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2010 Vegetable
Productivity StudyAGGRAND Natural Fertilizervs
Leading Inorganic Fertilizer
AGGRAND A Division of AMSOIL INC., Superior, Wis., USA
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AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study 3
Abstract / IntroductionAbstract: The dramatic increase in sustainable agricultural methods and associated use of naturalfertilizers has increased performance and yield inquiries from growers. Still, many homeowners andcommercial growers use water-soluble, salt-based inorganic products.
This study compared the performance of AGGRAND natural fertilizers with the performance of a leading
inorganic fertilizer when applied to garden vegetables in raised planting beds. Each bed included fourgarden vegetables: sweet corn, potatoes, tomatoes and bush green beans. Parameters evaluated includetotal weight for each vegetable and plot, average vegetable weight per plot, maximum vegetable length ordiameter and total number of vegetables per plot.
Plots fertilized with AGGRAND natural fertilizers outperformed the plots fertilized
with the leading inorganic fertilizer and the control plots where no fertilizer, only
water, was applied.
INTRODUCTION
The practice of sustainable agriculture, or what is commonly known as organic farming and animalhusbandry, evolved from work performed by researchers Dr. William Albrecht of the University of Missouri,
Rudolf Steiner in Germany and Sir Albert Howard in England during the first half of the 20th century.The term organic as it relates to agriculture was originated during the same period in England by LordNorthbourne, agriculturalist, as an abbreviated description of farming by recognizing a concept known asdynamic-living-organic-whole. This statement expresses the concept of using natural fertilizers and soilamendments to maintain and enhance soil fertility while rejecting the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers andpesticides; all while being supported by livestock production (Thilmany, 2006). The implementation of theseconcepts assisted in the establishment of the Soil and Health Foundation by publisher J.I. Rodale in 1947,
eventually known as the Rodale Institute. The Rodale Institute is a leading advocate for organic andsustainable agriculture and operates a 333-acre organic farm near Kutztown, Pa. (The Rodale Institute, 2010)
In recent years, The Rodale Institutes vision has caught the interest of the American consumer andfarmer alike. In 1990, sales of organically grown food and beverages totaled $1 billion and increased to$20 billion in 2007, with an anticipated annual growth rate of 18 percent from 2008 to 2010 (Organic Trade
Institute, 2010). However, organic, natural, or sustainable agricultural growing systems do not necessarilyyield certified organic crops or produce.
In addition to the ecological definition of certified organic crops and produce discussed here, there alsoexists the legal definition, uniform standards, record keeping, compliant/non-compliant materials,certification processes and many other requirements established by the National Organic Program underthe authority of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA, 2010). The ecological definition of
organic farming is used in this paper.
The plant growth materials used in this study include: AGGRAND Natural Fertilizer (4-3-3), AGGRANDKelp and Sulfate of Potash (0-0-8), AGGRAND Natural Bonemeal (0-12-0) and AGGRAND Liquid Lime;along with a leading inorganic salt-based product (24-8-16) commonly used in the consumer market.
The formulas of AGGRAND natural fertilizers consist of natural materials such as kelp, emulsified fish, lime,fulvic acid, humic acid and sulfate of potash. These materials are recognized as part of an organic croppingsystem. They are designed to provide necessary nutrients for the plant to grow and thrive, and to build thesoil by enhancing microbial growth, thus increasing the sustainability of the system. The inorganic salt-based fertilizer is designed to quickly and easily supply nutrients to the plant for optimum growth and yield(Havlin, et al 2005).
The objective of this research was to determine yield results, weight and maximum length or diameter ofgarden vegetables fertilized with AGGRAND fertilizers according to AGGRAND recommendations andgarden vegetables fertilized with a leading inorganic fertilizer according to the manufacturers recommendations.
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Establishing Test PlotsOn-site planting beds were established at the AGGRAND facility in order to produce credible outdoor
growth data.
In April 2010, construction began on three 20-foot by 20-foot planting beds in the open space immediately
to the south of the AGGRAND facility. Each planting bed was constructed with treated timbers, stackedthree high, lined with landscape fabric and filled with blended garden soil from Monarch Paving of
Superior, Wis. The perimeter of the planting beds was surrounded by an 8-foot fence to deter animals,
especially deer, from eating the plants. In addition, a wind screen made of landscape fabric was
established on the east and north fence lines to minimize the effects of the cold winds from Lake Superior.
The planters were filled with soil and leveled. The soil was sampled on April 20. The growth plots were
completed on May 4, 2010. (See Figures 2 and 3)
Materials and Methods
Figure 2: Planters undergoing construction
Figure 1: Plot site plan
Figure 3: Completed growth plot test area
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Soil SamplingThe following soil sampling procedure was followed for each planting bed to characterize each growth
plots soil. The soil depth was 18 inches and homogenous throughout the planter. Using a soil sampling
probe, soil samples were obtained from the top six inches of the planting bed at nine evenly spaced points
in the area. (See Figure 4)
All soil samples were analyzed at Midwest Laboratories in Omaha, Neb., and were evaluated for percent
organic matter, available phosphorus (weak and strong Bray), exchangeable potassium, hydrogen,
magnesium and calcium, pH, buffer index, cation exchange capacity (CEC), percent base saturation of
cation elements, carryover nitrogen as nitrate, micronutrient analysis of sulfur, manganese, boron, zinc,
iron and copper, evaluation of excess lime and soluble salts. (See Tables 16 and 17 for a summary of all
soil analyses obtained during this study)
Planting PlanA growth plot sowing plan was established to use the area most efficiently while providing ample room for
the vegetables to grow and develop, leaving enough room to water, fertilize and weed the plots. A two-foot
walking path was established between the vegetable types. (See Figure 5)
Figure 4: Growth plot soil sampling
Figure 5: Growth plot planting plan
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Popular hybrid varieties of vegetables were chosen for this study, with seeds established in Wisconsin or
Minnesota that would produce good yields in cooler climates. The following seed and seed potatoes were planted:
Potatoes: Variety: 04671, Superiorfrom Jung Seed, Co. of Randolph, Wis.
