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1803-1818
CREATED EQUAL
JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ
CHAPTER 10 Defending and Expanding
the New Nation
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“All red men [must] unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was at first, and should be yet; for it never was divided, but belongs to all, for the use of each.”
Tecumseh
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TIMELINE1803 British impressment of Americans
1804 Jefferson reelected
1806 Non-Importation Act
1807 Embargo Act
1808 James Madison elected President
1809 Tecumseh’s confederacy established
1812 Madison reelected
West Florida annexed
War declared against England
1813 Battle of the Thames
1814 Treaty of Ghent
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
1815 Battle of New Orleans
1816 James Monroe elected President
Second Bank of the United States chartered
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DEFENDING AND EXPANDING THE NEW NATION Overview
The British MenaceThe War of 1812The “Era of Good Feelings”?The Rise of the Cotton Plantation
Economy
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THE BRITISH MENACEThe Embargo of 1807On the Brink of War
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The Embargo of 1807
In response to continued British seizing of American ships and impressment of American sailors1807: Chesapeake off of Virginia Coast
Jefferson’s goal with the embargo was to force England to respect American independence.
Unanticipated results were the promotion of industrialization in U.S.States relied on locally produced items
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On the Brink of War
1809: James Madison PresidentNon-Intercourse Act eased ban on European
goods1810: Macon’s Bill No. 2 positioned America
between France and EnglandProphet Town and Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa,
Shawnee IndiansIn 1808, they establish Prophet Town, but in 1811 William
Harrison attacked it and burned it to the ground. Better guns helped the whites in their victory.
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THE WAR OF 1812Pushing NorthFighting on Many FrontsAn Uncertain Victory
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The War of 1812
June 1, 1812: President Madison sent England American grievancesBritish Navy’s seizure of AmericansBlockade of American goodsIndian conflicts supported by British
June 18, 1812: Congress voted to declare war on England
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Pushing North
A 3-pronged attack on CanadaNiagara, Detroit, Lake Champlain
1812: British aligned with Indians (Tecumseh) Detroit and Fort Dearborn
September, 1813: Perry victory at Lake ErieOctober, 1813: Harrison victory at Battle of the Thames
(Ontario)1814: English defeated Napolean, freeing up troops for
war in U.S.
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Fighting on Many FrontsMarch, 1814: Horseshoe Bend—defeat of Red
Tips and the resulting Treaty gave U.S. 23 million acres of Creek land
August 24, 1814: The battle of Bladensburg, MD and the burning of the Capitol and White House by the British
Battle in Baltimore and the “Star Spangled Banner” by Key
January, 1815: The Battle of New Orleans — an overwhelming victory for Jackson
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An Uncertain Victory
Fall of 1814 (before the Battle at New Orleans) Madison pursued a peace settlement
The Treaty of GhentNo new territory for either side, no
concessions from Britain, a draw
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THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”?
Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War
A Thriving EconomyTransformations in the WorkplaceThe Market Revolution
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Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War
Veterans awarded a grant of 160-acre plot between Illinois and Mississippi rivers
Military heroes into political leadersJackson, Harrison, Scott
Indian veterans such as Major Ridge accorded American respectRidge advocated for Native Americans to retain
Native American lands
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A Thriving EconomyHome manufacturingInternal migration: Going WestNew means of transportation
Stagecoaches, wagons, boats, horseback1807: Fulton and the steamboat1810: Building of roads; Cumberland Road
Business in West, the embargo, war stimulated manufacturing growth throughout the U.S.
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Transformations in the Workplace
Production work reorganized and crafts now done by unskilled workers and overseen by supervisor
New England: mechanized textile production
Rhode Island: Lowell modelThe South: textile mills
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Geographic Locations of British Immigrant Textile Workers, 1770-1831
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The Market RevolutionPowerful economic changes fueled by
Improvements in transportationIncreasing commercializationRise of factories
Mid-nineteenth century, U.S. dramatically different than U.S. of 1776.Transportation: barriers between country and city fallEntrepreneurs and putting out system; merchant-capitalists“Restless” Americans with great “acquisitiveness”Western Indians suffer, children and women work in factories
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THE RISE OF THE COTTON PLANTATION ECONOMY
Regional Economies of the SouthBlack Family Life and LaborResistance to Slavery
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Regional Economies of the South
Shifts in production methods and the depleted tobacco-growing soil led to more crafts production, cultivation of wheat and corn.
South Carolina: Technical advances in rice production and cotton cultivation
Louisiana Territory: Cotton and New Orleans sugar
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Black Family Life and LaborIncreasing birth rate and strong family ties among the
slavesNewcomers adopted as relationsLarge plantations had more 2-parent families than the
smaller farmsThe task system (rice plantations) and the gang system
(cotton plantations)Forms of labor:
Work under white supervision Private work including tending gardens, working on living quarters Sale or clandestine exchanges of goods
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Resistance to Slavery
Retaining African cultural traditionsArtistic, dress, language
Intentional careless workTheft of masters goodsRunning awayRevolt
1811: St. Charles and St. John the Baptist parishes in Louisiana. (Charles Deslondes)