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Chapter 10Chapter 10
Europe in the
Middle Ages1000 - 1500
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Gothic or Medieval ArchitectureCathedral of Notre Dame France
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Chapter 10 SummaryChapter 10 Summary
The revival of traderevival of trade led
to the growthgrowth ofcitiescitiesand townsand towns, whichbecame importantcenters formanufacturing.
During the 14th andearly 15th centuries,Europeans experiencedmany problemsincluding the BlackBlack
Death, the HundredDeath, the HundredYears War, and theYears War, and thedecline of the Churchdecline of the Church.
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Revival in EuropeRevival in Europe
Population almostPopulation almostdoubleddoubled in Europebetween 1000 and1300, from 38 to 74
million people. One reason is that
increased stability
and peace enabledfood production tofood production toriserise dramatically.
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Revival in EuropeRevival in Europe
TechnologicalTechnological
advancements inadvancements inFarmingFarming lead to
increases in
production
Improved horseImproved horse
collarcollar
Carrucca plow
Crop rotation
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Growth ofGrowth of
CitiesCities Walled City = Burg
People = Burgers Leads to the term -
bourgeoisebourgeoise
New cities and townswere founded,
especially in northernEurope.
Typically, a group ofmerchants built asettlement near a
castle for the trade andthe lords protection.
If the settlementprospered, walls werebuilt to protect it.
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Example of a walled city. This one developed in the Baltic region (southern Europe).
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Montagnana, Italy
Example of walled city or Burg.Example of walled city or Burg.
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The Triumph of Death by Pieter Bruegel the Elder - 1562
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BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH Between 1347 and 1351, it
ravaged most of Europe.
Possibly as many as38 million people38 million peopledieddied in those four
years, out of a totalpopulation of 75million.
The Italian citiesItalian cities
were hit hardestwere hit hardest,losing 50 to 60percent of theirpopulation.
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Silk Road and Trade Routes
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Spread of the Black Plague
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The bacteria multiply inside the flea, sticking
togetherto form a plug that blocks its stomach
and causes it to become very hungry.The flea then voraciously bites a host and
continues to feed, even though it is unable to
satisfy its hunger.
During the feeding process, blood cannot flow intothe blocked stomach, and consequently the flea
vomits blood tainted with the bacteria back into
the bite wound.
The Bubonic plague bacteria then infects a newhost, and the flea eventually dies from starvation.
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Bubonic plague becomes evident three to seven days
after the infection. Initial symptoms are chills, fever,
diarrhea, headaches, and the swelling of the infectedlymph nodes, as the bacteria replicate there. If untreated,
the rate ofmortality for bubonic plague is 50%.
In septicemic plague there is bleeding into the skin
and other organs, which creates black patches on theskin. There are bite-like bumps on the skin, commonly
red and sometimes white in the center. Untreated
septicemic plague is universally fatal, but early treatment
with antibiotics reduces the mortality rate to 4 to 15%.
People who die from this form of plague often die on
the same day symptoms first appear.
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BLACK DEATHBLACK DEATH
The plague led to an
outbreak ofanti-Semitism: hostilitytoward Jews.
The worst in Germany.
Falsely believed thatthe Jews had poisonedtheir towns wells!
Many Jews fled to Poland,where the king protectedthem.
The yellow badge Jews were forced to
wear can be seen in this marginal
illustration from an English manuscript.
In the 1930s and 40s European Jews
must wear a star of David and suffer
through The Holocaust.
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ConsequencesConsequences
of the Blackof the Black
DeathDeath Trade declined.
The shortage ofworkers made
the price oflabor rise.
The lowereddemand for foodresulted in
falling prices.
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Hundred Years WarHundred Years War
France tried totake Gasconyback, andEngland declared
war in 1337. Thus began the
Hundred Years
War betweenEngland andEngland andFranceFrance.
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Hundred Years'
War evolution
French territory:
yellow;
English
territory: grey;
Burgundian:
dark grey.
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Cross bowCross bow
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LongLong
BowBow
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Joan of ArcJoan of Arc
French peasantwoman
She inspired
the French butwas put to
death
French win the
war
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War In EnglandWar In England
After theHundreds Yearswar, England wasfaced with even
greater socialconflict at home
Known as theWar of the
Roses Noblefactions fight tocontrol themonarchy