Green Beans: Variety: 01020N, Blue Lake 274from Jung Seed, Co. of Randolph, Wis.
Sweet Corn: Variety: 01805N, Butter & Sugarfrom Jung Seed, Co. of Randolph, Wis.
Tomatoes:
Variety: 00426A, Lot 10-426-A, Legend(Determinate) from Jung Seed, Co. of Randolph, Wis.
Variety: Celebrityplants from Dans Feed Bin of Superior, Wis. Plants were approximately
8 inches to 10 inches in height.
Tomato Plants from Seed
On April 5, Legend tomato seeds were planted in five flats of 3.5-inch by 3.5-inch pots, for a total of 90
plants. The growing medium was Pro-Mix (PGX) Professional potting soil Part #0463 from Quakertown,
Pa., topped with Country Cottage Sphagnum Peat Moss from Lancaster, Pa. Seeds were planted
approximately 0.5 inches under the surface of the soil. Water was added to the flats by capillary action
until the planting media was moist. The flats were placed into the growth area with heating mats under the
flats. Fluorescent growth lamps illuminated a plastic drape over the growing area to maintain a
temperature of 27.2C (81F) See Figure 6
Heat Mats: (2) 20.75 inches wide x 48 inches long from Hydrofarm, Petaluma, Calif.
Nine-Sylvania 40W GRO-LUX F40 GRO
Seven-VitaLite 40W DuroLite
Light Duration: 14 hours per day
Temperature = 27.2C (81F) as measured by a Taylor analog dial thermometer
Temperature and soil moisture checked every day
Initial emergence of the tomato plants occurred April 9, with a germination rate of 85.6 percent by April 12.
An additional six seeds were planted the next day to replace the non-germinated seeds.
AGGRAND personnel prepared to fertilize the plants that had developed at least two true leaves 25
milliliters (mL) of diluted fertilizer via graduated cylinder. The plants were separated, measured for length
and tagged for a specific fertilizer treatment with either AGGRAND Natural Fertilizer (NOF, Lot 852-033),leading chemical fertilizer or none (control) with 28 plants in each category.
The formulation used for the AGGRAND seedling fertilization was 5 mL of Natural Fertilizer to 1,000 mL of
distilled water, mixed well and placed into a laboratory squeeze bottle. Using a 25 mL graduated cylinder,
25 mL of the solution was added to each plant.
The chemical fertilizer called for 1 gram of powdered material to 946 mL of distilled water, mixed
thoroughly. Each plant designated to receive inorganic fertilization received 25 mL of this solution. The
fertilization and measuring process was repeated on May 3. As the plants increased in height the growth
lamps were raised accordingly.
Tomato Plants from Seed
Figure 6: Newly-planted tomato seeds
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On May 10, the heat mats were turned off in the growth chamber to begin the hardening process.
The temperature was reduced from 27.2C (81F) to 23C (73.4F) with the soil temperature
ranging from 20.5C (68.9F) to 22.2C (72F). During the afternoon of May 17, the tomato plants were
placed on a pallet and placed outdoors in a shaded area for a couple of hours to harden.
This process was repeated on May 18, May 20 and May 21 for periods of 3.5 hours, 4 hours and
8.25 hours, respectively.
The best 24 tomato plants for each plot were selected and sorted on May 24. Because of their long
stems, the plants were planted into holes one-foot deep. Wire supports were placed around each
plant. Ambient temperature was approximately 60F and sky was overcast, with fog. During the
previous evening 0.25 inches of rain fell. Each plant was fertilized with an AGGRAND fertilizer solution
of 180 mL of Natural Organic Fertilizer (NOF, 4-3-3) (measured with a 250 mL graduated cylinder), 120 mL
of Natural Liquid Bonemeal (NBM, 0-12-0) (measured with a 250 mL graduated cylinder) and 60 mL of
Kelp and Sulfate of Potash (NKP, 0-0-8) (measured with a 100 mL graduated cylinder) into 6,000 mL
of tap water. The solution was mixed thoroughly and 1,000 mL of solution (measured with a 1,000 mL
graduated cylinder) was applied to the base of each plant (AMSOIL, 2010). The same procedure
occurred for the control plants using 1,000 mL of tap water for each plant. This fertilization procedure
was also followed for the chemical fertilizer with a formula of 17.96 grams of powdered fertilizer
(weighed using an AND FX3000i digital balance, serial number 15610355) and 6,000 mL of tap wateraccording to the manufacturers instructions.
The tomato plants were evaluated on May 28 to determine the effects of transplanting into the growth
plots. Eight AGGRAND plants were dead or close to death, all control plants were alive and viable for
continued growth and seven of the chemically fertilized plants were dead. All tomato plants were
watered with 1,000 mL of tap water. On June 1, all of the tomato plants appeared to be stressed and
had soft, wet, succulent tissue. The three best-performing Legend plants of
each fertilizer regime were kept and 36 Celebrity tomato plants were
purchased from Dans Feed Bin, Superior, Wis. Each growth plot received
12 plants, approximately 8 to 10 inches tall. Each plant was watered with
1,000 mL tap water after planting. On June 2, all tomato plants were
fertilized with 1,000 mL of solution as described above.
Potatoes: Preparation and PlantingSeed potatoes arrived during the week of April 25 from Jung Seed
Company. On May 4, each seed potato was cut in half for a total of 126
pieces that contained several eyes. The cut seed potatoes were stored
in a dark, cool, dry area on trays.
