Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 21
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Traditional uses of medicinal plants in fertility regulation
A large number of plants or their extracts have been used as antifertility
agents in traditional medicine in indigenous systems of medicine in different
countries throughout the world. Throughout history, women have tried to control
their fertility with various levels of societal support. The information was passed
from mother to daughter and generation to generation. Many herbal remedies are
traditionally used as contraceptives (to prevent ovulation or fertilization),
abortifacients (to prevent implantation), emmenagogue (to stimulate uterine flow)
or oxytocic (to stimulate uterine contractions, particularly to promote labour)
agents1. This study presents certain data indicating that traditional medical systems
practised by various ethnic groups all over the world employed plants/plant based
formulations as means of birth-control measures.
The use of plants as abortifacients, emmenagogues, and as local
contraceptives might have been known to the ancient physicians of India as reported
in some of the available books, journals, monographs and reviews2-19. Traditional
use of plants for fertility regulation in other countries, i.e., Africa, Brazil, Camroon,
California, Haiti, Korea, Russia, Trininad & Tabago is also evident from the
available literature20-28. In this literature review, the correct botanical names were
mentioned after verification from published literature and available database. In
some cases, the plant family names have been updated on their taxonomy and
nomenclature29-31.
Therefore, a comprehensive data of medicinal plants (Table 3), inhabitating
throughout the world regarding their traditional usage by females of various
tribes/ethnic groups for fertility regulation, has been prepared by us32.
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 22
Table 3: Plants with traditional/folkloric use in fertility regulation29 & references therein
S.
No.
Plant Name with Family Part
used*
Dosage
form
used†
Traditional
use††
Country
where used
1 Aa paleacea (H.B.K.) Rchb. f. [Orchidaceae]
LF - C,S Peru
2 Abroma angusta Linn. [Sterculaceae]
RT DE E India
3 Abrus precatorius Linn.
[Fabaceae]
RT, SD DE, PO A India
4 Abuta grandiflora (Mart.) Sand. [Menispermaceae]
RT, ST - C Peru
5 Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. [Fabaceae]
FR, FL - C Egypt
6 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.)
Willd. [Fabaceae]
BR, LF, GU
DE C India
7 Acalypha grandis Benth.
[Euphorbiaceae]
LF PO C Vanuatu
8 Acalypha indica Linn.
[Euphorbiaceae]
PL DE E India
9 Acalypha wilkesiana Muell., Arg. [Euphorbiaceae]
PX EX A Papua New Guinea
10 Achillea clavenae Linn. [Asteraceae]
PX DE E Italy
11 Achillea millefolium Linn. [Asteraceae]
PL IN A, E Europe, America
LF DE A India 12 Achyranthes aspera Linn. [Amaranthaceae]
RT DE C Pakistan
13 Achyranthes bidentata Blume. [Amaranthaceae]
LF,
RT
JU, PA C India
14 Aconitum heterophyllum
Wall. [Ranunculaceae] RT DE A India
15 Acorus calamus Linn. [Araceae]
RT DE, IN A India
16 Acosmium dasycarpum
(Vogel) Yakovlev [Fabaceae] BR DE A Brazil
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 23
PL DE A,E India 17 Adhatoda vasica Nees Syn. Justicia adhatoda L. [Acanthaceae] RT PO A Pakistan
18 Adiantum Capillus-veneris
[Adiantaceae] PX DE A Spain
19 Aerva lantana (L.) Juss. ex. Shult [Amaranthaceae]
RT - A India
20 Aframomum sceptrum K. Schum. [Zingiberaceae]
SD - A Africa
21 Agave americana Linn. [Agavaceae]
RT Sap DE A India
22 Ageratum conyzoides Linn.
[Asteraceae]
FL - A Cameroon
23 Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. [Simaroubaceae]
SB PA C India
24 Alangium salvifolium (L. f.) Wang. [Alangiaceae]
RT JU A India
25 Albizia lebbek Linn. Benth
[Fabaceae] SB DE A Cameroon
26 Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wang. [Alangiaceae]
RT EX A India
27 Allium cepa Linn. [Liliaceae] BU - A, E India
28 Allium sativum Linn. [Liliaceae]
SD, BU - E India
29 Aloe barbadensis Mill.Syn. A. indica, A. litoralis, A. vera
[Liliaceae]
LF - A India
30 Alphitonia zizyphoides (Soland.) A.Gray [Rhamnaceae]
SB JU A Vanautu
31 Alternanthera philoxeroides
Griseb. [Amaranthaceae] PL - A India
32 Alstonia pacifica Seem. [Apocynaceae]
Sap DE C Vanuatu
33 Alstonia spectabilis R. Br. [Apocynaceae]
BR, LF EX, Raw A,C Papua New Guinea
34 Alstonia vitiensis Seem. var. neo-ebudica Monachino
[Apocynaceae]
LF BU MA C Vanuatu
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 24
35 Alysicarpus vaginalis [Fabaceae]
RT - C India
36 Amaranthus spinosus Linn. [Amaranthaceae]
- - A India
37 Ambrosia arborecens Mill.
[Asteraceae]
LF IN C Peru
38 Ambrosia cumanenesis Mill.
[Asteraceae]
- - A Trinidad and Tobago
39 Ambrosia elatior Linn.
[Asteraceae]
LF,ST - C Argentina
40 Ambrosia maritama Linn.
[Asteraceae]
LF - A Pakistan
41 Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.
[Asteraceae]
PX IN A Paraguay
42 Anacardium occidentale
Linn. [Anacardiaceae] BR DE A,C Brazil
FR JU A India,Malaya 43 Ananas comosus Merr.Syn. A. sativus [Bromeliaceae]
LF PA A India
44 Anastatica hierochuntica
Linn. [Brassicaceae] - - A,C India
45 Aneilema conspicuum Kunth. [Commelinaceae]
RT - E India
46 Aneilema scapiflorum Wight. [Commelinaceae]
- - E India
47 Anethum sowa Kurz. [Apiaceae]
FR DE C India
48 Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. ex. Sims. [Labiatae]
PL - E Mauritius, Malasya
49 Annona reticulta Linn. [Annonaceae]
SD PO A India
SD PO A India 50 Annona squamosa Linn. [Annonaceae]
RT PA A India
51 Anthemis cotula Linn. [Asteraceae]
LF, FL - E America, Australia, Europe, Siberia
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 25
52 Anthemis nobilis Linn. [Asteraceae]
Oil - E India
53 Anthocephalus cadamba
Miq.syn. A. cadamba [Rubiaceae]
RT, FL - A India
54 Anthriscus nemerosa (M. Bieb.) Spreng. [Apiaceae]
PL - A India
55 Anthurium paraguariense Engl.[Araceae]
- - A,E Argentina
56 Anthurium tessmannii
[Araceae] LF PO C Columbia
57 Antidesma ghaesaembilla
Gaertn. Syn. A. Paniculatum Roxb. [Euphorbiaceae]
WD - E India
58 Apium graveolens Linn. [Apiaceae]
SD DE A,E India
59 Apocynum androsaemifolium
Linn. [Apocynaceae] RT DE North America
60 Aquilegia canadensis Linn. [Apiaceae]
PL - E Massachusettes,Europe
61 Arctium lappa Linn. [Asteraceae]
LF, RT IN A Pakistan
FR DE A India 62 Areca catechu Linn. [Arecaceae]
IF - A India
63 Arecastrum romanzoffianum [Arecaceae]
RT IN A Paraguay
64 Argemone mexicana Linn. [Papaveraceae]
ST DE E West Indies
65 Argyreia speciosa Sweet. [Convolvulaceae]
TU PA C India
66 Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham [Pteridaceae]
PL - C Argentina
67 Arisaema atrorubens
[Araceae] RH IN C Canada
68 Arisaema leschenaultii
[Araceae] TU, SP PA C India
69 Arisaema tortuosum Wall. Schott [Araceae]
TU, SP PA C India
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 26
70 Arisaema triphyllum Torr. [Araceae]
RT DE C United states
71 Aristolochia bracteata Retz. [Aristolochiaceae]
RT PO E India
72 Aristolochia rugosa Lam. [Aristolochiaceae]
RT - A Trinidad,
Tobago
73 Aristolochia clematitis Linn. [Aristolochiaceae]
SD - C Hungary
74 Aristolochia tagala Cham. [Aristolochiaceae]
RT DE E Bangladesh
75 Aristolochia trilobata Lam. [Aristolochiaceae]
LF DE A Trininad
76 Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn. [Brassicaceae]
- - A -
77 Artemisia absinthium Linn. [Asteraceae]
LF Taken in
warm water
E United States
78 Artemisia compestris Linn. [Asteraceae]
PL - E Jordan
79 Artemisia siversiana Willd. [Asteraceae]
LF DE A India
80 Artemisia vulgaris Linn. [Asteraceae]
LF, RT PO C India
81 Aristolochia indica Linn. [Aristolochiaceae]
RT - A,E India
82 Asarum canadense Linn.
[Aristolochiaceae]
RT,
RH
DE C North America
83 Asclepias hallii A. Gray
[Asclepiadaceae] PL IN C United States
84 Asclepias syriaca Linn. [Asclepiadaceae]
RT,
RH
IN C Canada
85 Asparagus acutifolia Linn. [Liliaceae]
FR DE C Europe
86 Asparagus officinalis Linn. [Liliaceae]
FR DE C Europe
87 Aspidosperma excelsum
Benth. [Apocynaceae] BR MA A,C Brazil
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 27
88 Aspidosperma quebracho-
blanco Schltdl. [Apocynaceae]
LF - C Argentina
89 Asplenium adiantum-nigrum
Linn. [Polypodiaceae] PL - C India
90 Asplenium nidus Linn. [Aspleniaceae]
LF - C Vanautu
91 Atractylis gummifera Linn. [Asteraceae]
RT DE C Arabia
92 Austroeupatorium
inulaefolium HBK. Syn. Eupatorium inulaefolium
HBK. [Asteraceae]
PX DE A Paraguay
93 Avicennia marina Forssk. Vierch. [Avicenniaceae]
LF EX A India
GU - C India 94 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. [Meliaceae]
FR Oil C Pakistan
95 Baccharis cylindrica (Less.) DC. [Asteraceae]
LF IN A Paraguay
96 Bahia dissecta (A. Gray) Britton [Asteraceae]
RT DE C United States
97 Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.Syn. B. bambos
(L.)Voss [Poaceae]
RT, LF DE E India
98 Barleria crista Linn. [Acanthaceae]
RT PO A India
99 Barringtonia edulis Seem. [Lecythidaceae]
SB IN C Vanautu
RT DE A India 100 Basella alba Linn. [Basellaceae]
LF MA A Cameroon
101 Bauhinia racemosa Lam. [Fabaceae]
SB PA A India
102 Bauhinia retusa Ham. [Fabaceae]
RE - E India
103 Berberis aristata DC. [Berberidaceae]
EX DE E India
104 Beta vulgaris Linn. [Chenopodiaceae]
LF, RT, SD
- E India
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 28
105 Betula bhojpattra Wall. & B. Utilis.[Betulaceae]
SB DE A India
106 Bischofia javanica Bl. [Bischofiaceae]
SB JU A Vanautu
107 Blechnum orientale Linn. [Blechnaceae]
PX, LF Eaten raw S Papua New Guinea
108 Blumea balsamifera L. DC. [Asteraceae]
LF DE E India
109 Blumea lacera
DC.[Asteraceae] PL - E India
110 Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. [Nyctaginaceae]
RT PO A Pakistan
111 Bombax ceiba L. [Bombacaceae]
SD PO A India
112 Bombax ellipticum Kunth. [Bombacaceae]
- IN S Mexico
113 Borassus flabellifer Linn.
[Arecaceae]
RT DE C India
114 Boswellia glabra Roxb. [Burseraceae]
RE - E India
115 Boswellia serrata Roxb. [Burseraceae]
RE - E India
116 Brassica indica
[Brassicaceae] SD PO C India
117 Brassica juncea Coss [Brassicaceae]
Oil - E India
118 Brassica nigra Linn. & Koch. [Brassicaceae]
SD DE A India
119 Bromelia pinguin Linn. [Bromeliaceae]
FR JU A Jamaica
120 Brownea latifolia Jacq. [Fabaceae]
FL IN A Trininad
121 Bryonia dioica Jacq. [Cucurbitaceae]
RT MA E Italy
122 Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. [Euphorbiaceae]
BR EX C India
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 29
123 Bromelia balansae Menz.
[Bromeliaceae] RH IN A Paraguay
RT - A India 124 Buddleja asiatica Lour. [Buddlejaceae]
RT DE A Pakistan
125 Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Clarke [Cyperaceae]
LF,ST - C Argentina
126 Bursera simaruba (L.)Sarg.[Burseraceae]
BR DE C Panama
127 Butea monosperma (Lam.)
Kuntze [Fabaceae]
FL,LF,
SD
- A,E India
128 Caesalpinia bonducella Linn. [Fabaceae]
SD PO E India
129 Caesalpinia pulchrrima
(Linn.) Swartz. [Fabaceae] LF IN A,E India,Nigeria
130 Caesalpinia sappan Linn. [Fabaceae]
WD,LF DE E India
131 Caladium seguinium (Jacq.) Vent. [Araceae ]
PL JU C South America, Germany,India
132 Calendula officinalis Linn. [Asteraceae]
FL - A,E India
133 Callicarpa macrophylla
Vahl. [Verbenaceae] - - C India
134 Callicarpa sp. [Verbenaceae] LF JU C Torres-Straits
135 Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) R. Br. [Asclepiadaceae]
RB JU A India
136 Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.
