO FAMILY AND FRIENDS
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NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY, PENNSYLVANIA, DELAWARE
ETHNICALLY DIVERSE, ESPECIALLY ALONG THE HUDSON RIVER
BUSY SHIPPING PORTS
LUSH FARMLAND LED TO GRAIN AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION LIKE WHEAT AND RYE, BEEF AND PORK
COTTAGE INDUSTRIES WERE WEAVING, SHOEMAKING, CABINET MAKING, AND OTHER ARTISAN CRAFTS
OVERVIEW OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES
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LARGE SCALE FARMING DOMINATED THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
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SOUTHERN PLANTATIONS
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AFRICANS CRAMMED ONTO A
SHIP FOR TRANSPORT TO
BECOME SLAVES
The Middle Passage
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MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH CAROLINA, SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA
THE ECONOMY BASED ON CASH CROPS OF TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO
CLASS DIVISION BETWEEN VERY WEALTHY AND POOR
RELIANT ON SLAVE LABOR
OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES
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Took 125 years to found 13 colonies
• They existed to benefit England
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•CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
•PROTESTS ESCALATED
•FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
•THE WAR BEGAN
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CAUSES OF AMERICAN
INDEPENDENCE
MOVEMENT
MERCANTILISM
ENLIGHTENMENT
IDEAS
RESTRICTIVE LAWS
PASSEDBY BRITISH
GREAT AWAKEN
ING
POPULATION EXPLOSION AND
EXPERIENCESOF COLONIAL
SELF-RULE
FRENCH AND
INDIAN WAR
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1. MERCANTILISMBASED ON THE BELIEF THAT THERE WAS A LIMITED AMOUNT OF WEALTH IN THE
WORLD AND THE WAY TO GET THE MOST GOLD AND SILVER WAS TO HEAVILY REGULATE MANUFACTURING, TRADE, AND PRODUCTION WITHIN A COUNTRY AND ITS COLONIES.
GREAT BRITAIN, FOR EXAMPLE, WOULD PURCHASE RAW MATERIALS FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES AT A LOW PRICE DETERMINED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THEN THE COLONIES WERE REQUIRED TO PURCHASE THE FINISHED GOODS MANUFACTURED IN BRITAIN AT HIGH PRICES ALSO SET BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES WERE ONLY ALLOWED TO TRADE WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Gov sets prices
THIS SYSTEM LED TO BITTERNESS ON THE PART OF THE COLONISTS HAD VERY LITTLE INPUT IN ECONOMIC POLICIES.
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2. THE ENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCED THE COLONISTS
JOHN LOCKE PEOPLE POSSESSED NATURAL RIGHTS SUCH AS LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY.
Social contract exists between people and government
Government must protect its people
People gave consent to be governed, in return people had right to overturn gov.
COLONIAL LEADERS BELIEVED THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT VIOLATED THESE IDEALS AND DISCUSSED STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE OPPRESSION OF KING GEORGE III
LOCKE
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3. THE GREAT AWAKENING
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE COLONIES IN THE EARLY 1700s. IT WAS BASED ON REVIVALISM WHICH STRESSED INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE RATHER THAN NEEDING CHURCH LEADERS TO CONNECT WITH GOD.
Challenged the authority of established churches.
New churches popping up everywhere
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4. POPULATION EXPLOSION AND COLONIAL SELF-RULE
THE COLONIAL POPULATION INCREASED AT AN EXTREMELY FAST PACE AFTER 1700
NEW ARRIVALS MADE UP OF: INDENTURED SERVANTS FROM EUROPE, SLAVES FROM AFRICA, AND BIRTHS FROM COLONISTS
CLEAN DRINKING WATER, PLENTY OF FOOD, AND GOOD CLIMATE
By 1776 – home grown Americans, no longer immigrants
Wanted to govern themselves
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5. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763
FOR OVER 100 YEARS THE FRENCH AND BRITISH HAD STRUGGLED FOR CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA WHICH HAD RESULTED IN THREE EARLIER WARS
BOTH WANTED TO EXPAND TERRITORY WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS INTO THE OHIO VALLEY
French built a fort on British land
The British tried to evict them but failed.
A 22 yr. old George Washington led a militia to evict them but failed. Was crushed
He went in again with 1500 soldiers and were ambushed by French and Indians.
2 horses shot out from him and 4 bullet holes through his clothes
FRENCH POWDER
HORN WITH RIVERS
ENGRAVED ON IT
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THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR FUELED THE DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE
COLONISTS UNIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME BEHIND THE BRITISH TO DEFEAT THE FRENCH. THIS LED TO A SENSE OF PRIDE AND UNITY NOT EXPERIENCED PRIOR TO THE CONFLICT.
A new General led the way William Pitt, Washington served under Pitt
Started winning victories therefore the natives joined the British because they wanted to be on the winning side.
British victory
Treaty of Paris 1763: Britain claims all lands East of Mississippi and get Canada. France lost everything.
Look at map on Pg 38
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Proclamation of 1763
• British were not as kind to the natives• Pontiac the great Ottawa leader attempted to fight back.• British offered blankets with small pox and this destroyed them.• To avoid further conflict the British ordered all colonists to not cross
the Appalachians.