On May 18, the seed potatoes were planted eight inches deep and covered
with with three inches of soil. Four rows of seven plants were planted in each
timber box. (See Table 1 for detailed planting data.) Seed potatoes were
fertilized with an AGGRAND solution of 180 mL of Natural Organic Fertilizer
(measured with a 250 mL graduated cylinder), 120 mL of Natural LiquidBonemeal (measured with a 250 mL graduated cylinder) and 60 mL of Kelp
and Sulfate of Potash (measured with a 100 mL graduated cylinder) into
6,000 mL of tap water. The solution was mixed thoroughly and 1,000 mL of
solution (measured with a 1,000 mL graduated cylinder) was applied to the
base of each plant. (AMSOIL, 2010) The control plants received only 1,000
mL of tap water per plant. The same fertilization procedure was followed for
the chemical fertilizer with a formula of 17.96 grams of powdered fertilizer
(weighed using an AND FX3000i digital balance, serial number 15610355)
and 6,000 mL of tap water. (See Figures 7 and 8)
Figure 7: Measuring depth of hole for potatoes
Figure 8: Method of fertilization for potato plots
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Sweet corn and bush beans were sowed May 25. Four rows of each plant per fertilizer type were
established. Seed was placed about one inch beneath the soil surface, covered and firmly packed by
hand. (See Table 1 for planting specifics and Figures 9 and 10 below:)
Each row of the AGGRAND plot was fertilized with a solution of 180 mL of Natural Fertilizer (measured
with a 250 mL graduated cylinder), 120 mL of Natural Liquid Bonemeal (measured with a 250 mL
graduated cylinder) and 60 mL of Kelp and Sulfate of Potash (measured with a 100 mL graduated cylinder)
and 6,000 mL of tap water. The solution was mixed thoroughly and each row of corn and beans was
fertilized using a sprinkler can to evenly distribute the solution along the length of the row (AMSOIL, 2010).
The control plants received 6,000 mL of tap water per row. The same fertilization procedure was followed
for the chemical fertilizer with a formula of 17.96 grams of powdered fertilizer (weighed using an AND
FX3000i digital balance, serial number 15610355) and 6,000 mL of tap water. (See Figures 11 and 12
below)
Sowing Corn and Beans
Figure 9: Corn seed spacing
Figure 11: Row fertilization technique
Figure 10: Bean seed spacing
Figure 12: Fertilizing with leading inorganic
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Growth Plot MaintenanceBy June 2 all plots were seeded, and all tomato plants were in place according to Table 1.
Table 1: Planting summary
Growth Plot Maintenance
After all plants and seeds were established, precipitation, routine weeding, cultivating and watering
were monitored and are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2: Plot maintenance summary
Crop Row Spacing
(ft)
Seed/Plant
Spacing (in)
Seeds or Plants
per Row
Seeds/Plants
per Plot
Total Seeds/
Plants
Corn 2 6 17 64 192
Beans 2 4 25 100 300
Tomatoes 2 24 4 15 45
Potatoes 2 15 7 28 84
Date Rain (in) Watering (mL) Comments
23-May 0.2525-May Trace
28-May 6000/1000 Each row of corn, beans, potatoes. 1000 mL ea tomato plant
28-May 3 potatoes emerged in AGGRAND Plot
1-Jun Corn and beans germinated in all plots
2-Jun 6000 Each row of corn, beans, potatoes. Fertilized tomato plants
4-Jun 0.75
5-Jun 0.50
7-Jun Weeded and cultivated all plots
8-Jun 1.00
13-June 1.60
18-Jun the
21-Jun 0.85
22-Jun Hilled potatoes, all plots
24-Jun 0.20 Hail storm
25-Jun 1.75
3-Jul 0.40
10-Jul Trace
14-Jul 0.40
15-Jul Weeded and cultivated all plots
24-Jul 0.13
27-Jul 1.75
31-Jul 1.00
7-Aug 2.70
10-Aug 0.50
14-Aug 0.30
18-Aug 1.10
20-Aug 1.10 Removed excess blooms and pruned tomato plants
31-Aug 0.13
2-Sep 0.30
6-Sep 0.85
17-Sep 0.40
23-Sep 1.40
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Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 summarize fertilizer applications and general formulas used for each plot. Percent
indicates the amount of fertilizer to water as specified in tables 7, 8 and 9. Date of application shown in red.
Fertilizer Application Tables
Crop AGGRAND Leading Chemical Control
Potato 5/183% NOF2% NBM
1% NKP
5/180.3% solution
5/18Water only
Tomato 6/2
3% NOF2% NBM
1% NKP
6/2
0.3% solution
6/2
Water only
Beans 5/25
3% NOF
2% NBM1% NKP
5/25
0.3% solution
5/25
Water only
Corn 5/25
3% NOF2% NBM1% NKP
5/25
0.3% solution
5/25
Water only
Crop AGGRAND Leading Chemical Control
Potato 6/18
3% NOF1% NLL @ 2 weeks
6/18
0.3% solution@ 2 weeks
6/18
Water only
Tomato 7/12% NOF
2% NBM @ 1st bloom
6/180.3% solution
@ 2 weeks
6/18Water only
Beans 7/13One week before bloom2% NOF 2% NKP
6/180.3% solution@ 2 weeks
6/18Water only
Corn 6/183% NOF
2% NBM 1%
NKP @ 2 weeks
6/180.3% solution
@ 2 weeks
6/18Water only
Crop AGGRAND Leading Chemical Control
Potato 7/2
3% NOF1% NLL @ 4 weeks
7/2
0.3% solution@ 4 weeks
7/2
Water only
Tomato 7/212% NOF 2% NLL
@ full bloom
7/20.3% solution
@ 4 weeks
7/2Water only
Beans 8/2
One week before 2nd bloom2% NOF
2% NKP
7/2
0.3% solution@ 4 weeks
7/2
Water only
Corn 7/2
3% NOF2% NBM
1% NKP @ 4 weeks
7/2
0.3% solution@ 4 weeks
7/2
Water only
Table 3: Planting soiling application
Table 4: Second application foliar feeding
Table 5: Third application foliar feeding
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Crop AGGRAND Leading Chemical Control
Potato 7/163% NOF
1% NLL @ 6 weeks
7/160.3% solution @ 6 weeks
7/16Water only
Tomato 7/292% NKP during fruit fill
7/160.3% solution @ 6 weeks
7/16Water only
Beans None 7/16
0.3% solution @ 6 weeks
7/16
Water only
Corn 7/16
3% NOF2% NBM
1% NKP @ 6 weeks
7/16
0.3% solution@ 6 weeks
7/16
Water only
Vegetable Stage Water (mL) NOF(1)
(mL) NBM(2)
(mL) NKP(3)
(mL) NLL(4)
(mL) Amount/row
or plant
Potatoes Planting 5640 180 120 60 1,000 mL/ plant
Tomatoes Planting 5640 180 120 60 1,000 mL/ plant
Beans Planting 5640 180 120 60 6,000 mL/row