[Asclepiadaceae]
LA, PL,
RT
DE A India
137 Camptosema paraguariense var. Parviflorum Hassl.[Fabaceae]
LF,RT DE C Paraguay
138 Canarium indicum (L.) [Burseraceae]
FR (Nut) PO S Papua New Guinea
139 Cannabis sativa Linn.Syn. C.
indica (Lamk.)Wehmer [Moraceae]
- - A,E India
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 30
140 Capsella bursa-pastoris
Moench. [Brassicaceae] PL IN A,E Ethopia
141 Careya arborea Roxb. [Lecythidaceae]
FB PA C India
142 Carica papaya Linn. [Caricaceae]
SD DE A,E India
143 Carthamus tinctorius L. Syn. Cnicus indicus [Asteraceae]
FL - A Indochina
144 Carum carvi Linn. [Apiaceae]
FR DE S India
145 Cascabela thevetia (Linn.) Lippold [Apocynaceae]
SD PA A India
146 Casearia ilicifolia Vent. [Flacourtiaceae]
LF DE A,E Haiti
147 Cassia alata L. Roxb.
[Fabaceae]
LF DE A Cameroon
148 Cassia fistula Linn. [Fabaceae]
FR Pulp A India
149 Cassia lanceolata Linn. & Forsk. [Fabaceae]
LF PO C India
150 Cassia occidentalis Linn. [Fabaceae]
RT PO C India
151 Castilleja angustifolia
[Scrophulariaceae] - DE C United States
152 Casurina equisetifolia J.R. et G.Forst. [Casuarinaceae]
SB,
LF
JU C Vanautu
153 Catasetum fimbriatum Lindl. [Orchidaceae]
Bu S C Paraguay
154 Caulophyllum thalictroides
L. [Berberidaceae] RT DE A, C United States
155 Cayratia trifolia Domin. [Vitiaceae]
FR FR C Vanautu
156 Cedrela odorata L. [Meliaceae]
BR IN A Mexico
157 Cedrela toona Roxb. [Meliaceae]
FL - E India
158 Celastrus paniculata Willd. [Celastraceae]
SD Oil A, E India
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 31
159 Celosia argentea Linn. [Amaranthaceae]
RT PA A India
160 Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. [Poaceae]
ST,
SD
PO A India
161 Cerbera manghas Linn. [Apocynaceae]
FR - A India
162 Cerbera odollam Gaertn.
[Apocynaceae]
SD,
LF
JU A India
163 Cestrum nocturnum Linn. [Solanaceae]
FL,LF IN A Mexico
164 Cetraria islandica L. Ach. [Parmeliaceae]
TH DE E Italy
165 Cheirantus Cheiri L. [Brassicaceae]
FL,SD DE E Jordan
166 Chelidonium majus Linn. [Papaveraceae]
PL JU C Soviet Union
167 Chenopodium album Linn. [Chenopodiaceae]
PL - A Hungary
168 Chenopodium ambrosioides
L. [Chenopodiaceae] PL - A, E Central and South
America
169 Chenopodium botrys Linn. [Chenopodiaceae]
LF Syrup E Massachusettes
170 Chenopodium hybridum
Linn. [Chenopodiaceae] LF IN E Massachusettes
171 Chenopodium multifidum Linn. [Chenopodiaceae]
PL - A,E Central and South America
172 Chrysanthemum indicum
Linn.
[Asteraceae]
- - E India
173 Chrysanthemum parthenium
(L.) Pers. [Asteraceae] LF DE A Pakistan
174 Chusquea ramosissima
Lindm. [Poaceae] YS Chewed C Paraguay
175 Cicer arietinum Linn. [Fabaceae]
- - E India
176 Cichorium intybus Linn. [Asteraceae]
SD - E India
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 32
177 Cicuta maculata Linn. [Apiaceae]
RT Chewed C United States
178 Cienfuegosia drummondii Lewton [Malvaceae]
RT DE C Paraguay
179 Cinchona calisaya Wedd.
[Rubiaceae]
BR DE A India
180 Cinnamomum camphora
Nees & Eberm. [Lauraceae] - Oil E India
181 Cinnamomum cassia Blume [Lauraceae]
- Oil E India
182 Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Breyn) Nees [Lauraceae]
BR DE A Spain
183 Cissampelos pareira Linn.
[Menispermaceae]
RT DE E India
184 Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. [Cucurbitaceae]
RT PO A India
185 Citrus bergamia Risso [Rutaceae]
- Oil C Italy
186 Citrus medica Linn. [Rutaceae]
FR DE E India
187 Clerodendrum phlomidis
Linn. f. [Verbenaceae] RT PO S India
188 Clobba marantia
[Zingiberaceae] - - C Melanesia, Gunantuna
189 Cnicus benedictus [Asteraceae]
PL IN C North America
190 Cocos nucifera Linn. [Arecaceae]
SD JU C Java
PL - A Vanautu 191 Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Bl. [Euphorbiaceae]
LF Eaten
raw C Papua New Guinea
192 Coffea arabica L. [Rubiaceae]
BE DE A Italy
193 Coix lacryma-jobi L. [Poaceae]
SD IN A,E Korea
194 Commelina erecta Linn. [Commelinaceae]
PX DE C Paraguay
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 33
195 Commiphora mukul (Hook. Ex Stocks) [Burseraceae]
RE - E India
196 Copaifera guyanensis Desf. [Fabaceae]
SD DE A Brazil
197 Cordia dichotoma Forst. f. [Boraginaceae]
FR DE A India
198 Cordia gharaf Roxb. [Boraginaceae]
LF - A India
199 Cordia quarensis Gürke
[Boraginaceae]
RT Chewed C Africa
200 Cordia rothii Roem. & Schult [Boraginaceae]
RT - A India
201 Costus speciosus Koeing
[Zingiberaceae]
RH PA A India
202 Crassocephalum montuossum [Asteraceae]
LF DE A Uganda
203 Crateva magna (Lour.) DC. [Capparidaceae]
ST twig - A Pakistan
204 Crataeva nurvala Buch.Ham. [Capparidaceae]
SB DE C India
205 Crocus sativus Linn.
[Iridaceae]
FL - A,E India
206 Crotalaria juncea Linn. [Fabaceae]
LF - A,E India
207 Croton lobatus HBK. Hutch.[Euphorbiaceae]
PL IN S Ivory Coast
208 Croton penduliflorus Hutch. [Euphorbiaceae]
FR PA A Nigeria
209 Croton tiglium Linn. [Euphorbiaceae]
RT,
SD
Oil A Africa
FR - A,E India 210 Cuminum cyminum Linn. [Apiaceae]
FR DE A Tunisia
211 Cupressus sempervirens Linn. [Cupressaceae]
- - A Italy
212 Curarea tecunarum Barneby & Krukoff [Menispermaceae]
ST WE C Brazil
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 34
213 Curcuma longa Linn. [Zingiberaceae]
RH DE E India
214 Curcuma zedoaria Rosc. [Zingiberaceae]
RH - E India
- DE E India 215 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. [Convolvulaceae]
SD - C Pakistan
216 Cuscuta sp. (Tourn.) Linn. [Convolvulaceae]
PL - C United States
217 Cydista potosina (K Schum & Loes) Loes [Bignoniaceae]
- IN A Mexico
218 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Staph Syn. Andropogon
citratus DC. [Poaceae]
RT DE E Latin america
219 Cynodon dactylon Pers. [Poaceae]
PL WE A India
220 Cyperus esculentus
[Cyperaceae] PE IN A Cameroon
221 Cyperus redolens Maury
[Cyperaceae]
RT MA C Paraguay
222 Cyperus rotundus Linn.
[Cyperaceae]
TU - E India
223 Cytisus scoparius Linn.
[Fabaceae]
LF DE A Pakistan
224 Daphne genkwa Sieh, et Zucc. [Thymelaeaceae]
FL, RT - A China
225 Datura metel Linn. [Solanaceae]
LF, FR, RT
DE C India
226 Daucus carota Linn. [Apiaceae]
SD IN A India
227 Dendrophthoe falcata (Linn. f.) Ettingsahusen [Loranthaceae]
ST PA A India
228 Dendrocalamus strictus
(Roxb.) [Poaceae] LF PA A India
229 Derris brevipes Baker. [Fabaceae]
RT PO C India
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 35
230 Desmodium retroflexum DC. [Fabaceae]
RT - E India
231 Dieffenbachia sequine (Jack) Schott [Araceae]
LF, ST Chewed C Dominic Puerto Rico, Santa Lucia, Cuba
232 Dioscorea composita
(Hemsl.) [Dioscoreaceae] TU - C Indio’s American
233 Dioscorea pentaphylla Linn. [Dioscoreaceae]
TU EX C India
234 Dioscorea sativa Thunb. [Dioscoreaceae]
TU Eaten raw
C Australia
235 Diospyros cordifolia Roxb.
[Ebenaceae]
FR,
RT
DE A India
236 Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. [Ebenaceae]
RT DE A Cameroon
237 Dolichandrone falcata Seem. [Bignoniaceae]
- - A India
238 Drosera burmannii Vahl. [Droseraceae]
PL PA A India
239 Duckesia verrucosa (Ducke) Cuatrec. [Humiriaceae]
SD DE C Brazil
240 Dryopteris felix-mas (Linn.) Schott [Polypodiaceae]
RT,
SD
IN C Europe, India
241 Dryopteris normalis C. Chr. [Polypodiaceae]
- DE C Mexico
242 Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum
(Juss.) Miq. [Meliaceae] LF Tea A Vanautu
243 Echinochloa frumentacea Linn. [Poaceae]
SD - S India
244 Echinops echinatus Roxb. [Asteraceae]
PL DE A India
245 Ehretia cymosa Thonn. [Boraginaceae]
LF, BR - C Nigeria
246 Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. [Iridaceae]
BU - A,E Haiti, Peru
247 Embelia ribes Burm. f. [Myrsinaceae]
RT DE C India
248 Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec. [Humiriaceae]
BR DE, MA A Brazil
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 36
249 Entada scandens Benth. [Fabaceae]
SD Raw C Australia
250 Epimedium alpinum Linn. [Berberidaceae]
LF,
RT
Taken in wine
C Europe
251 Epipremnum pinnatum (L.) Engl.[Araceae]
LF JU A Vanautu
252 Eriogonum jamesii Benth. [Polygonaceae]
RT DE C United States
253 Eriosema crinitum (Kunth) G. Don [Fabaceae]
RT DE A,C Brazil
254 Eryngium foetidum L. [Apiaceae]
RT DE A,E Cuba, Venezuela
255 Erythrina indica Lam. [Fabaceae]
LF, RT - E India
256 Erythrina variegata Linn. Var. [Fabaceae]
- - E India
257 Erythroxylum coca Lam. [Erythroxylaceae]
LF - E India
258 Eugenia uniflora L. [Myrtaceae]
LF IN E Mauritius
259 Euodia elleryana F. Muell.
[Rutaceae]
BR JU C Papua New Guinea
RT - C Central America 260 Eupatoriun odoratum Linn. [Asteraceae]
PL - E India
261 Eupatoriun squalidum DC. [Asteraceae]
IF - C Paraguay
262 Euphorbia atoto Forst. f. [Euphorbiaceae]
- JU A,E Philippines, Vietnam
263 Euphorbia caducifolia Hains. [Euphorbiaceae]
RT DE A Pakistan
264 Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. [Euphorbiaceae]
RT DE A India
265 Euphorbia resinifera Berg.
[Euphorbiaceae]
- - A India
266 Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. [Euphorbiaceae]
PL JU E India
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 37
PL JU A India 267 Excoecaria agallocha Linn. [Euphorbiaceae]
RT DE A Papua New Guinea
268 Ferula assa-foetida Linn. [Apiaceae]
RE Mixed with food
E India
269 Fevillea passiflora Vell. [Cucurbitaceae]
SD - A Brazil
270 Ficus religosa Linn. [Moraceae]
FR Mixed with sugar
C Pakistan
271 Ficus wassa Roxb. [Moraceae]
RT - C Papua New Guinea
272 Flagellaria indica Linn. [Flagellariaceae]
LF JU C Vanautu
273 Flemingia strobilifera (L.) J. St.-Hil Syn. Moghania
strobilifera (L.) J. St.-Hil. [Fabaceae]
SD Chewed C Papua New Guinea
274 Fleura aestuans Linn. [Urticaceae]
RT DE A Cameroon
275 Flemingia strobilifera R. Br. [Fabaceae]
PL - A Islanders of Indian ocean
276 Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Voigt [Phyllanthaceae]
RT DE A Uganda
277 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. [Apiaceae]
SD - E India
278 Franseria artemisioides
Willd. [Asteraceae] PL DE C Colombia
279 Fragaria vesca Linn. [Rosaceae]
LF, RH DE E Italy
280 Galium mexicanum var.
mexicanum de Wit [Rubiaceae]
LF IN A Mexico
281 Garcinia morella Desr. [Clusiaceae]
RE - E India
282 Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. [Rubiaceae]
LF - A China
283 Geum urbanum L. [Rosaceae] RT DE E Italy
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 38
284 Glochidon sp. [Euphorbiaceae]
LF - C Vanautu
285 Glandularia platensis
(Spreng.) Schnack & Covas [Verbenaceae]
LF - C Argentina
286 Gloriosa superba Linn. [Liliaceae]
TU DE A India
287 Glossocardia bosvallia DC. [Asteraceae]
PL - E India
288 Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. [Fabaceae]
RT DE E India
289 Gossypium barbadense Linn. [Malvaceae]
RT DE A,C,E Mexico,Central America
290 Gossypium herbaceum Linn. [Malvaceae]
RT DE C India, South America
291 Gossypium indicum Lam. [Malvaceae]
SD - A, E India
292 Grewia colunnaris Sm.
[Tiliaceae]
RT PO S India
293 Hagenia abyssinica. Syn.
Brayera anthalmintica
[Rosaceae]
- - A India
294 Haematoxylon
campechianum L. [Fabaceae] PL DE A West Indies
295 Hamelia erecta Jacq. [Rubiaceae]
LF Tea A Mexico
296 Hamelia patens Jacq. [Rubiaceae]
LF DE A West Indies
297 Hedeoma pulegoides Linn. [Labiateae]
PX With tepid water
A Greek
298 Hedera helix Linn. [Araliaceae]
FR DE C Mediterranean
299 Helleborus foetidus Linn.
[Ranunculaceae]
RT - E Italy
300 Hibiscus abelmoschus Linn. [Malvaceae]
FL IN C Viti Islands
301 Hibiscus manihot Linn. [Malvaceae]
BR - E India
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 39
PT - A India 302 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. [Malvaceae]
SB MA A Cameroon
303 Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn. [Malvaceae]
FL Smoked with Tobacco
C Melanesia, Gunantuna
304 Holoptelea integrifolia
(Roxb.) Planch [Ulmaceae] RB - A India
305 Homalanthus novoguineensis
(Warb.) K. Schum. [Euphorbiaceae]
LF JU C Papua New Guinea
306 Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. [Lycopodiaceae]
PL - C Argentina
307 Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn. [Apiaceae]
PL - E India
308 Hymenaea stigonocarpa
Mart. ex Hayne [Fabaceae] BR DE C Brazil
309 Hypericum chinensis Linn. [Clusiaceae]
LF IN E Mauritius
310 Hypochoeris brasiliensis
(Less.) Benth. LF, RT DE C Paraguay
311 Hyptis cana Pohl ex Benth. [Labiateae]
LF DE A Brazil
312 Hyptis suaveolens Poit. [Labiatae]
LF DE E India, Nepal
313 Indigofera linnaei Ali [Fabaceae]
RT - C India
314 Jacaranda copaia (Aublet.) D. Don. [Bignoniaceae]
TU JU C Brazil
315 Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews [Oleaceae]
- - E India
316 Jodinia rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Reissek [Santalaceae]
LF - A Argentina
317 Juglans regia Linn. [Juglandaceae]
LF IN C Slovakia
318 Juniperus communis Linn. [Cupressaceae]
PX,ST, FR
DE, fruit oil
C,E India
319 Juniperus oxycedrus Linn. [Cupressaceae]
Berry - A North America
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 40
320 Juniperus sabina
Linn.[Coniferae] LF - A Massachusettes
321 Justicia simplex D. Don Justicia japonica Thunb. [Acanthaceae]
RT PO C India
322 Kopsia sp. [Apocynaceae] LF Boiled leaf buds
C Vanautu
323 Lagenaria siceraria Standl. Syn. L. vulgaris
[Cucurbitaceae]
FR,
SD
DE E India
LF DE E India 324 Laurus nobilis Linn. [Lauraceae]