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6. Taxes• Prior to French/Indian War, England pretty much left
the colonies alone.• King George III wants colonists to help pay for war, so
he starts to tax them with various taxes• Colonists thought this was unfair because no one was
in England representing their interests.• Didn’t like Proclamation Line limiting their expansion
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GREAT BRITAIN PASSED MANY RESTRICTIVE LAWS THAT SPARKED PROTEST ON THE PART OF THE
COLONISTS
SUGAR ACT OF 1764 WHICH ACTUALLY LOWERED THE TAX ON SUGAR BUT TIGHTENED ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW AND CRACKED DOWN ON SMUGGLING
STAMP ACT OF 1765 WHICH TAXED ALL PRINTED MATERIALS FROM NEWSPAPERS TO COLLEGE DIPLOMAS
TOWNSEND ACTS OF 1767 TAXED imported GOODS from britain AND CREATED A CUSTOMS BOARD TO DESTROY SMUGGLING
TEA ACT 1773 TAX TO PROTECT THE MONOPOLISTIC EAST INDIA TEA COMPANY
INTOLERABLE/COERCIVE ACTS 1774 WERE DESIGNED TO PUNISH COLONISTS FOR BOSTON TEA PARTY AND MAKE THEM SUBMIT TO THE WILL OF THE BRITISH KING (quartering act)
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PROTESTS OVER THE NEW TAXES LED TO THE
CREATION OF Protest GROUPS
SONS OF LIBERTY
Sam Adams, John Hancock
WILLING TO USE VIOLENCE TO CONVINCE BRITISH GOVERNMENT TO REPEAL THE LAWS
MADE WITHOUT REPRESENTATION
THE TAX COLLECTOR TARRED, FEATHERED, AND FORCED TO DRINK
STEAMING HOT TEA
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BOSTON MASSACRE1
770
THE BRITISH SENT TROOPS TO BOSTON IN
AN ATTEMPT TO RESTORE ORDER,
HOWEVER A CLASH BETWEEN SOLDIERS AND TOWNSPEOPLE
RESULTED IN 5 COLONISTS’ DEATHS. THE TROOPS WERE
BASICALLY ACQUITTED IN A TRIAL, WHICH
FUELED THE ANGER OF THE COLONISTS.
ENGRAVING OF THE EVENT BY PAUL REVERE
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BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773THE MOST FAMOUS OF MANY PROTESTS AGAINST THE TEA ACT OF 1773, A TAX DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE BRITISH TEA MONOPOLY.
ABOUT 50 MEMBERS OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY ORGANIZATION DRESSED UP AS MOHAWK INDIANS AND DUMPED THOUSANDS OF
POUNDS OF TEA FROM 3 SHIPS INTO THE BOSTON HARBOR.
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FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
1774
FIFTY SIX MEN FROM TWELVE COLONIES. MET TO DISCUSS THE INTOLERABLE ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT TO PUNISH THE
COLONISTS FOR THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. THEY DRAFTED THE
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES TO BE SENT TO KING
GEORGE.
Stated that if British used force against the colonies. The Colonies
would fight back.
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BRITISH TROOPS WERE SENT TO ARREST SAMUEL ADAMS AND JOHN HANCOCK IN LEXINGTON.
COLONISTS WERE WAITING WITH WEAPONS AND FIGHTING BROKE OUT, WHICH STARTED THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN LEXINGTON AND CONCORD IN APRIL OF 1775.
JOHN HANCOCK
SAMUEL ADAMS
IN LEXINGTON 8 COLONISTS WERE KILLED. IN CONCORD 73 BRITISH TROOPS WERE KILLED AND 93 COLONISTS WERE KILLED.
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IN RESPONSE TO THE BLOODSHED THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS WAS CALLED IN PHILADELPHIA IN MAY 1775. THEY SENT A PETITION TO THE
KING THAT BLAMED PARLIAMENT FOR THE PROBLEMS IN THE COLONIES AND ASKED HIM FOR RESOLUTION. THE CONGRESS RAISED AN ARMY OF
20,000 MEN AND ELECTED GEORGE WASHINGTON AS THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE MILITARY.
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THOMAS PAINE AND COMMON SENSE
WIDELY READ PAMPHLET
PUBLISHED IN JANUARY OF 1776 THAT OUTLINED
REASONS TO SEPARATE
FROM GREAT BRITAIN
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THE CONGRESS MET AGAIN IN JUNE 1776 AND
COMMISSIONED THOMAS JEFFERSON TO DRAFT
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. THE
DOCUMENT HAD THREE PARTS: THE PURPOSE OF A
GOVERNMENT, 27 REASONS FOR
SEPARATION, AND THE OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE.
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56 MEN SIGNED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OVER SEVERAL MONTHS, WITH THE
ADOPTION ON JULY 4, 1776
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The War Begins
• With the Declaration, the colonists were asking for war.• Colonists had to choose a side.
• Loyalists-those still loyal to Britain and opposed Independence.• Most thought British would win, and wanted to avoid punishment• Some Africans because British promised Freedom to those who fought.• Natives also supported
• Patriots-supporters of Independence
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