Corn Planting 5640 180 120 60 6,000 mL/row
Potatoes at 2 weeks 5760 180 60 6,000 mL/row
Tomatoes at 1st Bloom 5760 120 120 1,000 mL/plant
Beans one week before
1st bloom
5760 120 120 6,000 mL/row
Corn at 2 weeks 5640 180 120 60 6,000 mL/row
Potatoes at 4 weeks 5760 180 60 6,000 mL/row
Tomatoes at full Bloom 5700 180 120 1,000 mL/plant
Beans one week before
2nd bloom
5760 120 120 6,000 mL/row
Corn at 4 weeks 5640 180 120 60 6,000 mL/row
Potatoes at 6 weeks 5760 180 60 6,000 mL/row
Tomatoes during fruit fill 5880 120 1,000 mL/plant
Corn at 6 weeks 5640 180 120 60 6,000 mL/row
Beans one week before
3rd bloom
None
Table 6: Fourth application foliar feeding
Table 7: AGGRAND fertilizer application timing and formulations
For beans, corn and potatoes, 6,000 mL of chemical fertilizer mix were applied with a watering can per
row. For tomatoes, 1,000 mL (measured with a 1,000 mL graduated cylinder) was applied per plant.
Control applications followed the same timing and volume as the chemical fertilizer and were treated with
tap water through the growing season. Several AGGRAND fertilizer applications did not follow the
prescribed schedule exactly because of frequent rains. (Table 2) The chemical fertilizer was applied at
regular two-week intervals after the initial planting and establishment of the plants. Tables 7, 8 and 9
summarize the fertilizer formulations employed on the growth plots.
(1) AGGRAND Natural Organic Fertilizer (4-3-3)
(2) AGGRAND Natural Bonemeal (0-12-0)
(3) AGGRAND Natural Kelp and Sulfate of Potash (0-0-8)
(4) AGGRAND Natural Liquid Lime
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Vegetable Stage Water (mL) Fertilizer (g) Amount/row or plant
Potatoes at planting 6,000 17.96 1,000 mL/ plant
Tomatoes at planting 6,000 17.96 1,000 mL/ plant
Beans at planting 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/rowCorn at planting 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Potatoes at 2 weeks 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Tomatoes at 2 weeks 6,000 17.96 1,000 mL/plant
Beans at 2 weeks 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Corn at 2 weeks 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Potatoes at 4 weeks 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Tomatoes at 4 weeks 6,000 17.96 1,000 mL/plant
Beans at 4 weeks 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Corn at 4 weeks 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Potatoes at 6 weeks 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Tomatoes at 6 weeks 6,000 17.96 1,000 mL/plant
Corn at 6 weeks 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Beans at 6 weeks 6,000 17.96 6,000 mL/row
Vegetable Stage Water (mL) Fertilizer Amount/row or plant
Potatoes at planting 6,000 none 1,000 mL/ plant
Tomatoes at planting 6,000 none 1,000 mL/ plant
Beans at planting 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Corn at planting 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Potatoes at 2 weeks 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Tomatoes at 2 weeks 6,000 none 1,000 mL/plant
Beans at 2 weeks 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Corn at 2 weeks 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Potatoes at 4 weeks 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Tomatoes at 4 weeks 6,000 none 1,000 mL/plant
Beans at 4 weeks 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Corn at 4 weeks 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Potatoes at 6 weeks 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Tomatoes at 6 weeks 6,000 none 1,000 mL/plant
Corn at 6 weeks 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Beans at 6 weeks 6,000 none 6,000 mL/row
Table 8: Leading chemical fertilizer application timing and formulations
Table 9: Control plot fertilizer application timing and formulations
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AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study 13
During the late afternoon of June 24, a heavy thunderstorm produced hail and damaged many of the
plants in the growth plots. Fortunately, the vegetables were not flowering at this time and long-term
damage was held to a minimum. See Figures 13, 14, 15, and 16.
On October 7, after all crops had been
harvested and prior to tilling each planting
bed, soil samples were taken from each crop
area in each bed. Samples from nine evenly
spaced points were obtained (Figure 17),
mixed and forwarded to Midwest Laboratories
for analysis to determine percent organic
matter; available phosphorus (weak andstrong Bray); exchangeable potassium,
hydrogen, magnesium and calcium; pH; buffer
index; cation exchange capacity (CEC);
percent base saturation of cation elements;
carryover nitrogen as nitrate; micronutrient
analysis of sulfur, manganese, boron, zinc,
iron and copper; and evaluation of excess lime
and soluble salts. A total of 12 post-harvest
samples were tested; all soil samples are
summarized in Tables 16 and 17.
Figure 13: Damaged sweet corn
Figure 15: Damaged green bean plants
Figure 14: Damaged tomato plant
Figure 16: Damaged potato plants
Figure 17: Fall 2010 soil sampling
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Tomatoes
Evaluation of tomato performance not only included the amount and size of fruit formed, but also plant growth
rate and vigor of the Legend plants grown from seed. As already stated, initial emergence of the tomato plants
occurred on April 9 and on April 12, the germination percentage was determined to be 85.6 percent.
On April 19, plants were measured for height and separated into three groups of 29 destined for the threefertilizer treatments. This data was recorded and averaged. Fertilizer was applied on April 19, and on May 3,
the height of each plant was re-measured with the data being averaged for each fertilizer type. Figure 18
summarizes seedling height per fertilizer.