Raw berry
Distillate A Lebanan
325 Lawsonia inermis Linn. Syn. L. alba [Lythraceae]
LF PO A India
326 Leonotis nepetaefolia R.Br. [Labiatae]
LF IN A Jamaica
327 Lepidium sativum Linn. [Brassicaceae]
SD Oil A,E India
328 Licuala sp. [Arecaceae] RB Chewed C Islands (Buka)
329 Ligusticum porter Coult. and Rose [Apiaceae]
RT DE E America, Europe
330 Ligusticum scoticum L.
[Apiaceae]
SD - E Massachusetts
331 Lithospermum arvense Linn. [Boraginaceae]
PL Mixed with food
- Europe
332 Lithospermum officinale
Linn. [Boraginaceae] RT IN C United States
333 Lithospermum ruderale
[Boraginaceae] RT IN C United States
334 Lobelia nicotianifolia Heyne [Campanulaceae]
PL DE C Indian
335 Lonicera ciliosa
[Caprifoliaceae] LF IN C United States
336 Luffa acutangula (Linn.) Roxb. [Cucurbitaceae]
RB DE A India
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 41
337 Luffa echinata Roxb. [Cucurbitaceae]
- - A India
338 Lycopodium annotinum Linn. [Lycopodiaceae]
PL DE C Soviet Union
339 Lycopodium clavatum Linn. [Lycopodiaceae]
PL - E India
340 Lycopodium complanatum
Linn. [Lycopodiaceae ] - DE E Massachusettes
341 Lygodium dichotomum
Sw.[Schizaeaceae] RT - C Buka Islands
342 Mallotus philippinensis
Muell. [Euphorbiaceae] FR DE C India
343 Mallotus sp. [Euphorbiaceae] RT - C Oceania (Buka)
344 Malva parviflora L. [Malvaceae]
PL DE A India
345 Mardenia molissima E. Fourn. [Apocynaceae]
RT DE A Brazil
346 Mareya micrantha (Benth.) Müll.Arg. [Euphorbiaceae]
BR, LF DE A Nigeria
347 Mariscus cylindristachyus
Steud.[Cyperaceae] PE - A Cameroon
348 Marsdenia tenacissima
(Wright & Arn.) [Asclepiadaceae]
RT DE E India
349 Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. [Celastraceae]
LF, RT DE C Paraguay
350 Melastoma malabathricum Linn. [Melastomataceae]
PL - A Islanders of Indian Ocean
351 Melia azadirachta Linn. [Malvaceae]
FL, LF,
RE
- C India
352 Melochia hermannioides Saint. Hill. [Sterculaceae]
RT MA C Paraguay
353 Memecylon amplexicaule
Roxb. [Melastomataceae] - - A India
LF DE E India 354 Mentha arvensis Linn. [Labiatae]
PL PO C Pakistan
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 42
355 Mentha longifolia Linn. [Labiateae]
LF PO C Pakistan
356 Mentha pulegium Linn. [Labiateae]
LF IN A America
357 Mesua ferrea Linn. [Clusiaceae]
LF PO C India
358 Meyna spinosa Roxb.ex. Link
[Rubiaceae] FR, SD PA A India
359 Michelia champaca Linn. [Magnoliaceae]
LF MA S India
360 Microglossa pyrifolia Lam. Kuntze [Asteraceae]
LF, RT - A Nigeria
361 Micromeria brownei (Sw.) Benth. [Labiatae]
LF - A Jamaica
362 Mimosa pudica Linn. [Fabaceae]
RT DE,JU
C India
363 Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. [Rubiaceae]
BR - C India
364 Mollugo cerviana Ser. [Ficoidaceae]
FL DE E
365 Mollugo pentaphylla Linn.
[Ficoidaceae]
PL - E
India
RT DE E India 366 Momordica charantia Linn. [Cucurbitaceae]
SD - A Cameroon, Pakistan
367 Momordica foetida Schum.
[Cucurbitaceae]
LF - A Cameroon
368 Morinda citrifolia Linn. [Rubiaceae]
LF, FR DE A,E India
369 Momordica tuberosa Cogn. Syn. M. cymbalaria
[Cucurbitaceae]
RT DE A India
370 Moringa concanesis Nimmo ex Dalz. And Gibs. [Moringaceae]
SB - A India
371 Moringa oleifera Lam.Syn. M.pterygosperma Gaertn.
[Moringaceae]
SB - A,E India
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 43
372 Mouriri pusa Gardner [Melastomataceae]
BR,
LF
DE C Brazil
373 Murraya panniculata (Linn.) Jack. [Rutaceae]
RT - A China
ST, FL PO A India 374 Musa sapientum L.Syn. M.
paradisiacal auct. [Musaceae]
RT PO A Ethopia
375 Myristica fragrans Houtt [Myristicaceae]
SD - A India
376 Nepeta cataria Linn. [Labiateae]
PL DE C Pakistan
377 Nardostachys gradiflora DC. [Valerianaceae]
ST - C India
378 Narcissus tazetta Linn.
[Amaryllidaceae]
- - A -
379 Nardostachys jatamansi DC. [Valerianaceae]
RT DE E India
380 Nasturtium officinalis R.Br. [Brassicaceae]
PL - A Pakistan
PL - E India
RT - A Pakistan
381 Nerium indicum Mill. [Apocynaceae]
LF DE A Italy
PL - A India 382 Nerium odorum Soland. Syn. N. oleander [Apocynaceae]
RT - A Pakistan
383 Nicotiana tabaccum Linn.
[Solanaceae]
LF MA A Cameroon
384 Nierembergia linariefolia
Graham [Solanaceae] PL - A Argentina
385 Nigella sativa Linn.Syn. N.
indica [Ranunculaceae] SD PO A,E India
386 Nothocnide repanda (Bl.) Bl. [Urticaceae]
LF JU A Vanautu
387 Ocimum basilicum Linn. [Labiatae]
LF Chewed C Gunantuna
388 Olea europea Linn. [Oleaceae]
LF DE A Italy
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 44
389 Ocimum sanctum Linn. [Labiatae]
LF - E India
390 Omalanthus nutans (Forst. f.) Guillemin [Euphorbiaceae]
FR - A Vanautu
391 Origanum majorana Linn. [Labiatae]
LF - A Germany
- Oil A India 392 Origanum vulgare Linn. [Labiatae]
FL DE E Italy
393 Oxalis physocalyx Zucc. ex Progel [Oxalidaceae]
PL JU A Brazil
394 Oxytenanthera abyssinica Munero [Poaceae]
LF - A Cameroon
395 Paeonia officinalis Linn. [Ranunculaceae]
- DE C Soviet Union
396 Pandanus odoratissimus L.f. [Pandanaceae]
RT, IF - A India
- - A India 397 Pandanus tectorius Soland. Ex Parkinson [Pandanaceae]
SB - C Vanautu
398 Papaver somniferum Linn. [Papaveraceae]
FR Milk from raw capsule
A Pakistan
399 Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.[Euphorbiaceae]
ST - A India
400 Peganum harmala Linn. [Zygophyllaceae]
PL - A,E India
401 Pemphis acidula J.R. et G. Forst. [Lythraceae]
SB IN A Vanautu
402 Pericopsis angolensis (Bak.) van Meeuwen [Fabaceae]
RT DE A Tanzania
PL - A,C Amazon, Cuba, Haiti 403 Persea americana Mill. [Lauraceae]
SD Fresh C,S Peru
404 Petrea volubilis
[Verbenaceae] - - A Jamaica
405 Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) [Apiaceae]
LF DE A,C Argentina, Spain
406 Peucedanum graveolens
Benth. [Apiaceae] SD - E India
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 45
407 Phaseolus bracteatus Nees et Mart. [Fabaceae]
RT DE S Paraguay
408 Philodendron dyscarpium
R.E. Schult. [Araceae] LF PO C Columbia
409 Phlox stansburyi (Torr.) A. Heller [Polemoniaceae]
LF DE C United States
410 Phoradendron macrophyllum
(Engelm.) Kokerell [Loranthaceae]
- DE C California
411 Phyllantus ciccoides M.A. [Euphorbiaceae]
SB JU C Vanautu
412 Physalis angulata Linn. [Solanaceae]
SD PO A Cameroon
413 Physalis alkekengi Linn. [Solanaceae]
FR PO A Iran
414 Physalis minima Linn. [Solanaceae]
PX DE C India
415 Physalis angulata Linn.
[Solanaceae]
SD PO A Cameroon
416 Picrorhiza kurrooa Benth. [Scrophulariaceae]
RH - A,E India
417 Piliostigma thonningii
(Schum.) Milne-Redh.[Fabaceae]
RT - C East Africa
418 Pipturus argenteus (Forst. F.) Wedd. [Urticaceae]
SB PO C Vanautu
419 Piper longum Linn. [Piperaceae]
FR - A,E India
420 Pisum sativum Linn. [Fabaceae]
SD - C India
421 Plantago lanceolata Linn. [Plantaginaceae]
PL PO Europe
422 Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R.Br. [Labiatae]
LF JU A Vanautu
423 Pleioceras barteri Baill. [Apocynaceae]
LF,
RT
JU A,E Nigeria
424 Plumbago indica Linn.
Syn. P. rosea
[Plumbaginaceae]
RT DE A India
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 46
425 Plumbago ovata Forsk. [Plantaginaceae]
SD, Husk Mucilage
A Pakistan
426 Plumbago zeylanica Linn. [Plumbaginaceae]
RT DE A India
427 Plumeria acuminata Ait.
Syn. P. acutifolia Poir.
[Apocynaceae]
RT PA A India
428 Pneumatopteris glandulifera
(Brackeneridge) Holtt. [Thelypteridaceae]
LF Raw C Vanautu
429 Polygala monyicola
var. brizoides Steyerm [Polygalaceae]
PL - C China
430 Polygala longicaulis H.B.K. [Polygalaceae]
FL, SD - C China
431 Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre [Fabaceae]
SB JU A Vanautu
432 Populus alba Linn. [Salicaceae]
SB DE C Mediterranean
433 Pouzolzia hypoleuca Wedd. [Urticaceae]
RT IF,PO C Zimbabwe
434 Prangos ferulacea Lindl.
[Apiaceae]
LF DE A Iran
435 Prangos pabularia Lindl.
[Apiaceae]
RT DE E India
436 Prosopis algarobilla Griseb. [Fabaceae]
RT DE C South America
BR, FL PO S,A India 437 Prosopis cinearia (Linn.) Druce [Fabaceae]
RT,FR - S,A India
438 Prosopis ruscifolia Gris. [Fabaceae]
LF DE A Paraguay
439 Prunus emarginata
[Rosaceae] WD DE C United States
440 Prunus mahaleb Linn. [Rosaceae]
SD - E India
441 Psittacanthus robustus Mart. [Lorantaceae]
LF DE A Brazil
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 47
442 Pterocarpus angolensis DC. [Fabaceae]
SB - A Tanzania
443 Pterocarpus erinaceous Poir. [Fabaceae]
LF, ST - A Nigeria
444 Pterocarpus indicus Willd. [Fabaceae]
SB JU C Vanautu
445 Pterocarpus officinalis Jacq.
[Fabaceae]
BR, WD DE A,E Haiti, West Indies
446 Punica granatum Linn. [Punicaceae]
PC - A,C,E India
447 Pyrethrum indicum DC. [Asteraceae]
RT DE A India
448 Pyrethrum umbelliferum
Boiss. [Asteraceae] RT - A India
449 Pyrrosia confluens (R.Br.) Ching [Polypodiaceae]
ST - C Vanautu
450 Randia dumetorum Lamk. [Rubiaceae]
SD - A India
451 Randia spinosa (Poir.) [Rubiaceae]
FR - A India
452 Ranunculus sceleratus Linn. [Ranunculaceae]
PL - E India
453 Rhamnus catharticus Linn. [Rhamnaceae]
- - E Massachusettes
454 Raphanus sativus Linn. [Brassicaceae]
SD - E India
455 Rauwolfia serpentina Benth. [Apocynaceae]
RT DE A India
456 Rauwolfia vomitoria afz.
[Apocynaceae]
RT IN A Cameroon
457 Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.
[Labiatae]
PL DE C Central America
458 Rhoeo spathacea (SW.) Stearn.
[Commelinaceae]
LF IN A,E Haiti, West Indies
459 Rhus trilobata Nutt. [Anacardiaceae]
LF DE C United states
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 48
460 Rhynchospora cephalotes
(L.) Vahl [Cyperaceae] RT DE C Brazil
461 Rhynchosia minima DC. [Fabaceae]
LF DE A India
462 Rhytidophyllum auriculatum
Hook [Gesneriaceae] LF DE A,E Haiti, West Indies
463 Ricinus communis Linn. [Euphorbiaceae]
SD PO C Pakistan
464 Rivea hypocrateriformis
Choisy. [Convolvulaceae] PX DE C India
465 Rourea induta Planch. [Connaraceae]
LF, RT DE A Brazil
466 Rubia cordifolia Linn. [Rubiaceae]
RT - A,E India
467 Rubus moluccanus Linn. [Rosaceae]
LF DE A,E India
468 Rudbeckia laciniata L. Syn. R.hirta L.[Asteraceae]
PL DE E Mexico
469 Ruellia tuberosa L. [Acanthaceae]
- - A America
470 Ruta angustifolia Linn. [Rutaceae]
LF Oil A India
471 Ruta chalepensis Linn. [Rutaceae]
PL IN A Mexico
472 Ruta graveolens Linn.
[Rutaceae]
