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In the Standard Modelthere are
the neutrinos!
~109 /proton!!
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BosoneBosonedidi Higgs Higgs
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ri d
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edia
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di F
orF
orzeze
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Lept
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pton
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uark
sQ
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s
GravitGravitàà
il il
fantasmafantasmadell’operadell’opera
Fermioni Bosoni
The Standard Model
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decay
neutronproton
e
Non-conservation of energy???
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decay
neutronproton
e
Dear radioactive ladies and gentlemen,
...I have hit upon a ‘desperate remedy’ to save...the law of conservation of energy. Namely the possibility that there exists in the nuclei electrically neutral particles, that I call neutrons...I agree that my remedy could seem incredible...but only the one who dare can win...
Unfortunately I cannot appear in person, since I am indispensable at a ball here in Zurich.
Your humble servantW. Pauli
December 4, 1930
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Neutrino Facts
Neutrino from Enrico Fermifor “Little neutral one”
flux on Earth from Sun
6.5×1014/(m2 s)
<E> ~ 0.3 MeV
Neutrino from sun will pass through 5 LY of solid lead, with 50% chance of interacting
Average number of solar neutrinos interacting in a person per year
30! 1 with ‘real
energy’
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Neutrino sources
Sun:p + p d + e+ + e
8B 8Be + e+ + e
2×1038 s-1
Nuclear power reactors~1020 s-1
Cosmic Rays~100 m-2 s-1
Uranium & Thorium from Earth crust
~ 5×1010 s-1 m-2
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Neutrino physics
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, In particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002
Raymond Davis Jr., Masatoshi Koshiba
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Ice Cube, the “eye” inside
Ice at South Pole to
measure neutrinos
(“underground”)
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Neutrino masses
One of the most fascinating mysteries of Modern Physics
Was believed to be zero!
Presently we know they are not zero, but we do not know how small they are!
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Neutrinos producedin atmosphere
p0
+
e+
e-
+
Crisis lasted about... 20 anni!
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GranSasso
Neutrino Oscillations
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ee
ddown
uup
elettrone
e-neutrino
muone
-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
-neutrino
tau
b
bottom
ttop
Milioni di neutrini al secondo attraverso un
granello di sabbia
Neutrinos oscillations
Z bosone
W bosone
fotone
ggluone
ee
ddown
uup
elettrone
e-neutrino
muone
-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
-neutrino
tau
b
bottom
ttop
ee
ddown
uup
elettrone
e-neutrino
muone
-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
-neutrino
tau
b
bottom
ttop
ee
ddown
uup
elettrone
e-neutrino
muone
-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
-neutrino
tau
b
bottom
ttop
ee
ddown
uup
elettrone
e-neutrino
muone
-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
-neutrino
tau
b
bottom
ttop
ee
ddown
uup
elettrone
e-neutrino
muone
-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
-neutrino
tau
b
bottom
ttop
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elettrone
e-neutrino
muone
-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
-neutrino
tau
b
bottom
ttop
ee
ddown
uup
elettrone
e-neutrino
muone
-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
-neutrino
tau
b
bottom
ttop
ee
ddown
uup
elettrone
e-neutrino
muone
-neutrino
sstrange
ccharm
-neutrino
tau
b
bottom
ttop
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The most direct test:
P( ) cos4 sin2 2sin2 [1.27 m223 L(km)/E(GeV)]
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Laboratori sotterranei
Evento raro
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Test site and final location:
Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
LNGS
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LABORATORI NAZIONALI DEL GRAN SASSO - INFN
Largest underground laboratory for astroparticle physics
1400 m rock coveragecosmic µ reduction= 10–6 (1 /m2 h)underground area: 18 000 m2
external facilitieseasy access
Research lines• Neutrino physics (mass, oscillations, stellar physics)• Dark matter• Nuclear reactions of astrophysics interest• Geophysics• Biology
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LNGS
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Cern Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS)
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Laboratori del GranSasso dell’INFN
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OPERA ha scelto il canale più diretto e pulito per dimostrare l'oscillazione ⇒
il prezzo da pagare:
Lead – nuclear emulsion sandwich
AND decayrisoluzioni al moscillation masse enormi
Pb
Emulsion layers
1 mm
OPERA experiment
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Detector concept
Hybrid Detector:• Two supermodules – Target Mass 1766 tons• 2 Magnetic spectrometers with RPC & Drift tubes• 2 x [31 Target Tracker and Target Walls]• 206,336 “ECC bricks” (56 Pb/Emulsion layers)• 12 M Emulsion plates (thin double-coated)
beamPb Pb Pb
x<1m~2mrad
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BOREXINO at LNGS
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BOREXINO at LNGS
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Experimental tests of quantum mechanics
Pauli Exclusion Principle and spontaneous collapse models
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PEP lacks a clear, intuitive explanation... Already in my original paper I
stressed the circumstance that I was unable to give a logical reason for the exclusion principle or to deduce it from more general assumptions.
I had always the feeling and I still have it today, that this is a deficiency.
... The impression that the shadow of some incompleteness [falls] here on the bright light of success of the new quantum mechanics seems to me unavoidable.
W. Pauli, Nobel lecture 1945
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Normal 2p 1s transition
2p 1s transition violating
Pauli principle
Search for anomalous X-ray transitions
Experimental method
8.05 keV in Cu
~ 7.7 keV in Cu
n=1
n=2 n=2
n=1
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The VIP experiment has the scientific goal of The VIP experiment has the scientific goal of reducing by four orders of magnitude the reducing by four orders of magnitude the
limits on the probability of a possible limits on the probability of a possible violations of the Pauli exclusion principle violations of the Pauli exclusion principle
for the electronsfor the electrons
Goal of VIPGoal of VIP
.).%95(107.12/ 262 LC ( Ramberg & Snow -( Ramberg & Snow -
1990)1990)
From:From:
toto302 102/
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Final setup at LNGS February 2006
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Shielding installation in
April 2006
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