The image in Figure 19 was taken on May 10 to demonstrate the relative height and vigor of the tomato
plants with differing fertilization systems. The AGGRAND-treated plants appear taller than both the controland chemically fertilized plants, while the AGGRAND and chemically fertilized plants have more abundant
and greener foliage than the control plants.
Results and Discussion
Figure 18: Tomato start growth
Figure 19: Tomato plants prior to being transplanted
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AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study 15
Tomato seedlings were transplanted the last week of May because of the potential for frost and to provide
ample time to acclimate to outdoor growing conditions. As seen in Figure 19, the plants were of adequate
size to be planted in the garden plots; however, the delay in transplanting caused the plants to become
spindly, with the plant tissue becoming soft and succulent. Figure 20 shows the tomato plants during the
hardening process and the weakness of the plant stems.
After planting, the majority of the starts showed substantial stress, died or were dying. Each plot retainedthree Legend tomato plants and each had 12 Celebrity tomato plants added. All 15 plants in each growth
plot survived and produced fruit.
Over the growing season, the AGGRAND-fertilized plants showed more vigor and were larger overall than
the chemically fertilized or control tomatoes. On July 13, plant height and relative vigor were ranked on a
one to five scale where five was the best and zero was a dead plant. AGGRAND Fertilizer Specialist
Walter Sandbeck measured vigor by evaluating leaf color (intensity of green), leaf number, height,
flowering, plant firmness and stem diameter. The AGGRAND plants, even though suffering from hail
damage, were ranked with vigor values of five and ranged from 12 inches to 23 inches in height. All plants
were blooming and several were in post-bloom stage. The chemically fertilized plants were given a vigor
rank of four, with one plant having a rating of three. The plants had more maturity variation than the
AGGRAND plants, with some in pre-bloom stage and three with small fruit emerging. Height of these
plants ranged from 12 inches to 20 inches. Control plants were visually less appealing than AGGRAND orthe chemically fertilized plants. Overall vigor was ranked between three and four, with half of the plants in
pre-bloom stage and the remaining in bloom. Two control plants had one 0.375 inch and one 0.675 inch
tomato per plant. Plant height ranged from 10 inches to 20 inches.
On August 25, the first tomatoes were harvested. The following criteria were developed to evaluate the
performance of each plot: 1) Tomatoes should be orange or red on the vine at the time of harvest. 2) Fruit
on the ground will be counted and measured, even when green. 3) Will harvest all, including green fruit,
when a freeze is imminent. 4) Determine number, weight and maximum diameter for each tomato per plot.
5) Determine degrees Brix of one tomato from each plot per picking day.
Figure 20: Tomato plants during the hardening process
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Each tomato was weighed using an AND FX3000i digital
balance, serial #15610355, and the maximum diameter
was measured with a Mitutoyo Corporation Digimatic
Caliper, Model CD-6 CSX, Serial #07435188. Thediameter was measured perpendicular to the axis of the
stem and center core of the fruit. See Figure 22.
Tomatoes fertilized with the AGGRAND fertilization system
produced fruit in greater numbers which equated to more
total weight when compared to plants that were fertilized
with the chemical product. As expected, the control plants
fared the worst as far as quantity, but produced a slightly
larger and heavier tomato. Average sugar content as
measured by degrees Brix was slightly lower for the
AGGRAND-treated tomatoes when compared to tomatoes
grown in the other plots. Differences in quality are noticed
when at least 2 to 4 degrees Brix between fruit samples are
taste-tested (International Ag Labs, 2010).
TomatoesFigure 21: Tomatoes at various ripening stages
Figure 22: Measuring maximum tomato diameter
Fertilizer TotalNumber
TotalWeight (g)
TotalWeight
(lbs)
Ave.Brix
Ave.Weight
(g)
Ave.Diameter
(mm)
AGGRAND 792 128,914.69 284.00 5.3 162.77 71.59
Chemical 630 105,662.33 232.70 5.5 167.72 71.63
Control 404 71,340.12 157.10 5.4 176.58 72.47
Table 11: Final tomato results
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AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study 17
On June 1, most of the sowed bean seeds had germinated; some seeds were washed away or moved
within the planting row due to heavy rains. Total germination of the AGGRAND plot was 83 percent;
total germination for both the chemical fertilizer and control plots was 80 percent.
On July 13, the green bean plants were measured and relative vigor rankings were determined on a one to
five scale where five was the best and zero was a dead plant. The AGGRAND-fertilized plants, showed
some signs of hail damage, but the majority of them (over 60 percent) were given a rank of five, were
flowering and were 8 inches to 12 inches tall. The remainder of the plants ranked from one to four, with the
majority ranking three to four with dark green foliage and little or no pest damage. The plants fertilized with
the leading chemical product were healthy with little pest damage. Eighty percent received a vigor ranking
of four, with many of the plants flowering. Average height was six inches to eight inches, and the foliage
was lighter green than the AGGRAND-fertilized plot. There were few plants ranked three and two, but most
plants that were not ranked a four were ranked as a small plant (one). Control plants were visually less
appealing than the AGGRAND or the chemically fertilized plants. The foliage was lighter green; over 88
percent of the plants were given a vigor ranking of three; and a number of plants were blooming. All plots
were producing 0.5-inch to one-inch beans on July 20. See Figure 23.
Commenced harvest on July 26 by picking beans that were at least four inches long. Attempted to harvest
every Monday, Wednesday and Friday when weather conditions were favorable. On August 30, the
harvesting was deemed completed when the plants yielded very few fruit and were degrading. See Figure 24.
Fertilizer Total
Number
Total
Weight (g)
Total
Weight(lbs)
Ave.
Brix
Ave.
Weight(g)
Ave.