LF Oil A,E India, United States
473 Ruta montana Linn.
[Rutaceae]
PX DE A Spain
474 Saccharum bengalense Retz. [Poaceae]
LF DE A India
475 Saccharum officinarum L. [Poaceae]
ST JU A Cameroon
476 Salsola sp. [Chenopodiaceae] LF IN C Algiers
477 Salvia plebeia R. Br. [Labiatae]
SD DE A India
478 Samida rosea Sims. [Flacourtiaceae]
LF - A,E Haiti
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 49
479 Santalum album Linn. [Santalaceae]
PL - A India
480 Sapindus trifoliatus Auct. [Sapindaceae]
SD DE A India
481 Scaevola sericea Vahl. [Goodeniaceae]
LF - C Vanautu
482 Schinus areira L. [Anacardiaceae]
LF - A Argentina
483 Scilla indica (Baker) [Liliaceae]
BU - E India
484 Sclerolobium aureum (Tul.) Baill. [Fabaceae]
BR DE C Brazil
485 Semecarpus anacardium
Linn. [Anacardiaceae] RT Cooked
roots A,E India
486 Siegesbeckia orientalis L. [Asteraceae]
LF IN E Mauritius
487 Sida acuta Burm.f. [Malvaceae]
LF Fresh A Cameroon
488 Senecio aureus Linn. [Asteraceae]
PX DE A,C United States
489 Sesamum indicum DC. [Pedaliaceae]
SD PA taken orally
A,E India
490 Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers. [Fabaceae]
LF, SD PA E India
491 Sterculia banksiana Guillaumin [Sterculaceae]
LF JU A Vanautu
492 Stephavia japonica (Thumb.) Miers. [Menispermaceae]
RT PA A India
493 Semecarpus stellata Linn. [Anacardiaceae]
RT DE C India
494 Sium latifolium Linn. [Apiaceae]
- - E Massachusettes
495 Smithia conferta J.E. Sm. [Fabaceae]
LF EX A India
496 Smilax fluminensis Steudel [Liliaceae]
RH DE, IN A Paraguay
497 Smilacina stellata [Liliaceae] RT, LF IN C United states
498 Simaba suffruticosa Engl. [Simaroubaceae]
RT MA A Brazil
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 50
499 Solanum agrarium Sendtn. [Solanaceae]
RT DE A Brazil
500 Solanum incanum L. Syn. Solanum sanctum L. [Solanaceae]
FR - C India, Nigeria
501 Solenostemon scutellarioides
L. [Labiatae] PL - E Vanautu
502 Sporobolus indicus (L.) Brong. [Poaceae]
LF - C Argentina
503 Solanum virginianum Linn. [Solanaceae]
RT DE A India
504 Soymida febrifuga A. Juss [Meliaceae]
SB DE A India
505 Sphaeralcea munroana
(Douglas) Spanch. [Malvaceae]
RT DE C United States
506 Stemodia durantifolia (L.) S.
[Scrophulariaceae] PL DE A,E Haiti, West Indies
507 Stachytarpheta jamaicensis
Vahl Enum. Syn. Verbena
jamaicensis [Verbenaceae]
- - A India
508 Stephavia japonica (Thumb.) Miers. [Menispermaceae]
RT PA A India
509 Stemodia ericifolia K. Schum. [Scrophulariaceae]
PL DE C Paraguay
510 Stevia rebaudiana
[Asteraceae] LF, ST IN C Paraguay
511 Stenomesson incarnatum
(Kunth) Baker [Amaryllidaceae]
BU A Peru
512 Stenomesson variegatum
[Amaryllidaceae] - - C South America
513 Stipa tenacissima Linn. [Poaceae]
SD DE A Spain
514 Strychnos pseudoquina A.
[Loganiaceae]
LF, SB DE A Brazil
515 Stylosanthes scabra Vog. [Fabaceae]
PX MA S Paraguay
516 Styrax benzoin Dryand. [Styracaceae]
BR, IF - A Islanders of Indian Ocean
517 Syagrus petraea (Mart.) Becc. [Arecaceae]
FR - C Brazil
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 51
518 Tabernaemontana heyneana
Wall. [Apocynaceae] LA - A India
519 Tagetes erectus [Asteraceae] FL - E Nigeria
520 Tanacetum parthenium L. Sch. [Asteraceae]
PX IN A Mexico
521 Tanacetum vulgare Linn. [Asteraceae]
FL, LF IN A,C United States
522 Taxus baccata Linn. [Taxaceae]
FR - E India
523 Taxus wallichiana Zucc. [Taxaceae]
LF - A Pakistan
524 Tecomella undulata (Roxb.) Seem. [Bignoniaceae]
BR PO A Pakistan
525 Tephrosia purpurea Linn.
Pers. [Fabaceae] LF - A India
526 Tephrosia densiflora Hook.f. [Fabaceae]
RT DE A Nigeria
527 Thelypteris cf. scalaris
(Christ.) Alton [Thelypteridaceae]
PL Fresh or dried
C Peru
528 Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. Syn. Thevetia
neriifolia
[Apocynaceae]
SD PA A India
529 Thysanolaena (Roxb.) O. Kuntze [Poaceae]
FL PA C India
530 Tillandsia decomposita
Baker[Bromeliaceae] FS DE C South America
531 Tournefortia bicolor S. [Boraginaceae]
LF IN A,E Haiti, west Indies
532 Trachylobium
hornemannianum
Heyne. [Fabaceae]
RE - E India
533 Trachyspermum
roxburghianum
(DC.) Sprague Syn. Carum
roxburghianum [Apiaceae]
- - E India
534 Trianthema pentandra Linn. [Aizoaceae]
PL - A India
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 52
535 Trianthema portulacastrum
Linn. [Aizoaceae] RT PO A India
536 Trichosanthes bracteata
(Lam.) Voigt Syn. T. palmata [Cucurbitaceae]
SD PO A India
537 Trichosanthes cucumerina
Linn. [Cucurbitaceae] - - E India
538 Trifolium subterraneum Linn. [Fabaceae]
- - A India
539 Trichosanthes tricuspidata
Lour. [Cucurbitaceae] SD PO C India
540 Trigonella foenumgraeceum
Linn. [Fabaceae] SD - E India
541 Triumfetta bartramia Linn. [Tiliaceae]
RT IN E India
542 Turnera ulmifolia Linn. [Turneraceae]
LF IN A Jamaica
543 Tussilago farfara Linn. [Asteraceae]
LF,RT - A India
544 Uraria lagopoides DC. [Fabaceae]
PL DE A India
545 Uraria lagopodioides Desv. [Fabaceae]
PL PA A India
546 Urena lobata Linn. [Malvaceae]
LF JU C India,
New Ireland
547 Urginea indica Kunth. [Liliaceae]
BU - E India
548 Uritica dioica Linn. [Urticaceae]
- - E India
549 Urospatha antisylleptica
[Araceae] SP PO C Columbia
550 Valeriana montana Linn. [Valerianaceae]
RT Tea S Montenegro
551 Ventilago neo-caledonica schlecht. [Rhamnaceae]
LF - C Vanautu
552 Veratrum californicum
[Liliaceae]
RT DE C United states
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 53
553 Vernonia amygdalina Delile [Asteraceae]
LF DE A Cameroon
554 Verbena officinalis Linn. [Verbenaceae]
PL DE A India
555 Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash Ex Small [Poaceae]
RT - A Mauritius
556 Viburnum foetidum Wall. [Caprifoliaceae]
LF DE,
Oil
E India
557 Viburnum prunifolium Linn. [Caprifoliaceae]
- DE C Italy
558 Vicoa indica (L.) DC.Syn. V.
auriculata Cass, Pentanema
indicum (L.) Ling [Asteraceae]
RT PA S India
559 Vigna phaseoloides Baker [Fabaceae]
RT IN C East Africa
560 Vinca rosea Linn.Syn.
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don., Lochnera rosea (L.) Reichb. [Apocynaceae]
- - A Philippines
561 Viscum articulatum Burm.f. [Viscaceae]
ST Pills A India
562 Vitex agnus-castus Linn. Sp. Pl. [Verbenaceae]
PL - A Europe
563 Vitex lagundi [Verbenaceae] RT - C Kurtachi, North Bougainvile
564 Vitex negundo Linn.
[Verbenaceae]
RT,
SD
DE A,E India, Solomon Islands (Buka)
565 Vitex trifolia Linn. [Verbenaceae]
FR - A India
566 Waltheria americana Linn. [Sterculaceae]
- - A Africa
567 Wedelia gracilis [Asteraceae] PL - A Jamaica
568 Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc. [Asteraceae]
- - A Africa
569 Withania coagulans (Stocks.) Dunal. [Solanaceae]
FR IN E Pakistan
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 54
PL DE A India 570 Withania somnifera Dunal [Solanaceae]
RT DE A Cameroon
571 Xanthium spinosum Linn. [Asteraceae]
LF - C Spain
572 Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Rich [Annonaceae]
FR - A Africa
573 Zaluzania triloba (Ort.) Pers. [Asteraceae]
PX IN A Mexico
574 Zingiber officinale Rosc. [Zingiberaceae]
RT PO A
575 Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) [Rhamnaceae]
RB PO A
Pakistan
576 Ziziphora tenuior Linn. [Labiatae]
SD IN E India
577 Zizyphus xylopyrus (Retz.)
Willd. [Rhamnaceae]
FR MA C India
*Abbreviations used for Plant part used: AP (All parts), BR (Bark), BU (Bulb), EX (Exudates), FJ
(Fruit juice), FL (Flower), FB (Flower buds), FR (Fruit), FS (Flower stem), GU(Gum), HU (Husk),
IF (Inflorescence), LA(Latex), LF (Leaf), PC (Pericarp), PE (Peduncle), PL (Whole plant), PT
(Petals), PX (Plant without root), RB (Root bark), RE (Resin), RH (Rhizome), RT (Root), SB (stem
bark), SD (Seed), SP (Sapadix), ST (Stem), TH (Thallus)TU (Tuber), WD (wood), YS (Young stem)
† Abbreviation used for formulation used: Decoction (DE), Infusion (IN), Juice (JU), Maceration
(MA), Powder (PO), Paste (PA), Extract (EX), Water Extract (WE)
††Abbreviation used for traditional/folkloric use: Abortifacient (A), Contraceptive (C), Emmenagogue
(E), Steriliser (S)
As can be seen in Table 2 and Figure 4, around 298 plants have been
mentioned as abortifacient (42 %), 188 as contraceptives (31 %), 149 as
emmenagogues (24 %), and 17 as sterilizers (3 %), however, some of the plants have
multiple uses depending on the dose. Among 132 families containing 577 plants
having role in fertility control in females, leguminosae constitutes 5.5 %, asteraceae
4.5 %, compositae 4.3 %, euphorbiaceae 4.2 %, apocynaceae 3.4 %, fabaceae &
umbelliferae 3 % each and others in lesser proportion. Among various parts of plants
used in fertility regulation are leaves (25 %), roots (22 %), fruits (15 %), seeds (12
%), flowers (4 %) and root barks, exudates, gums, buds etc. in small proportion
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 55
(Figure 5). Most of these species are utilized as decoctions (31 %), infusions (10 %),
powder (8 %), paste and juice (5 % each), maceration (3 %) and others in lower
proportion, mixture with milk/sugar or water (Figure 6).
Figure 4. Herbal antifertility agents
Figure 5. Plant parts used in fertility
Regulation
Figure 6. Herbal dosage forms in fertility regulation
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 56
2.2 Experimental evidences of medicinal plants use in fertility regulation
Abrus precatorius (Family: Fabaceae) popularly known as Indian licorice is
reported to possess antifertility and anti-implantation properties. Zia-ul-Haque et al.
(1983b) reported the post-coital (days 2-5) antifertility (100 % Sterility) effect of
abridine, isolated constituent from this plant, when administered p.o. at a dose of 1
mg/mL in female rats. In conclusion, A. precatorius possesses 100 % antifertility
activity in female rats33-35.
Acalypha indica L. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is reported to have a post-coital
antifertility activity. The petroleum ether and ethanol extract of whole plant of AI at
dose of 600 mg/kg body weight p.o. (5-6 days post-coitum) showed significant anti-
implantation activity. The loss of implantation caused by these extracts may be due
to antizygotic, blastocytotoxic or anti-implantation activity. The petroleum ether and
the ethanol extracts also exhibited estrogenic activity as shown by the significant
increase in uterine weight, diameter of the uterus, thickness of endometrium, height
of the endometrial epithelium and vaginal epithelial cornification in immature rats.
In conclusion, A. indica L. possess significant post coital antiimplantation activity in
female albino rats which might be due to the presence of estrogenic nature of sterols
and flavanoids in the extract36-37.
Ailanthus excelsa (Family: Simaroubaceae) has shown strong
antiimplantation (72 %) and abortifacient activitities (56 %) when its stem bark
hydroalcoholic extract was administered at dose levels (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.).
The extract showed, furthermore, significant (P < 0.05) increase in uterine weight in
immature ovariectomised rats. Simultaneous administration of extract with ethinyl
estradiol caused significant antiestrogenic activity38. Dhanasekaran et al. (1993) also
reported remarkably anti-implantation and early abortifacient activities in female
albino rats at a dose of 250 mg equivalent of plant material/kg body weight39.
Ananas comosus (AC) Linn. (Family: Bromeliaceae) showed abortifacient
properties of juices of the unripe fruits and leaves. Further, antifertility effects of the
petroleum ether extract of the rhizome and green fruits have also been reported40-42.
Pakrashi and Basek (1970) isolated various steroids (Ergosterol peroxide, β-
Sitosterol, 5α-stigmastane-3β,5,6β-triol (III) 3-monobenzoate) from AC leaves, out
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 57
of which, β-Sitosterol showed significant abortifacient effect after day 1 but no
activity on days 6-7 in mice when administered orally before and after implantation
at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight. Ergosterol peroxide compound showed the
maximum abortifacient effect at both stages of pregnancy, but the action was
delayed (starting from Days 13-16), especially when given after implantation43.
However, recently Yakubu et al. (2011) have investigated the effect of unripe fruit
juice of AC for abortifacient activity in pregnant Wistar rats (7-14 days after
gestation) and reported that number and weights of live fetuses, number of
implantation sites, corpora lutea, computed percent implantation index, resorption
index, pre- and post-implantation losses were not significantly (p > 0.05) altered.
Neither fetal death nor provoked vaginal bleeding was observed in the pregnant rats
whereas maternal weight increased in all the experimental animals with that of the
control augmenting least. The 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight doses increased (p <
0.05) the serum concentrations of progesterone and oestrogen in the pregnant rats44.
Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. (Family: Aristolochiaceae) is used in India for
their antifertility and abortifacient effects45. The ethyl acetate fraction of the
ethanolic extract of AB was tested for pre-coital and post-coital anti-implantation
and abortifacient activities in female albino rats. The ethyl acetate fraction of
ethanolic extract of aerial parts of AB at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg body weight by
oral route (5-6 days postcoitum) exhibited 28.86 and 58.65 % anti-implantation
activity, respectively. These treatments also caused 18.61 (P < 0.01) and 37.22 % (P
< 0.001) abortifacient activities, respectively. The total antifertility activity in the
pre-coital studies was found to be 47.47 and 95.87 % for the two doses tested
respectively46. The main active constituent responsible for antifertility activity is
identified as aristolic acid47.
Azadirachta indica (Family: Meliaceae) is perhaps the most useful traditional
medicinal plant in India. Along with leaves, bark, seeds, NIM-76, a volatile fraction
from neem oil is reported to have post-coital antifertility activity in rats, rabbits and
monkeys48. In another study, intrauterine application of neem oil caused a pre-
implantation block in fertility49.
