Download - 20 grammar iii
Chapter 20, Part III
Active Voice
• In the active, the subject is doing the action of the verb:
Cornelia Marcum salutat.
Corenlia is actively greeting Marcus – note the active
voice endings.
Passive Voice
• In the passive voice, the action is being done by the subject:
Marcus a Cornelia salutatur.
Here, Cornelia is still the one greeting, but this time, the
action is being done by her – note the passive voice endings
Deponent Verbs
• Deponent verbs are a mix of active and passive – passive endings and active translations:
Cornelia Marcum videre conatur.
Cornelia is actively doing the action of trying to see, but notice that conatur has passive endings . . . this is a deponent!
Deponent Verb Endings
a.k.a. ‘Nothing New’
Principal Parts
• Deponent Verbs have only three principal parts
1st principal part
first person singular present tense conor
2nd principal part
present active infinitive conari
3rd principal part
first person singular perfect tense conatus sum
Conjugations
• Use the infinitive/second principal part to find the conjugation:
1st conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd/3rd io
conjugation4th
conjugation
-ari -ēri -i -iri
Present Tense
• The present tense of a deponent is the same as a regular verb with passive endings:conari vereri loqui regredi experiri
conor vereor loquor regredior experior
conaris vereris loqueris regrederis experiris
conatur veretur loquitur regreditur experitur
conamur veremur loquimur regredimur experimur
conamini veremini loquimini regredimini experimini
conantur verentur loquuntur regrediuntur experiuntur
Imperfect Tense
• Again, making a deponent verb imperfect is the same as making an active verb passive:
conari vereri loqui regredi experiri
conabar verebar loquebar regrediebar experiebar
conabaris verebaris loquebaris regrediebaris experiebaris
conabatur verebatur loquebatur regrediebatur exerpiebatur
Future Tense
• And again – deponents in the future are the same as active verbs becoming passive:
conari vereri loqui regredi experiri
conabor verebor loquar regrediar experiar
conaberis vereberis loqueris regredieris experieris
conabitur verebitur loquetur regredietur experietur
Perfect System
• Use the third principal part with a form of sum . . . remember, this is part adjective, so make sure it agrees:
conari vereri loqui regredi experiri
conatus sum
veritus sum
locutus sum
regressus sum
expertus sum
conatus eram
veritus eram
locutus eram
regressus eram
expertus eram
conatus ero
veritus ero
locutus ero
regressus ero
expertus ero
Participles
• Present participles are formed like their active counterparts
• Perfect participles are the third part (without the sum) . . . the translation is ‘having ____ed’
conari vereri loqui regredi experiri
conans verens loquens regrediens experiens
Exercise 20.5
1. patrem iuuare conabimur.2. eum ad agrum secuti sumus.3. in uia cum amicis diu colloquebar.4. agrum ingressus patrem uocaui.5. in agro diu morabar.6. uespere domum profectus sum.
Present Passive Infinitive
• Use the second principal part of deponent verbs to create the passive infinitive of ordinary verbs
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
-ari -eri -i -i -iri
parari moneri regi capi audiri
to be prepared to be warned to be ruled to be
captured to be heard
Exercise 20.6 #1-8
1. sequimur2. sequemur3. sequamur4. sequi5. secuti sumus6. sequebaris7. sequerentur8. sequentes
a. we will followb. You were followingc. to followd. followinge. we have followedf. we followg. They might followh. we may follow
Passive Imperatives
• Singular imperatives mirror present infinitives• Plural imperatives mirror the 2nd person plural
personal ending• Rarely used with ordinary verbs, for
deponents translate just like an imperative
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
conare uerere sequere patere orire
conamini ueremini sequimini patimini orimini
Exercise 20.8, #1
• moneo, monere, monui, monitus
Remember . . .
Deponent Verbs always look passive, but areactive in translation.
Exercise Translations
20.5.1: We will try to help father.20.5.2: We followed him to the field.20.5.3: I was talking in the street with friends for
a long time.20.5.4: I, having entered the field, called father.20.5.5: I was delaying in the field for a long time.20.5.6: I set out to home in the evening.