Diameter(mm)
AGGRAND 4196 14,666.42 32.33 5.4 3.50 71.59
Chemical 3766 12,653.17 27.90 5.6 3.36 71.63
Control 3506 11,077.96 24.42 5.7 3.16 72.47
Table 12: Final green bean results
Green Beans
Figure 23: Green bean plant comparison
AGGRAND plot Chemical fertilizer plot
Figure 24: Green bean harvest
The AGGRAND ferilized plot produced
more, larger, heavier beans than the other
growth plots. Due to the overall high fertility
of the soil, the yields were very good for all
plots. Average sugar content, as measured
by percent Brix, was slightly lower for
AGGRAND when compared to the other
growth plots; this difference, however,
would not be discernable by taste.
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18 AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study
PotatoesAs previously stated, potatoes were planted on May 18, before all other crops. Growth rate and plant vigor
comparisons were conducted when the plants started to emerge around June 1. Rapid plant growth
occurred from June 1 to June 6. Figure 25 compares plant development per fertilizer/growth plot.
Over the growing season, the AGGRAND potatoes showed more vigor and were larger overall than the
chemically fertilized or control plants. On July 13 the plants were measured and relative vigor rankings
were determined on a one to five scale where five was the best and zero was a dead plant. Again,
AGGRAND plants, even though showing some signs of hail damage, were given a ranking of five and
were approximately 24 inches tall. Six plants were blooming. The chemically fertilized plants were given a
vigor ranking of four. Fifty percent of them were blooming and they were between 12 inches and 18 inches
tall. Control plants were visually less vigorous than the AGGRAND or the chemically fertilized plants.
Overall vigor was ranked at three, with 11 out of the 28 plants blooming. Plant height ranged from 10
inches to 16 inches. Plant height and vigor had less variation within each plot, but showed distinct
difference from plot to plot. Due to the excess moisture, as the growing season progressed, the plant
leaves turned a brownish green and curled. By the end of August, dieback was obvious in all plots, but the
AGGRAND-fertilized potato plants produced new, prolific shoots and leaves.
Figure 25: Potato plant comparison
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AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study 19
On September 30, harvest was conducted when the control and chemically fertilized plants had essentially died back.
See Figure 26.
Yield comparison was determined by weighing each potato using an AND FX3000i digital balance, serial #15610355
and measuring their maximum length (See Figure 27). Sugar content was determined with an Atago ATC-1E Hand
Refractometer that measured degrees Brix 0 to 32. See the yield summary in Table 13.
Figure 26: Potato harvest
Figure 27: Measuring maximum potato length
Figure 28
Table 13: Final potato results
AGGRAND Control Chemical Fertilizer
Fertilizer TotalNumber
TotalWeight (g)
TotalWeight
(lbs)
AveBrix
AveWeight
(g)
AveLength
(cm)
AGGRAND 228 25,083.52 55.25 5.2 110.02 6.69
Chemical 169 21,822.27 48.07 5.2 129.13 6.94Control 137 17,840.69 39.30 4.0 130.22 7.32
Potato plots fertilized with the AGGRAND fertilization system produced
greater numbers and naturally equated to more total weight when
compared to the plots fertilized with the chemical product. As
expected, the control plants fared the worst as far as quantity, but
produced a slightly larger and heavier potato. Average sugar content
as measured by degrees Brix was slightly lower for the control when
compared to the other growth plots, but this difference would not be
discernable by taste. AGGRAND and control programs yielded
potatoes with less scabbing. See Figure 28.
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20 AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study
Sweet CornOn June 1, most of the sowed corn seeds had germinated; however, heavy rains forced some to move
within the planting row and required they be reset at the proper depth and spacing. Total germination of
the AGGRAND plot was 100 percent; one seed failed to germinate in the chemical fertilizer plot and three
seeds failed to germinate in the control plot.
On July 13, the corn plants were measured and relative vigor rankings were determined on a one to five
scale where five was the best and zero was a dead plant. All AGGRAND-fertilized plants were given a
ranking of five and ranged from 10 inches to 28 inches tall. The plants fertilized with the leading chemical
product were healthy, with 100 percent receiving a vigor ranking of four, ranging from 10 inches to 20
inches tall and a few were multi-stemmed. The foliage was lighter green than the AGGRAND-fertilized
plants. Control plants were noticeably light green in color when compared to the AGGRAND or the
chemically fertilized plants. Overall vigor was given a ranking of three with the plants ranging in height
from 8 inches to 18 inchesnoticeably shorter than the AGGRAND and chemically fertilized corn.
Additional observations were conducted regarding the formation of tassels and corn cobs throughout the
growing season. On July 20, the AGGRAND corn plants were the only producers of tassels; 31 percent of
the plants were at this stage of development. Investigation on August 3 revealed that 11 AGGRAND corn
plants were forming cobs, while one chemically fertilized plant was observed at this state, and no control
plants were forming distinct cobs at this time. The AGGRAND-fertilized corn was much more developedthan the other plots.
Figure 29: Ear size comparison
Harvest was conducted on September 8 to avoid
the corn becoming overdeveloped and starchy.
The cob size was monitored carefully to provide
the best-tasting product possible.
Figure 30: Corn harvest
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AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study 21
Parameters measured include cob weight using an AND FX3000i digital balance, serial #15610355, cob
length, total weight per row, total weight and number per fertilizer type along with average kernel count of
the five largest cobs from each row, and average cob length and weight. Maximum cob length was
determined by using the apparatus in Figure 31.Corn fertilized with the AGGRAND fertilization system
produced a greater number of total and edible ears
that had a greater number of kernels than the
chemically fertilized plants. Average ear length and
weight were also greater for the AGGRAND plot.
Figure 29 shows the ear size comparison from row 1
(south) of each plot. Note that the AGGRAND plot had
18 ears full of kernels, while the chemical and control
plots had nine and eight full cobs, respectively. The
best-quality ears are shown in Figure 30. As expected,
the control plants with no fertilizer being added fared
the worst as far as quantity and quality.