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 58
Bambusa vulgaris Linn. (Family: Poaceae) is used as an emmenagogue, and
abortifacient in Nigerian folklore medicine50. Its leaves extract at dose 250 mg/kg
body weight significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of live fetuses, whereas
the 500 mg/kg body weight dose produced no live fetus. The extract at both the
doses reduced the survival rate of the fetus to 29 and 0 %, whereas the same doses
produced abortion at the rate of 60 and 100 %, respectively. The extract also
decreased the concentrations of serum progesterone, follicle-stimulating and
luteinizing hormones. While there was no effect on the weight of the uterus,
uterine/body weight ratio, length of the right uterine horn and uterine cholesterol,
however, the alkaline phosphatase activity and glucose concentration were
decreased significantly51.
Butea monosperma Lam. (Fabaceae) flowers, leaves and seeds have been
traditionally used as abortifacient in India2,3. Butin extracted from seeds of BM
showed anti-implantation activity when administrated orally to adult female rats at
the doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/rat from day 1 to day 5 of pregnancy and it was
observed that there was a dose dependent termination of pregnancy and reduction in
the number of implantation sites at lower doses and reported Butin, a weak estrogen,
in that a significant uterotrophic effect was discerned even at 1/20th the
anticonceptive dose52. In another study by El-Halawany et al. (2011), methanol
extracts of BM revealed significant estrogenic activity on ERβ only53.
Citrus medica (CM) Linn. (Rutaceae) seeds have exhibited estrogenic
activity54-55. Its alcohol (2.5 mg/kg) and the chloroform extracts (1.0 gm/kg)
exhibited significant anti-implantation activity in female wistar rats (1-7 day post-
coital) respectively. The ethanol and chloroform extract of CM peel showed 71.96
and 77.19 % anti-implantation activity as compared to the control respectively56.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HR) Linn. (Malvaceae) flowers have been reported
to possess anti-implantation and antispermatogenic activities9,57. Its ethanolic root
extract, at dose of 400 mg/kg body weight orally from day 1-7 of gestation,
prevented pregnancy in colony-bred female albino rats and showed strong anti-
implantation (100 % inhibition) and uterotropic activities58. In another study on
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 59
mice, oral administration of the benzene extract of HR flowers, at a dose level of 1
gm/kg body weight/day from day 5-8 of gestation, led to termination of pregnancy
in about 92 % of the animals where the effect was associated with a significant fall
in peripheral level of progesterone and increase in uterine acid phosphatase activity,
as measured on 10th day59.
Embelia ribes Burm. (Family: Myrsinaceae) is one of the ingredient of
Pippaliyadi vati, an ayurvedic contraceptive formulation practiced by females in
India since ancient time60. Embelin, 2, 5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-p-benzoquinone, the
bioactive molecule in the berries, when administered (15, 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg,
p.o.) in proven fertile female rats exhibited 55.55-83.33 % anti-implantation effect61.
Garg and Garg (1978) have reported that root powder of ER at 100 mg/kg, p.o.
exhibited 100 % inhibition of pregnancy in female albino rats62. Kholkute et al.
(1978) administered powdered berries of ER in the diet at a dose level of 2 and 4
g/day and observed 62 % antifertility activity with a dose of 4 g/day63. Embelin, 50
to 100mg/kg, p.o. in rats (Day 1-7 of pregnancy) exhibited 85.71 % anti-
implantation activity as well as significant antiestrogenic and progestational
properties64.
Gloriosa superb (GS) (Family: Liliaceae) tuber is used as abortifacient in
Zambia65. Malpani et al. (2011) have reported that aqueous extract of GS at doses of
50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight by oral route shows significant abortifacient,
antiimplantation and uterotonic activities in female wistar rats. The early
abortifacient activity of the plant is owing to its oxytocic potential which may be due
to the presence of alkaloids such as colchicines66.
Heliotropium indicum (Family: Boraginaceae) is reported to have 40 %
antiimplantation activity67. The leaves ethanol extract, fractioned with n-hexane and
benzene, at oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight in albino rats, has
shown better abortifacient and moderate antiimplantation activities. Ethanol extract
exhibited 50 % abortion whereas n-hexane and Benzene fractions caused 60, 50 &
60 % and 30 & 60 % abortion in pregnant rats respectively at doses of 200 & 400
mg/kg body wt. respectively. The effect on percentage preimplantation loss in
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 60
pregnant rats was 30 and 35 % in ethanol extract, 40 and 60 % in n-hexane fraction,
30 and 50% in benzene extract at the dose of 200 & 400 mg/kg body weight
respectively68.
Mutreja et al. (2008) investigated effect of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.
(Family: Nymphaeaceae) seeds on the reproductive organs of female rats and
reported that ethanolic seed extract at a dose of 800 mg/kg by oral route brought
about a significant decline in the weight of ovary, protein and glycogen levels and as
a result, caused estrogen inhibition in female rats due to its antiestrogenic nature69.
Piper betel Linn. of family Piperaceae commonly known as the betel vine or
paan [Hindi] is an important medicinal plant whose leaves are widely used as a
mouth freshener in India. Biswal (2014) has reported the antioestrogenic effect of
aqueous and methanolic extracts betel leaves in female albino rats, probabley due to
flavonoid and steroidal contents70.
Plumbago zeylanica L. (Family: Plumbaginaceae) is widely used as a
complementary and alternative medicine around the world. In antifertility study, the
effects of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of the
PZ leaves on the estrous cycle of rats were studied at two dose levels, namely, 200
and 400 mg/kg and assessed with regard to their oestrogenic activity in the same
species. The results indicated that the acetone and ethanol extracts were most
effective in interrupting the estrous cycle of the rats (p<0.05). The animals exhibited
a prolonged diestrous stage of the estrous cycle leading to a temporary inhibition of
ovulation. The antiovulatory activity was reversible on discontinuation of the
treatment. Both extracts showed significant (p<0.05) oestrogenic and anti-
oestrogenic activities71.
Saha et al. (2012) reported that n-BuOH fraction of the tubers ethanolic
extract of Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC, belonging to the family
Fabaceae exhibited significant antifertility activity in laboratory animals. Further,
bioactivity-guided fractionation identified Puerarin as the major constituent that
exerted pregnancy-terminating effects. Oral administration of puerarin at ≥ 300
mg/kg per day for days (D) 1-2 post-coitus resulted in complete implantation
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 61
failure. Serum oestradiol levels during D2-D5 and progesterone P(4) level on D5
remained unaffected, but the endometrial expression of oestrogen receptor α (ERα)
and ERβ was adversely modulated that disrupted the implantation-specific
characteristic endometrial oestrogenic milieu72.
Vicoa indica (VI) DC. (Family: Asteraceae) is used by the tribal women of
Bihar in India as antifertility agent. The antifertility activity of VI was also tested in
proven fertile bonnet monkeys. The dry powder of the whole plant was fed to the
cycling monkeys on day 1 to 14 of menstrual cycle or day 9 to 14 of cycle or on day
2 to 5 after delivery and the fertility was evaluated in the following cycle in cycle
fed monkey or after weaning the young one in the post-partum fed monkeys. Results
indicated that while feeding in the post-partum monkeys did not confer any
protection against pregnancy feeding during day 1 to 14 of cycle, protected from
pregnancy. The monkeys did not become pregnant even after exposure to the proven
fertile male monkeys for 13 ovulatory cycles while all the vehicle fed monkeys
became pregnant within 3 cycles76. Its isolated compounds, Vicolides B and D
showed antifertility and abortifacient effects in albino rats73. Vicolide B caused
resorption of implants whereas Vicolide D prevented implantation. Vicolide D
showed 52.43% & 71.43% inhibition of implantation and abortifacient activities
respectively, when administered p.o. in rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight74-75.
In another study, Banjauri, herbal medicine containing VI, has successfully
possessed antifertility activity in phase I and II clinical trials77.
2.3 Phytocostituents having antifertility potential
A number of active principles representing numerous chemical compounds
have been envasiged with their probable role in fertility regulation especially in
females (Table 4). The compounds may be alkaloids, glycosides, saponins,
flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, lipids, phenolics etc. obtained from plant sources
and are reported to posseses antifertility activity32 & references therein. Many of these
compounds are found in a single plant and oftenly; their synergistic action may be
seen. Some of the potent phytoconstituents with potential antifertility effects have
been shown in Figure 7.
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 62
Table 4. Phytoconstituents with reported antifertility potential32 & references therein
S.
No.
Phytoconstituent (s) with
source
Part
used
Dose
mg/kg,
p.o.
Days post
-coitum
Animal Activity
(%)
A Antiimplantation activity
1 Abridine
[Abrus pricatorius L.]
SD 1 mg/
animal
2-5 Rat 100
2 Saponins
[Achyranthes bidentata Blume.]
RT 218 1-10 Mice -
3 Isoadiantone
[Adiantum capillus-veneris]
PL
- - Rat -
5α-stigmastane-3β,5,6β-triol-3-mon
[Ananas comosus Merr.]
40 6-7 Mice 100
Sitosterol
[Ananas comosus Merr.]
30 1 Mice 93
4
Ergosterol peroxide
[Ananas comosus Merr.]
LF
30 6- 7 Mice 100
Aristolochic acid
[Aristolochia indica L.] 100 1,6 or 7 Mice 100 5
p-Coumaric acid
[Aristolochia indica L.]
RT
50 6 Mice 100
6 Butin
[Butea monosperma Lam.]
SD 20 1-5 Rat 90
7 Isothankuniside
[Centella asiatica L.]
LF - - Mice Consistent
8 Datura lactone
[Datura quercifolia Kunth]
-
100 1-7 - 73.3
9 Fraxinellone
[Dictamnus albus L.]
RB - 1-10 Rat -
10 Embelin
[Embelia ribes Burm f.]
BR 100 1-5 Rat 100
11 Anethole
[Foeniculum vulgare Mill.]
SD 500 1-5 Rat 60
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 63
12 n-hexacosanol, campesterol,chalinasterol, sitosterol, stigmasterol, [Heliotropium indicum L.]
- 500 - Rat 40
13 Marsdekoside A and B
[Marsdenia koi Tsiang]
PL - - Rat -
14 Yuehchukene
[Murraya paniculata L.]
RT 3 1-2 Rat Potent
15 Piperine
[Piper longum L.]
RT 150 1-7 Rat 60
16 Plumbagin
[Plumbago zeylanica L.]
PL 20 1-5 Rat 83
17 Oleanolic acid-3β-glucoside
[Randia dumetorum Lamk.]
SD 100 1-5 Rat 100
18 Chalepensin
[Ruta graveolens L.]
RT,SB, LF
36 1-8 Rat 80
19 Acacetin, Luteolin
[Striga lutea Lour.]
PL 5-25 1-4 Rat,
Mice
Significant
Vicolide B
[Vicoa indica L.]
50 8-14 Rat 100 20
Vicolide D
[Vicoa indica L.]
PL
200 8-14 Rat 71
21 5,7,3’-trihydroxy-6,8,4’-trimethoxy flavones
[Vitex negundo L.]
SD 100 4-6 Mice 100
B Abortifacient activity
1 Methyl aristolate
[Aristolochia indica L.] RT 60 6, 7 Rat 100
2 Yuanhuatine [Daphe Sp.] FL
50µg - Monkey Significant
3 Yuanhuacine
[Daphne genkwa] RT 70-80
µg
- Woman Significant
4 α and β Momorcharins
[Momordica charantia L.] SD - - Mice Significant
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 64
5 Momorcochin [Momordica
cochinchinensis Spreng.] RT - - Mice -
6 Piperine
[Piper sp.]
- - 8-12 - Significant
10 5-11 Rat 75
7 Plumbagin
[Plumbago zeylanica L.]
PL
50 6-9 Rat Significant
C Contraceptive activity
1 Triterpene glycoside
[Androsace septentrionalis L.]
- 100 - Mice, Rat
-
2 Cirantine
[Citrus aurantium L.]
Peel 0.75 - Rabbit -
3 Ferujol
[Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke.]
PX 0.6 1-5 Rat 100
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 65
OOH
HO O
OCH3
Acacetin
O
O
HO
OH
OH
Butin
O OO
H3C
H2C
CH3
Chalepensin
O
O
HO
OH
Embelin
O
HO
H3CO
O
O
OH
H
H
OH
H
OO
OH
OH
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
O
Cirantine
O OHO
O
Ferujol
OO
O
Fraxinellone
H
H OH
H
Isoadiantone
OOH
HO O
OH
OH
Luteolin
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 66
RO
CH3
COOCH=CHC6H5
OH
CHOHCH3
OH
CH3
Marsdenikoiside A
R =
O
O
O
O
O
H
COCH3
H
H
H
COCH3
H
O
OH
H
OCH3
OH
H
OH
CHOHCH3COOC6H5
CH3
OHCH3
RO
Marsdenikoiside B
O
OH
OH
OH
OH
O
OO
OHOHOH
O
O
OH
OH
OH
CH3
Rutin
HO
H
H
H
H
Sitosterol
N
H
H
H
HN
Yuanchukene
R1 R2
Yuanhuacine (CH=CH)(CH2)4Me
OCOPh
Yuanhuatine Ph (1,2-dihydro) OCOPh
O
H
OH
OH
R2
R1
O
O
O
H
H
O
CH2OH
12
Figure 7. Isolated phytoconstituents with antifertility activity
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 67
2.4 Plants selected for the study
Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. f.
Family: Verbenaceae
Synonym: C. multiflorum Burm f.
Vernacular names: Arni [Hindi], Agnimantha [Sanskrit], Clerodendrum or Wind- -killer [English]
Figure 8. Image of Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. f.
Description
Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. f. is a common shrub of arid plains, low hills
and tropical deserts. It is large shrub or small tree growing up to a height of about 9
m and is distributed more or less throughout India, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
and south-east Asia. In India, it is found in drier regions of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orrisa, Diu Island, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat,
Maharashtra and Karnataka78-79. The leaves are simple, exstipulate, opposite, deltoid
ovate-rhomboid ovate, 1.5 to 5 cm in length, 1 to 4 cm in breadth, petiole 3.5 cm
long, both surfaces of leaf are puberulous, reticulate and unicostate. Stem is straight,
unbranched, cylindrical, 9 cm long, 2.5 cm in diameter with uneven surface. Roots
are 7 to 15 cm long and 0.2 to 3.0 cm thick pieces which are occasionally branched,
cylindrical, tough, yellowish-brown externally, bark thin, outer surface rough due to
exfoliation, with hard fracture and slightly astringent taste80.
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 68
Traditional Uses
Clerodendrum phlomidis has been used traditionally in treating bronchitis,
headache, inflammation, weakness, drowsiness, digestive problems and joint pains81.
A decoction of leaves is used along with other plants for inflammation, and is
effective in treating bronchitis, headache, weakness, drowsiness and digestive
problems6. Root decoction is used traditionally in treating inflammation, jaundice,
piles, swelling of body, spleen enlargement, urinary disease, asthma, nervous
disorders and rheumatism82-83. Root bark of the plant together with rice wash has
been used traditionally to cause sterility in females in ancient India84.
Phytochemical review
� The leaves are found to contain a crystalline non-glucoside bitter principle
(C17H16O6), ceryl alcohol, β-sitosterole, γ-sitosterole, Palmatic acid, cerotic
acid and pectolinaringenin85. Bharitkar et al. (2015) have reported three new
compounds pectolinaringenin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 24β-ethylcholesta-
5, 22E, 25-triene-3β-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and andrographolide in the
leaves86.
� Gupta et al. (1967) isolated D-mannitol, β-D-glucoside of β-sitosterol, β-
sitosterol and cetyl alcohol from the stem87.
� The roots have been reported to contain β-sitosterol, γ-sitosterol, ceryl
alcohol, clerodin (C24H34O7), clerosterol (C29H48O), clerodendrin-A
(C27H26O17) and α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-
naringin-4ʹ-O-α-D-glucopyranoside-5-methylether88-89.
� Flowers of C. phlomidis are reported to contain 6,4’-dimethyl-7-acetoxy-
scutellarein, pectolinaringenin, apigenin, hispidulin and luteolin from
chalcone glycoside (4,2’,4’-trihydroxy-6’-methoxychalcone-4,4’α-D-
diglucoside), 7-hydroxy flavones 7-hydroxy flavonone 7-O-glucoside90-91.
� Pandey et al., (2008) have isolated Lupeol ester i.e. Lup-20(29)-en-3-
triacontanoate, tetratriacontanol, 24β-ethylcholesta-5,22E, 25-triene-3β-ol in
the aerial parts of this plant92.
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 69
Biological activities:
Analgesic activity:
The ethanol extract of leaves showed significant analgesic activity at 300
mg/kg in albino mice (either sex, 20-25 g) when evaluated (150 and 300 mg/kg, i.p.)
by Eddy’s hot plate method, thus supporting its folklore claim as analgesic93.
Anti-amnesic activity:
The aqueous bark extract at 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. was evaluated for anti-
amnesic activity in young Swiss mice (8 weeks, either sex) and old Swiss mice (28
weeks, either sex). The dose at 200 mg/kg more significantly enhanced the learning
and memory of aged animals rather than the young ones. The extract profoundly
increased step-down latency (SDL) indicating improvement in the memory of
younger mice and significantly inhibited the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity
indicating its potential in the attenuation of learning and memory deficits especially
in aged mice. The study concluded that C. phlomidis as a potential nootropic and
anti-cholinesterase agent94.
Anti-asthmatic activity:
The aqueous bark extract (yield 7.9% w/w) of leaves was screened for anti-
asthmatic activity in male albino mice (Swiss strain, 22 to 25 g). The effect of
extract (2, 4 & 10 mg/mL) on goat tracheal chain was also studied, indicating a
significant activity at 4 and 10 mg/mL with the relaxant effect (depression of
histamine receptor 1). The extract at dose levels of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p. in
milk-induced eosinophilia showed the significant antagonizing effect at 100 mg/kg.
In three-day treatment of the aqueous extract, the 100 mg/kg dose showed 73.25%
protection of mast cell degranulation. The aqueous extract, when studied for
capillary permeability, significantly decreased transmittance at 100 mg/kg dose
level, indicating its effect on optical density of the eye. The overall study shows the
beneficial use of aqueous extract in the treatment of asthma and related conditions95.
Antimicrobial studies:
Both methanolic (yield 4.4% w/w) and acetone (yield 1.7% w/w) extracts of
stems and leaves (combined) were screened for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-
negative bacteria and fungi species by an agar diffusion method, respectively.
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 70
Acetone extract was not active while the methanolic extract showed inhibition
against Citrobacter freundii and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The study concluded
that the antimicrobial activity might be attributed to various active constituents
present in either mono or combined way of them96. Ethyl acetate and hexane extracts
of leaves (yield 8.4 and 1.1 % w/w) and stems (yield 3.21 and 0.52 % w/w) at
concentration of 1 mg/ml were screened for human pathogens and plant pathogens
by poison plate technique, respectively. The leaf extract (particularly hexane extract)
was found more active than stem extract on both pathogens. However, the stem
extract was only inhibitory to plant pathogens97. Antifungal activity of two flavones,
flavonone glucoside and one chalcone glucoside isolated from C. phlomidis was
studied. Chalcone glucoside was highly promising followed by pectolinaringenin,
flavonone glucoside and flavones98.
Antiplasmodial activity:
The ethanol leaves extract showed 96 % inhibition at 100 µg/mL conc. and a
50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 25 µg/mL against Plasmodium
falciparum. The study concluded that the activity might be due to the presence of
iridoids, but no iridoids have been reported yet from C. phlomidis99.
Hypoglycemic activity:
A defatted ethanol extract of leaves was screened for hypoglycemic activity
in alloxan-induced diabetic rats at two dose levels, 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extract
at 200 mg/kg exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity and also reduced altered
cholesterol and triglycerides levels. In the histopathological studies, more prominent
islet cells were seen in both metformin and ethanol extract (200 mg/kg) treated
groups100.
Immunomodulatory activity:
A methanol extract of roots was evaluated for specific immune response
(antihyaluronidase titer, plaque forming cell assay and delayed-type hypersensitivity
test) and non-specific immune response (carbon clearance and E. coli-induced
abdominal sepsis). The specific immune response was studied in BLAB/c albino
mice (either sex, 22 to 25 g) for 7 days. The extract at 300 mg/kg showed
significance in antihyaluronidase titre, plaque forming cell assay and delayed-type
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 71
hypersensitivity test. In carbon clearance test (5-day treatment) and E. coli-induced
abdominal sepsis (15-day treatment) the extract showed increased phagocytic index,
significant clearance of carbon particles and only 20% mortality in 24 h particularly
without any symptoms of peritonitis in surviving animals. The study showed that the
methanol extract exhibits the immunomodulatory activity probably might be due to
chemical constituents such as diterpenoids and flavonoids present in the extract101.
Other activities:
The isolated flavone (7-hydroxy flavones) from C. phlomidis acts on targets
like aromatase, alcohol dehydrogenase, 17β-hydroxyl steroid oxydoreductase,
multidrug resistance transporter (MDR-TR)-P-glycoprotein transporter (PGP-TR)
and 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and also exerts in vivo antinociceptive
activity102. C. phlomidis has also shown minor tranquilizing effect103,
antidiarrhoeal104, and antihepatotoxic activities105.
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre
Family: Fabaceae
Synonyms: Pongamia glabra Vent., Derris indica (Lam.) Bennett, Cystisus
pinnatus Lam., Millettia novo-guineensis Kane & Hat and
Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi
Vernacular names: Karanj [Hindi], Pongam [Tamil] and Indian beech [English]
Description:
Pongamia pinnata L. is native to India and widely distributed along
Southeast Asia to the West Pacific and North Australia. Karanj is found in hilly
region in south India up to an elevation of about 1220 m and in Himalayas106-108. It
is a medium sized semi evergreen glabrous tree with a short bole and spreading
crown up to 18 m or more in height, bark grayish green or brown , very often
mottled with dark brown dots, specks, lines or streak; leaves compound, leaflets 5-7
ovate, acuminate or elliptic; Flowers lilac or pinkish white, fragnant, in axillary
racemes; fruits thick, woody, smooth, compressed, with a short curved beak, seeds 1
or 2 per pod, reniform to nearly round, smooth or wrinkled, testa reddish brown
leathery109.
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 72
Figure 9. Image of P. pinnata (L.) Pierre
Traditional Uses
All parts of P. pinnata L. are traditionally used in the treatment of Snakebite
treatment of tumors, piles, skin diseases, wounds and ulcer; Fruits in abdominal
tumor as anthelmintic; Flowers in diabetes; Seeds and seed oil in keratitis, urinary
discharges, piles, ulcer, chronic fever, rheumatism, leucoderma, lumbago, scabies,
leprosy, bronchitis, whooping cough, chronic skin diseases, wound treatment,
chronic fever, hypertension, and liver pain; Leaves in rheumatism, gonorrhea, skin
diseases,genitalia, fever, piles, scabies, anthelmintic, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence,
glycosuria, wound treatment, as antiseptic and blood purifier. Stem/stem bark in
diabetes, malaria, bleeding piles, beriberi, anthelmintic, elexteric, hemorrhoid,
ophthalmopathy, vaginopathy, skin diseases, genitalia, sinus, stomach pain,
intestinal disorder and wound treatment; Roots in wound and gastric treatment,
gonorrhea, cleaning gums, teeth, and ulcers and also used in vaginal and skin
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 73
diseases110. Powdered stem bark of this plant is squeezed with water and its juice is
drunk to induce abortion in Vanuatu Island111.
Phytochemical Review:
The phytochemical studies of P. pinnata L. resulted in the isolation of
flavonoid derivatives (flavones, flavans and chalcones). Several compounds from
other classes were also detected in this species, such as sesquiterpene, diterpene,
triterpenes, steroids, aminoacid derivatives, disaccharide, fatty acids, and esters.
� Flowers have been reported to contain flavones (Fisetin tetramethyl ether),
methylenedioxy flavones (Demethoxykanugin, Kanugin), furanoflavones
(Karanjin, Lanceolatin B, Pongaglabol methyl ether, Pongaglabol,
Isopongaglabol, Kanjone, 6-methoxyisopongaglabol, Pinnatin and
Glabone)112-113.
� Fruits contains furanoflavones (3′-methoxyfuro[8,7:4″,5″] flavones, Pongol,
2′,5′-dimethoxyfuro [8,7:4″,5″] flavones), flavonoid glycosides (Pongapinnol
A, B, C and D) and coumestan (Pongacoumestan)114-116.
� Leaves are reported to possess flavones (Kaempferol, Quercetin), rotenoids
(11,12a-dihidroxy-munduserone, 12a-hydroxy-α-toxicarol), flavonoid
glycosides (Vitexin, Isoquercetrin, Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside),
flavonoid diglycosides (Kaempferol 3-O-β-D-rutinoside, Rutin) and
isoflavone glycosides (4′-O-methyl-genistein7-O-β-D-rutinoside, 2′,5′-
dimethoxy-genistein7-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1″-6″)-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside)117.
� Stem/ stem bark contains Demethoxykanugin, Kanugin, Karanjin,
Luteolin, Milletocalyxin C, 5-methoxy-(3″,4″-dihydro-3″, 4″-diacetoxy)-2″,
2″-dimethylpyrano-(7,8:5″,6″)-flavone, 5-hydroxy-4′-methoxy-7-[(3-methyl-
2-butenyl)oxy]-isoflavone, Maackiain, Medicarpin, Pongachin, Pongamone
(A, B, C, D and E), Pongapin, 3’-methoxypongapin, 3′, 4′-methylenedioxy-
(4″, 5″:7, 8)-furanoflavanone and tunicatachalcones, 114,118-122.
� Roots and its bark contains Ponganone (II-XI), Ovalitenin B, Ovalitenone,
Pongamol, Milletenone, 2′-hydroxy-3,4,4′, 6′-tetramethoxychalcone,
Isoglabrachromene, Maackiain, Medicarpin, Ovalifolin, 3′,4′-dihydroxy-4H-
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 74
furo[2,3-h] chromen-4-one, 3,3′,4′-trihydroxy-4H-furo[2,3-h] chromen-4-
one123-124.
� Miscellaneous compounds like terpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpenes,
Stigmasterol and β-sitosterol alongwith their acetate and galactosides, two
caffeic esters (hexacosanyl caffeate and triacontanyl caffeate) etc. have also
been reported in this plant110.
Biological activities:
Antioxidant activity:
Essa and Subramanian (2006) studied the antioxidant activity of the
ethanolic extract of the leaves on NH4Cl-induced hyper-ammonemic rats and found
that oral administration (300mg/kgb.wt) significantly reduced the level of TBARS,
HP, and CD and increased the level of SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH in liver and
kidney. The methanolic extract inhibited 72.47%, 75.86%, 68.11% and 77.46% on
lipidperoxidation, reducing power, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical
scavenging activity at 50 µg/ml concentration respectively. The anti-oxidant
property may be related to the flavonoids and polyphenol present in the extract125-126.
Antimicrobial activity:
Various extracts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activity against a broad
spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Various isolated compounds
(3,7-dimethoxyflavone, Quercetin, Kanugin, Karanjin, Lanceolatin B, Pachycarin D,
Pongaglabol, Pinnatin, Pongaflavone/karanjachromene, Pongachromene, Rutin,
Ovalifolin, Maackiain, Cycloart-23-ene-3β,25-diol, Lupeol etc.) seem to be
responsible for the antibacterial activity of various extracts of different parts of P.
pinnata. Seed oil showed maximum antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger
followed by Aspergillus terreus and Candida albicans. The maximum inhibition
was observed in pure oil (100%) and a minimum of 40-45% for oil for all tested
fungi110.
Anti-protozoal activity:
The bark and leaf extract with low IC50 values of 9-43 µg dry extract/ml has
been shown to be potential as anti-malarial by possessing antiplasmodial activity
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 75
against Plasmodium falciparum127. This activity might be associated with its
constituent, lupeol, which blocked the invasion of Plasmodium falciparum
merozoites into erythrocytes at IC50 1.5 µg/ml128.
Antiinflammatory activity:
Prabha et al. (2003) reported that the methanolic extract of roots showed
significant protection against mucosal damage induced by aspirin and has a tendency
to decrease acetic acid-induced ulcer after 10-days treatment129. Prabha et al. (2009)
later evaluated that when administered orally (po), the methanolic seeds extract
showed dose-dependent (12.5-50 mg/kg for 5 days) ulcer protective effects against
gastric ulcer induced by 2h cold restraint stress. Optimal effective dose of extract
(25 mg/kg) showed anti-ulcerogenic activity against acute gastric ulcers induced by
pylorus ligation and aspirin and duodenal ulcer induced by cysteamine but not
against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer130.
Methanol extract of the root were tested orally at the dosages of 15, 20 and
25 mg/kg, on gastric ulcerations experimentally induced by aspirin, alcohol and
pylorus ligation models. The extract at the dose of 25 mg/kg showed 79.30 % and
82.20 % inhibition when gastric ulcerations were induced by aspirin and ethanol and
66.38 % inhibition showed in pylorus ligation at adose of 20 mg/kg respectively.
The methanol extract at 20 and 25 mg/kg significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited ulcer
formation. Methanol extract which contains flavonoids, triterpenes, carotinoids and
saponins, may exhibit anti-ulcer properties126.