The control corn stalks were brittle and easily broken,
while the AGGRAND stalks were the strongest. Thechemically fertilized corn had the only smut on the
ears (3); one small smut spot on an AGGRAND stalk
was evident. Row four (north) of all growth plots had a
few ear worms
Figure 32 Figure 33
Figure 31: Measuring maximum corn cob length
Table 14
*** Edible Ears are greater than 50 grams in weight and may or may not be completely filled with kernels
Table 15
Plot Total Ears Total Wt. (g) Total Wt. (lbs) Ave. Ear Wt. (g) Ave. Ear Length (cm) Ave Length (cm)
AGGRAND 101 14887.97 32.79 147.41 15.95 6.69
LeadingChemical
97 10562.29 23.26 108.89 15.10 6.94
Control 57 5803.37 12.78 101.81 14.61 7.32
Plot Edible Ear
Wt. (lbs.)
Ave. Edible
Ear Wt. (g)
Ave. Edible Ear
length (cm)
Ave. # Kernels Ave. Ear Length
(cm)
Ave Length (cm)
AGGRAND 31.40 200.80 17.56 526 15.95 6.69
Leading
Chemical
21.75 161.84 17.15 476 15.10 6.94
Control 12.19 134.98 16.30 429 14.61 7.32
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22 AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study
See Figures 34 and 35 for harvest summary for all crops and fertilizer systems.
Figure 34: Yield comparison by number
Figure 35: Yield comparison by number
Harvest Summary
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AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study 23
As previously mentioned, soil sampling and analysis was conducted after the soil was incorporated into
the planters and after harvest. Nine samples of each plot were taken in the spring, and nine samples per
crop per planter were obtained in the fall after harvest. See Figures 36 and 37.
Soil Analysis
Figure 36: Soil analysis probe/bucket Figure 37: Soil sample, 6 inches deep
Table 16: Soil analysis aummary
Plot Date OM P1 P2 K Mg Ca Na Soil BufferIndex
CEC ppm lb/a total lb/a
AGGRAND 4/27 8.1 9 36 106 158 3228 45 7.8 16.7 40 72 72
Tomatoes 10/16 8.2 51 106 219 258 3127 20 7.6 18.4 11 20 20
Potatoes 10/16 8.0 23 54 136 159 2930 25 7.8 16.4 17 31 31
Beans 10/16 8.4 32 77 197 166 3064 19 7.8 17.3 20 36 36
Corn 10/16 7.9 40 105 231 233 3378 31 8.0 19.6 14 25 25
Control 4/27 7.5 9 27 90 151 3235 45 7.8 17.9 40 72 72
Tomatoes 10/16 8.4 10 27 68 126 3192 20 8.0 17.3 5 9 9
Potatoes 10/16 8.6 14 32 66 121 3173 20 8.2 17.1 7 13 13
Beans 10/16 8.2 14 28 99 142 3377 22 8.1 18.4 14 25 25
Corn 10/16 8.5 10 27 67 109 2952 17 8.2 15.9 5 9 9
Chemical 4/27 7.1 9 28 108 146 3003 49 7.9 16.7 30 54 54
Tomatoes 10/16 7.6 13 27 56 119 2830 18 8.0 15.4 5 9 9
Potatoes 10/16 7.6 12 31 91 137 3285 19 8.0 17.9 8 14 14
Beans 10/16 7.5 14 31 95 126 2911 19 8.0 15.9 9 16 16
Corn 10/16 7.9 15 27 65 122 3092 22 8.0 16.7 6 11 11
Phosphorus Exchangeable Cations (ppm) pH Nitrate - N
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24 AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study
Table 17: Soil analysis summary
With the addition of AGGRAND fertilizers, soil fertility was maintained in spite of the plants removing
the nutrients throughout the growing season and in some cases it improved over the growing months
compared to the chemically fertilized and control plots. Most notable were the increases in the levels of
phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The dramatic increase in phosphorus could be attributed to
the addition of the AGGRAND fertilizers, while the other plots saw only a marginal increase. These
marginal increases could be due to seasonal effects of increased biological activity. In all plots, some
micronutrient, nitrate levels and soluble salts decreased from the spring to the fall harvest. The
reduction could be attributed to plant uptake and to nutrient leaching associated with watering and rain
movement through the soil layer.
Plot Date K Mg Ca H Na S Zn Mn Fe Cu B mmhos/cm Rate
AGGRAND 4/27 1.7 7.3 89.7 0.0 1.3 254 1.2 2 134 1.1 1.6 L 0.9 L
Tomatoes 10/16 3.1 11.7 84.7 0.0 0.5 38 1.8 2 76 0.9 0.7 L 0.4 LPotatoes 10/16 2.1 8.1 89.1 0.0 0.7 68 1.0 1 80 0.6 0.8 L 0.6 L
Beans 10/16 2.9 8.0 88.6 0.0 0.5 38 0.9 1 78 0.7 0.8 L 0.5 L
Corn 10/16 3.0 9.9 86.4 0.0 0.7 68 1.2 1 86 0.9 0.8 L 0.5 L
Control 4/27 1.3 7.0 90.6 0.0 1.1 268 1.1 2 123 1 1.5 L 0.9 L
Tomatoes 10/16 1 6.1 92.4 0.0 0.5 64 0.8 1 66 0.7 0.8 L 0.5 L
Potatoes 10/16 1 5.9 92.6 0.0 0.5 53 0.6 1 62 0.7 0.8 L 0.5 L
Beans 10/16 1.4 6.4 91.7 0.0 0.5 35 0.6 2 75 0.8 0.9 L 0.3 L
Corn 10/16 1.1 5.7 92.7 0.0 0.5 45 0.5 1 55 0.6 0.7 L 0.3 L
Chemical 4/27 1.7 7.3 89.7 0.0 1.3 216 1.3 5 142 1.4 1.5 L 0.9 L
Tomatoes 10/16 0.9 6.4 92.2 0.0 0.5 50 0.6 1 57 0.6 0.7 L 0.4 L
Potatoes 10/16 1.3 6.4 91.8 0.0 0.5 54 1.9 1 97 1.4 0.8 L 0.4 L
Beans 10/16 1.5 6.6 91.4 0.0 0.5 43 0.6 1 56 0.7 0.8 L 0.4 L
Corn 10/16 1.0 6.1 92.3 0.0 0.6 61 0.5 1 55 0.6 0.8 L 0.3 L
% Base Saturation Micronutrients (ppm) Soluble SaltsExcessLime
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AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study 25
This study shows that the AGGRAND fertilization program, as outlined in The Gardening Guide (AMSOIL,
2010), increased yield in terms of vegetable number and total harvest weight when compared to the leading
chemical fertilizer for these garden vegetables and soil type. Average weight and size of the green beans and
corn were higher, while the overall size of the tomatoes and potatoes was slightly smaller, but not significant.