Anticonvulsant activity:
Manigauha et al. (2009) reported that treatment of maximal electroshock-
induced seizure (MES) in wistar albino mice (150 mA for 0.2s) with the ethanolic
extract of the P. pinnata leaves (250 mg/kg i.p.) showed significant anticonvulsant
activity by lowering the duration of extension phase (4, 12 ± 0.67) when compared
to control group (9, 64 ± 0.41)131. In further study, Manigauha and Patel (2010)
found that treatment of pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion (PTZ) in the same
type of rats (80 mg/kg, i.p.) with the leaves ethanolic extract (250 mg/kg, i.p.)
significantly lowered the duration of extension phase (3.72 ± 0.65) when compared
to control group (8.94 ± 0.42) 132.
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 76
Antidiabetic activity:
Punitha and Manoharan, (2006) reported the significant anti-hyperglycemic
of oral administration of the ethanolic extract of the flower (300 mg/kg) which
considerably reduced the blood glucose level in a similar extent to that of the
standard drug glibenclamide (600 µg/kg bw) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats133.
Rao et al. (2009) investigated some compounds (Fisetin tetramethyl ether, Luteolin,
3-methoxy-7-hydroxy-3′,4′- methylenedioxyflavone, 3′,4′-dihydroxy-4H-furo[2,3-
h]chromen-4-one, Pongaglabrone, Pongapin, Pinnatin, Pongachromene,
Pongapinone B, Ovalitenone and Pyperonylic acid) showing α-glucosidase
inhibitory activities124. In the last 3 years, the anti-diabetic activity of various extract
from the leaves, pods, root, and stem bark of this plant have been investigated and it
was found that the extracts of most of the parts of this species exhibited significant
anti-diabetic activity110.
Anthelmintic activity:
The anthelmintic activity of the methanolic extract of the seeds which needed
less time to cause the paralysis and death of Indian adult earthworm, Pherentima
posthuma, than the extracts of leaf, wood, bark, and pericarp of the fruit did was
further studied. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited higher anthelmintic activity
against the earthworm followed by the petroleum ether extract134.
Other activities:
Pongamia pinnata has also repoted to have anti-hyperammonemic activity,
cytotoxic, immunomodulatory and insecticidal activities135-137.
Casuarina equisetifolia Linn.
Family: Casuarinaceae
Synonymn: Casuarina litorea L.
Vernacular names: Junglisaru [Hindi], She-oak or Horse tail or White pine [English], Savukku [Tamil]
Description:
Casuarina equisetifolia L. is a large erect evergreen tree with a ‘conifer-like’
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 77
appearance and grows up to 50 m height with drooping branches and needle-like
branchlets. It is an exotic species to India and native to South-East Asia, Australia
and Polynesia138-139. It is commonly found along the coast on beaches, rocky coasts,
limestone outcroppings, dry hillsides and open forests in India, Sri Lanka and
Australia140. In India, it is cultivated in coastal regions from Gujarat to Orissa, West
Bengal and Andamans. The leaves are reduced to white or brown scales fused
laterally at the base in whorls that define nodes on the branch lets. Flowers open in
March and cones mature in June to July. Fruits are grey or yellowish brown.
Propgation can be done by seeds which are obtained from the mature cones141.
Figure 10. Image of C. equisetifolia L.
Traditional uses:
In Tahiti (South pacific Island), an infusion of the bark of C. equisetifolia L. is
traditionally used for nervous disorders whereas for coughs, ulcers, stomach ache,
and constipation problems in Tonga142. In the Philippines, an infusion of the
branches is said to be diuretic, while a decoction of the bark, which contains 18%
tannin, is employed as an emmenagogue. An infusion of the leaves, in Tonga, is
used as an emetic to treat throat infections. The plant’s uses in treating throat
infections, coughs and stomach-aches are also noted in Fiji and India. In Samoa, an
infusion of the leaves is used as a remedy for coughs, asthma and diabetes. Cook
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 78
Islanders use an infusion of the grated leaves to treat mouth infections and urinary
tract infections143-144. In western Malaysia, a decoction of the twigs is used for
treating swelling and the powdered bark is used for treating acne. In New Zealand,
the bark and twigs are used in the treatment beriberi disease by the native people145.
Raw leaves and stem bark juice are consumed by females to induce sterility in
Vanautu Island146.
Phytochemical Review:
� Roux (1957) reported d-Gallocatechin in the bark of C. equisetifolia147.
� Ansary et al. (1977) reported the the presence of 11 flavonoid glycosides i.e.
-3-arabinoside, -3-glucuronide, -3-rhamnoside and -3-rutinoside of
kaempferol as well as the -3-arabinoside, -3-galactoside, -3-glucoside, -3-
glucuronide, -3-rhamnoside, -3-ruinoside and -3-xyloside of quercetin in
leaves of C. equisetifolia148.
� Alicyclic acids (shikimic and quinic acid), polyols (dextrose, fructose and
sucrose) and amino acids were reported in fruit, bark and wood149.
� Madhulata et al. (1985) reported various phenolic constituents including
afzelin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, hydroquinone, juglanin, catechin,
gallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin-3-gallate in fruits
whereas gallic acid, methyl gallate, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin,
epigallocatechin in the wood of C. equisetifolia150.
� Nash et al. (1994) reported an alkaloid Casuarine [1, (1R,2R,3R,6S,7S,7aR)-
3-(hydroxymethyl)-l,2,6,7-tetrahydroxypyrrolizidine] from ethanol extract of
C. equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) stem bark151.
� Rastogi and Mehrotra (1998) reported acetates of β-amyrin and taraxerol,
lupenone, glutinol, lupeol, kaempferol, 3α-L-arabinoside, afzelin, gallic acid
and β-sitosterol in leaves and fruits of this plant152.
� Seven new β-amyrin derived oleanane-type triterpene coumaroyl esters were
isolated from the twigs and leaves of C. equisetifolia, together with two
known triterpenoids, erythrodiol and oleanolic acid, and a number of benzoic
acid derivatives. The structures of the seven new compounds have been
elucidated as 3-O-(E)-coumaroyl β-amyrin, 3-O-(Z)-coumaroyl β-amyrin, 3-
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 79
O-dihydrocoumaroyl β-amyrin, 3-O-(E)-coumaroyl erythrodiol, 3-O-(Z)-
coumaroyl erythrodiol, 3-O-(E)-coumaroyl oleanolic acid and 3-O-(Z)-
coumaroyl oleanolic acid by spectroscopic analyses and chemical
degradation153.
� Ogunwande et al. (2011) have reported seventy-six compounds comprising
of monoterpene hydrocarbons (29.3%), oxygenatedmonoterpenoids (16.2%),
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (2.7%), oxygenated derivatives (1.0%), aliphatic
(40.6%) and non-terpenoid (7.2%) compounds in the leaf oil of C.
equisetifolia. The major compounds of leaf oil were pentadecanal (32.0%)
and 1,8-cineole (13.1%). Significant quantities of α-phellandrene (7.0%),
apiole (7.2%) and α-terpinene (6.9%). The main constituents of fruit oil were
caryophyllene-oxide (11.7%), translinalool oxide (11.5%), 1,8-cineole
(9.7%), α-terpineol (8.8%) and α-pinene (8.5%)154.
Biological activities:
Antiasthamatic activity:
Karimulla and Kumar (2011) examined the effect of ethanol extract of
Casuarina equisetifolia (CE) L. bark at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg doses orally in the
isolated goat tracheal chain preparation and passive paw anaphylaxis in Wistar rats.
Study revealed that CE bark extract exhibited significant (p<0.01) percentage
decrease in contraction at 80 µg /ml in goat tracheal chain preparation when
compared with Histamine (50µg/ml) taken as standard. On the other hand, there was
significant inhibition in rat paw edema at the dose 50 mg/kg of CE bark extract. It
was 39.07 % and 57.82 % for 50 mg/kg and dexamethasone respectively. Paw
edema volume also significantly (p<0.01) decreased in alltime intervals at this dose
only. Control group showed (0.64 ± 0.18) paw edema volume and that of for 50
mg/kg dose and dexamethasone (standard) was (0.39 ± 0.06) and (0.27 ± 0.07) at 3
hour interval. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract of CE bark exhibited significant
dose dependent antiasthamatic activity both models155.
Anti-diarrhoeal activity:
Kumar (2011) evaluated the antidiarrhoeal activity of CE bark ethanol
extract (17.5 % w/w) at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o using castor oil-
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 80
induced-diarrhoea, enteropooling and Small intestinal transit models in rats. The
weight and volume of intestinal content induced by castor oil were studied by
enteropooling method. Standard drug diphenoxylate (5 ml/kg, p.o) showed
significant reductions in fecal output and frequency of droppings whereas the extract
at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o significantly (P<0.001) reduced the castor-oil
induced frequency and consistency of diarrhoea and enteropooling. The
gastrointestinal transit rate was expressed as the percentage of the longest distance
travelled by the charcoal divided by the total length of the small intestine. The CE
bark extract at both the doses significantly inhibited (P<0.001) the castor oil induced
charcoal meal transit. The extract showed marked reduction in the number of
diarrhoea stools and the reduction in the weight and volume of the intestinal
contents, as well as a modest reduction in intestinal transit156.
Anti-ulcer activity:
Shalini and Kumar (2011) evaluated the anti-ulcer activity of ethanol extract
(200 and 400 mg/kg p.o) of whole plant of CE by using ethanol, indomethacin and
cold-restraint stress induced gastric ulcer models in albino rats. Acute toxicity of
extract was found to be safe at the doses 2000 mg/kg p.o. The extract showed dose
dependent inhibition in ethanol induced gastric lesions with 70.37 % protection at
400 mg/kg, and 52.7% protection at 200 mg/kg). In indomethacin induced gastric
lesions, the extract showed 68.3% protection at 400 mg/kg and 51.7 % protection at
200 mg/kg. It also showed dose dependent inhibition in cold-restraint stress induced
gastric lesions where ethanol extract showed 75.02 % protection at 400 mg/kg, and
45.86 % protection at 200 mg/kg. Phytochemical studies of the ethanol extract
revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenoids which may be
responsible for the anti-ulcer properties. The ethanolic extracts of Casuarina
equisetifolia at a dose of 400 mg/kg showed similar activity to that of standard drug
omeprazole (a proton pump inhibitor). This study reveals that the ethanol extract are
potent inhibitors of gastric mucosal lesions caused by ethanol, indomethacin and
cold-restraint stress in rats157.
Antiacne activity:
Thube and Patil (2013) have reported the antiacne effect of a polyherbal gel
formaulation containing ethanol extract of Casuarina equisetifolia bark as one of its
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 81
ingredients alongwith other plants (Barleria prionitis, Butea monosperma,
Dalbergia sissoo, Lagenaria siceraria) in male Spraguge-Dawley rats. The antiacne
effect of formulation might be due to the synergestic effect of individual drugs 158.
Shafiq et al. (2014) have also reported the antiacne effect of a cream containing
methanolic extract of CE bark in 50 patients159.
Antidiabetic activity:
Ethanolic extract of C. equisetifolia (EECE) was administered to
streptozotocin (50 mg/kg, i.p.) induced rats. Glibenclamide was used as a standard
drug. Blood glucose levels were determined after oral administration of extract (400
mg/kg, p.o.) in diabetic groups. Blood glucose levels were determined on 0, 7th, 14th
and 21st day after oral administration of ethanolic extracts of Casuarina equisetifolia
(400mg/kg). The extract significantly reduced the blood glucose levels in
streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. There was significant reduction in Total
cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and improvement in HDL
cholesterol in diabetic rats. These results indicated that Casuarina equisetifolia
possesses a significant hypoglycemic as well as antihyperlipidemic effect160.
Ravishankar, (2013) also reported the same effects in alloxan induced diabetic
rats161.
Antimicrobial activity:
Chaudhary et al. (2010) reported the potent antibacterial activity of methanol
extract of C. equisetifolia against Gram negative strain K. pneumoniae162. Swamy et
al. (2013) reported the significant antimicrobial activity of bark, leaves and fruit
methanolic extracts against five medicinally important bacterial strains, namely
Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas
fluoresces and three fungi namely Aspergillus flavus, Dreschlera turcica and
Fusarium verticilloides163. Amin et al. (2013) reported the anti-Helicobacter pylori
and Urease inhibition activities of methanol extract of C. equisetifolia fruits and
bark164.
Antioxidant activity:
Zhang et al. (2010) reported that the condensed tannins extracted from C.
equisetifolia stem bark and fine root showed very good DPPH radical scavenging
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 82
activity and ferric reducing/antioxidant power, suggesting that these extracts may be
considered as new sources of natural antioxidants for food and nutraceutical
products165.
In another study, Priya et al. (2012) evaluated the antioxidant activity of
hexane, ethylacetate, methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of C. equisetifolia.
Total antioxidant activity was maximum for ethanolic extract (30.48±0.522 mg/g
equivalent ascorbic acid) and least for hexane extracts (10.16±0.350 mg/g eq.
ascorbic acid) 166. Brist et al. (2014) reported the antioxidant activity of auqueous
extract of different parts (leaves, root barks and stem bark) of C. equisetifolia. Based
on DPPH scavenging activity, the root bark extract was the most effective one with
IC50 value 36.35 µg/mL, followed by bark and leaf extracts respectively167.
Hepatoprotective activity:
Ahsan et al. (2009) reported the hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract
(yield: 12 %) of C. equisetifolia leaves in Swiss albino rats at a dose of 500 mg/kg
body weight where the extract showed significant decrease in the levels of serum
markers, indicating the protection of hepatic cells168.
Other activities:
Ramanathan et al. (2010) reported antiaggregating activity of C.
equisetifolia169. Priya et al. (2012) observed that non polar extracts of leaves
exhibited antiproliferative and apoptosis inducing activity. The active component
responsible for the apoptosis inducing effect was identified as ascorbic acid166.
Kishore and Rahman (2012) reported the spasmolytic activity of C. equisetifolia
bark extract170.
Lantana camara Linn.
Family: Verbenaceae
Synonymn: Camara vulgaris, Lantana scabrida
Vernacular names: Wild Sage, Red Sage, Yellow Sage [English], Caturang and
Raimunia [Hindi], Unnichedi [Tamil], Tantani, Ghaneri
[Marathi], Phulikampa [Telgu]
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 83
Description:
Lantana camara (LC) is a terrestrial, evergreen aromatic, ornamental or
hedge shrub of 1-2 m height and commonly found in tropical, sub tropical and
temperate parts of the world including India with a number of flower colors viz. red,
pink, white, yellow and violet171. It is an exotic species in India. The woody shrubs
have four-sided stems with spines. The rough textured leaves have serrate margin
and release a strong odour when crushed. Inflorescences are terminal with multi
coloured flowers arranged in whorls on heads. The hard green fruits in clusters ripen
to fleshy black drupes172-174. In India, the plant starts flowering in April-May and
fruiting continues till November-December175 .
Figure 11. Image of L. camara
Traditional uses
In Asian countries, Lantana camara leaves were used to treat cuts,
rheumatism, ulcers and intestinal worms. Decoctions were applied externally for
leprosy and scabies176. It has been used in folk remedies for cancers and tumors. A
tea prepared from the leaves and flowers was taken against fever, influenza and
stomach-ache. In Central and South America, the leaves were made into a poultice
to treat sores, chicken pox and measles. Fevers, colds, rheumatism, asthma and high
blood pressure were treated with preparations from the plant. In Ghana, an infusion
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Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 84
of the whole plant was used for bronchitis and the powdered root in milk was given
to children for stomach-ache177. The roots of the plant have been used in the
treatment of malaria, rheumatism, and skin rashes178. The roots of the plants have
also been used traditionally as oral contraceptives by the women in South Africa179.
Extract of this plant is used in folk medicine for the treatment of cancers, chicken
pox, measles, asthma, ulcers, swellings, eczema, tumors, high blood pressure,
bilious fevers, catarrhal infections, tetanus, rheumatism, malaria and ataxy of
abdominal viscera174, 180.
Phytochemical review:
Due to the important medicinal properties, L. camara was subjected to
phytochemical investigation by various research groups. A brief review of reported
compounds is given below:
� Louw (1948) reported lantadene A (C32H44O5) as the first compound in L.
camara181.
� Sharma et al. (1990) isolated a novel triterpenoid, lantadene D (22β-
isobutyroyloxy-3-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid) from the leaves of L.
camara182.
� Siddiqui et al. (1995) isolated seven pentacyclic triterpeonoids, camarinic
acid, camaric acid, oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, lantanolic acid, lantanilic
acid and lantic acid from the aerial parts of L. camara183.
� A well known phenylethanoid (verbascoside), Z-isomer of verbascoside
(lantanaside) Isoverbascoside, martynoside, isonuomioside A,
derhamnosylverbascoside and calceolarioside E have been isolated from L.
camara 184-185.
� Barre et al. (1997) isolated a novel triterpene 22β-acetoxylantic acid and the
known triterpene, 22β-dimethylacryloyloxylantanolic acid from this plant186.
� The triterpenoids betulonic acid, icterogenin, betulinic acid, β-sitosterol 3-O-
β-D-glucoside and a mixture of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol
were isolated from the stems of pink flowering taxa of L. camara187.
� Begum et al. (2002) isolated three new pentacyclic triterpenes (ursoxy acid,
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 85
methyl ursoxylate and ursangilic acid) along with three known compounds
(dotriacontanoic acid, oleanolic acid acetate, and tetracosanoic acid) from the
aerial parts of L. camara188.
� Eight triterpenoids (betulonic acid, betulinic acid, oleanolic acid, lantadene
A, lantadene B, icterogenin, lantanilic acid and ursolic acid), three flavonoids
(hispidulin, pectolinarigenin and pectolinarin) as well as β-sitosteryl-3-O-β-
D glucoside and a mixture of campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were
isolated from the leaves of the yellow flowering taxa of Lantana camara L.
The structures of these compounds were established by spectroscopic
methods and 2D NMR techniques189.
� Begum et al. (2008a) reported two new nortriterpenoids, lantadienone and
camaradienone along with seven known compounds, lantadene A (=(22β)-
22-{[(2Z)-2-methyl-1-oxobut-2-enyl]oxy}-3-oxo-olean-12-en-28-oic acid),
lantadene B (=(22 β)-22-[(3-methyl-1-oxobut-2-enyl)-oxy]-3-oxoolean-12-
en-28-oic acid), β-sitosterol 3-(β-d-glucopyranoside) (=(3β)-stigmast-5-en-3-
ol 3-(β-d-glucopyranoside)), camaric acid (=(3 β,22 β)-3,25-epoxy-3-
hydroxy-22-{[(2Z)-2-methyl-1-oxobut-2-enyl]oxy}olean-12-en-28-oic acid),
lantanilic acid (=(3β,22β)-3,25-epoxy-3-hydroxy-22-[(3-methyl-1-oxobut-2-
enyl)oxy]-olean-12-en-28-oic acid), lantanolic acid (=(3β)-3,25-epoxy-3-
hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid), and camangeloyl acid (=(3 β,22 β)-3,25-
epoxy-3-hydroxy-22-{[(2Z)-2-methyl-1-oxobut-2-enyl]oxy}-11-oxours-12-
en-28-oic acid) in the aerial parts of L. camara190.
� Sousa et al. (2013) reported bicyclogermacrene (19.42%), isocaryophyllene
(16.70%), valencene (12.94%) and germacrene D (12.34%) as the main
constituents of the leaf oil from L. camara191.
� Two new natural triterpenes, lantaninilic acid and lantoic acid, along with the
known triterpenes oleanolic, ursolic, and betulinic acids were reported in the
aerial parts of L. camara192.
� L. camara root is a rich source of triterpenoid and oleanolic acid, the
bioactive compound with immense therapeutic value. Triterpenoids
(lantanolic acid, 22β-hydroxy-oleanonic acid and lantaiursolic acid), six
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 86
oligosaccharides (ajugose, stachyose, verbascotetraose, verbascose, lantanose
A and B), flavone (camaroside), geniposide together with 8-epiloganin,
shanzhside methyl ester and lamiridoside were isolated from the roots of L.
camara193. Along with oleanolic acid and its derivatives, lantadene A,
camaric acid, β-sitosterol and its glucoside and pomonic acid, several
unidentified complex mixture of triterpenoids have been isolated from L.
camara root194.
Biological activities:
Anthelmintic activity:
Begum et al. (2008b) tested the seven isolated compounds from the aerial
parts of L. camara for nematicidal activity against the root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne incognita195. The lantanolic acid, pomolic acid, and lantoic acid
showed 100% mortality at 1.0% concentration after 24 h, while camarin, camarinin,
lantacin and ursolic acid exhibited 100% mortality at 1.0% concentration after 48.
Lantanoside, linaroside and camaric acid isolated from the aerial parts of L. camara
L. showed 90, 85 and 100% mortality, respectively, at 1.0% concentration196. All
results were comparable with the conventional nematicide furadan (100% mortality
at 1.0% concentration after 24 h).
Antibacterial and antifungal activities:
An investigation of acetone extracts of leaves of L.camara L. and L. rugosa
Thunb. showed growth inhibitory effects against two Gram-negative (E. coli and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and S.
aureus) bacteria, with MIC values varying from 0.39 mg/mL to 6.3 mg/mL197.
Antifeedant activity:
The chloroform, petroleum ether and methanol extracts of L. camara L.
showed antifeedant activity against the tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora
Waterhouse), and among all the extracts, the chloroform extract showed the highest
antifeedant effect (Deka et al., 1998). An antifeedant effect of crude lantadene from
L. camara L. on P. xylostella and Spodoptera litura larvae has also been reported198.
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 87
Anti-fertility activity:
Mello et al. (2005) investigated the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of
the leaves of L. camara var. aculeate on reproduction. Three doses were tested in
pregnant rats, 1, 3 and 7 g equivalent of plant material/kg body weight. The extract
decreased the frequency of fetal skeleton anomalies in females and induced
embryotoxicity as indicated by post-implantation loss, without any signs of maternal
toxicity199. In another study, the hydroalcoholic extract of L. camara L. leaves on
fertility did not interfere with overall weight or internal organ weights of male rats,
but interfered with sperm count, daily sperm production and sperm morphology in a
dose-dependent manner200.
Anti-protozoal activity:
Jonville et al. (2008) analyzed and showed very promising activity of
dichloromethane extract leaf from L. camara L. (pink flower) when tested in vitro
against cultures of chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine resistant (W2)
strains of P. falciparum (IC50 8.7±1.0 µg/mL and 5.7±1.6 µg/mL, respectively). The
dichloromethane extract from L. camara L. (orange flower) also showed promising
activity (IC50 14.1±8.4 µg/mL and 12.2±2.9 µg/mL, respectively). In the same study,
the dichloromethane extract (50 mg/kg) was investigated in vivo against
Plasmodium berghei infected mice, and exhibited only 5 % inhibition201. On the
other hand, the aqueous extract, at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day, when tested in
vivo in rats infected with P. berghei; showed partial antimalarial activity, reducing
parasite load by 25 and 49 %, respectively202. Clarkson et al. (2004) reported that an
extract of L. camara L. leaves possessed in vitro anti-plasmodial activity against a
chloroquine-sensitive strain (D10) with an IC50 value of 11µg/mL203.
Antiinflammatory activity:
Whole plant and ethanolic extracts of fresh leaves of L. camara L. were
investigated for their antiinflammatory properties using the cotton pellet
antiinflammatory bioassay technique. The treatments of the inflamed rats with the
extracts resulted in the inactivation of phosphatase and transaminase activities and
the stimulation of adenosine triphosphatase activity in plasma and exudates204.
Ghosh et al. (2010) investigated the antiinflammatory activity of oleanonic acid
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 88
isolated from L. camara L. using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model.
Oleanonic acid caused a reduction in edema, which validated its in vivo
antiinflammatory effect205. Another study reported that L. camara essential oil
showed a relatively low antiinflammatory activity due to its weak ability to inhibit
lipooxygenase (IC50 81.5 mg/mL) 206.
Anti-motility activity:
Sagar et al. (2005) evaluated the antimotility activity of L. camara L. var.
acuelata leaf powder, methanolic extract, lantadene A, neostigmine and neostigmine
but with methanolic extract for antimotility activity in the intestine of treated mice.
Neostigmine was used as a promotility agent and the intestinal motility was assessed
by the charcoal meal test. In this evaluation, the percent intestinal transit
significantly increased with neostigmine, but significantly decreased by all
concentrations of methanolic extract and lantadene A. In the same study, an anti-
diarrheal effect of the methanolic extract was studied in the castor oil-induced
diarrhea model in mice. When the plant extract at 125 and 250 mg/kg doses was
administered intraperitoneally, there was a significant reduction in fecal output
compared with castor oil-treated mice. At higher doses (500 and 1000 mg/kg), faecal
output was almost completely stopped207.
Antioxidant activity:
Bhakta & Ganjewala (2009) showed that premature leaves of L. camara
exhibit greater potential antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging activity, 62%). It
was also found that older leaves had less antioxidant activity (55%), indicating loss
of secondary metabolites as result of leaf senescence208. In another study, L. camara
essential oil showed high antioxidant activity evaluated by the Trolox equivalent
antioxidant capacity assay206. Kumar et al. (2014) have also reported the antioxidant
activity of methanolic extract of leaves of different varieties of L. camara209.
Antiproliferative (antitumor and anticancer) and cytotoxic activity:
Dichloromethane extracts of leaves from L. camara L. (colors of flowers:
pink and orange) were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against human WI-38
fibroblasts. The dichloromethane extracts showed IC50 values of 69.5±12.1 and
97.2±2.4 µg/mL for L. camara with pink and orange flowers, respectively201.
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 89
Sharma et al. (2008) studied methyl ester derivatives of lantadene obtained
from the lantadene fraction of leaves of L. camara and showed cytotoxicity against
four human cancer cell lines (HL-60, HeLa, colon 502713, and lung A-549). In the
same study, lantadene A and four methyl ester derivatives of lantadene exhibited
tumor inhibitory activity on two-stage squamous cell carcinogenesis in Swiss albino
mice210.
In a study by Shikha et al. (2010), oleanolic acid isolated from the roots of L.
camara, was converted into six semi-synthetic ester and seven amide derivatives.
The ester derivatives showed 3-6 times more selective activity than oleanolic acid
against the human ovarian cancer cell line IGR-OV-1, while amide derivatives
showed 16-53 times more selective activity against the human lung cancer cell line
HOP-62211. A crude extract of L. camara L. leaves had a cytotoxic effect on HeLa
cells at 36 h (at 100 µg/mL) to 72 h (at 25 µg/mL), by employing the 3-(4, 5-
dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay.
The results showed that an increase in the concentration or duration of extract
treatment was effective in killing cancer cells212.
Antiulcerogenic activity:
Sathisha et al. (2011) studied the antiulcerogenic effect of a methanolic
extract (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) of L. camara L. in aspirin induced gastric
ulcerogenesis in pylorus-ligated rats and ethanol-induced gastric ulcer, and
cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer models. The results showed that the extract
significantly reduced the ulcer index and total acidity and significantly increased
gastric pH of aspirin and pylorus ligation-induced ulcerogenesis and ethanol-induced
intestinal ulcer model. The extract also significantly reduced the ulcer index of
cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer213.
Insecticidal activity:
The petroleum ether and methanol extracts of the aerial part of L. camara
have been reported to be toxic to Callosobruchus chinensis. The extracts showed 10-
43 % mortality at 5 % concentrations, with fecundity loss at higher doses, and the
antioviposition values were 30 mg/100 g for the petroleum ether extract and 40
mg/100 g of seed for the methanol extract214. Repellent properties of different
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 90
fractions obtained from L. camara flowers were evaluated against Aedes mosquitoes
and showed that one application of the chloroform fraction gave 100 % protection
for 2 h and up to 75.8 % protection at 7 h against Aedes aegypti mosquito bites215.
Kumar & Maneemegalai (2008) investigated the methanol and ethanol
extracts of leaves and flowers of L. camara L. and showed mosquito larvicidal
activity against 3rd and 4th instar larvae of the mosquito species A. aegypti and C.
quinquefasciatus216. In other studies, the essential oils of leaves and flowers of L.
camara L. revealed insecticidal activity against 3rd instar larvae of Musca domestica,
demonstrating mortality rates of 80 and 100 %, respectively and the oil of leaves
was effective against adults of Sitophilus zeamais (IC50 0.16% at 24 h) 217-218. A
recent study investigated the insecticidal activity of essential oil from the leaves of
L. camara L. against mosquito vectors219.
Other activities:
L. camara has also been reported to possess anticoagulant, antimutagenic,
antiviral, haemolytic and phytotoxic activities220-221.
2.5 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Based upon the literature survey, the study was aimed to perform
phytochemical and biological screening of selected medicinal plants.
The following were the objectives of the study:
a) Selection of plants based upon their traditional/tribal uses
b) Collection and identification of selected plants
c) Preparation of different extracts of various parts of plants
d) Pharmacognostic study of selected plant materials
e) Phytochemical screening of prepared extracts
f) Isolation of constituent (s) from prepared extracts
� Fractionation of prepared extracts
� Isolation of phytoconstituents by Column chromatography/preparative
TLC etc.
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 91
g) Characterization or structure elucidation of isolated phytoconstituents with
the help of IR, NMR and MS spectral data
h) Screening of prepared extracts for antifertility activitiy
� Evaluation of anti-implantation activity of prepared extracts of
selected plants in fertile female rats
� Estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity of prepared extracts in female rats
when adminstratered alone and alongwith 17α-Ethinylestradiol
� Estimation of other biochemical parameters
i) Evaluation of antifertility effect of isolated fractions.
Literature review
Chemical and Biological Screening of Selected Medicinal Plants 92
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