The leading chemical product used in this study is easy to apply. It is comprised of soluble salts that rapidly
dissolve in water. Application frequency is also straightforward by the simple addition of the product every two
weeks during the growing season. The AGGRAND system enhances the soil environment, but requires the
grower to monitor plant development, flower bloom and fruit growth for timely fertilizer applications, which is
directly correlated to improved yield.
The incorporation of nutrients into plants from the soil and fertilizer has been studied for decades and is well
documented. In order to transport nutrients to the plant cells, mineral compounds must be dissolved in water to
form ions. There are three ways ions move to the root. One is by root interception or simple contact of the ionic
solution with the root. As roots grow and expand there will be an increasing chance that soil water containing
nutrient ions will interact with a root and its hairs, enabling the plant to grow at an increasing rate. Second, when
the plant is transpiring water from the leaves, water is simultaneously being drawn through the stem and root,
pulling water and nutrients from the soil. This mechanism is called mass flow. Last, diffusion occurs when
nutrients are transported from an area of high ion concentration away from the root, toward the root and an areaof low ion concentration (due to the plants intake of the nutrient ions) (Havlin, et al 2005). The mechanisms
employed to transport the nutrients are the same for the leading chemical fertilizer, AGGRAND fertilizers, and
existing soil nutrients without supplemental inputs such as the control plot.
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios (N,P,K) of the fertilizers employed in this study were 4-3-3, 0-12-0,
and 0-0-8 for the AGGRAND program, and 24-8-16 for the leading chemical fertilizer. Summing the fertilizer
applications performed throughout the study, one would expect the 24-8-16 product to produce more vegetables
due to the greater amount of nutrient ions introduced into the soil. With all plots being the same, with the
exception of fertilizer inputs, there appear to be factors that enhanced the productivity of the AGGRAND
vegetable plot beyond the simple addition of these elements.
There are several factors that may have contributed to the increased production of the AGGRAND plot over
the chemical fertilizer-grown vegetables. One is the treatment of the organic matter and the associatedmicroorganisms in the soil.
Organic matter is one of the most neglected and important components of the soil due to its seasonal release of
plant nutrients. Soils and crops can survive, even when mismanaged, if sufficient organic matter is present
(Albrecht, 1996). According to Kinsey and Walters (2009), Without an active organic matter system in the soil
you cannot grow any crop at all, no matter how much nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus you add.
The soil used in this study had ample, if not ideal amounts of organic matter, but organic matter in its
non-decomposed form has little impact on the soils nutrient level. Many times organic matter and humus are
considered synonymous, but in reality humus is the main driver of holding and supplying nutrients to the plant.
Humus is decomposed organic matter that is the main source of naturally available nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur,
boron and zinc (Kinsey and Walters, 2009). Active organic matter, or humus, along with other soil nutrients is
produced by the activity of organisms in the soil. Soil organisms ranging in size from the smallest bacteria to
earthworms break down organic residues, consume other organisms and enrich the soil by their movement and
death (Soil and Water Conservation Society, 2000). AGGRAND fertilizers incorporate fish, kelp, blood meal and
other carbon sources that provide food for soil organisms, resulting in increased microbial activity, all while
supplying necessary inorganic nutrients. The chemical fertilizer used in this study does not contribute organic
compounds or carbon to the soil organisms. In fact, studies show that inorganic fertilizers, when used alone,
negatively impact microbial populations. The use of organic fertilizer increases the nutrient level, the productive
potential and microbial activity of the soil (Nakhro and Dkhar, 2010). Again, with the increase in organic and
sustainable farming practices a greater awareness has developed regarding the use of chemical fertilizers and
Conclusions
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26 AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study
pesticides. Among the reasons chemical fertilizers are prohibited in an organic agricultural system is their negative
impact on microorganisms and earthworm populations (Bolen, et.al., 1996). According to Mder, et.al. (2002), who
conducted a 21-year study in central Europe comparing organic to conventional farming systems, organically
managed soils exhibit greater biological activity than the conventionally managed soils. Their study also revealed
a 1.3- to 3.2-fold increase in the number of earthworms in the organic system as compared to conventionally
farmed plots (Mder, et.al., 2002).
Humic substances, which include humic and fulvic acids are derived from decomposed soil organic matter or
peat and range from yellow to a dark brown to black in color (Jones, Jr., 2005, Rauthan and Schnitzer, 1981).
The physical and chemical properties of these compounds are derived from the environment in which they were
formed. Humic and fulvic acids are formulated into AGGRAND Kelp and Sulfate of Potash (NKP) and
AGGRAND Natural Fertilizer (NOF), which may account for the increased yield when compared to the inorganic
fertilizer. Studies show that humic and fulvic acids promote growth and increased microbial activity within the
soil. Recent research has revealed that humic acids play a definite role in influencing mineral nutrition, holding
micronutrient metal ions, and the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These compounds also
influence plant hormones, antioxidant status and photosynthetic capacity (Schmidt and Zhang, 1998). The
inorganic product only provides nutrients via the dissolution of salts into ions.
In the early 20th century it was found that humic substances influence plant hormonal activity and increasedmineral ion solubility, specifically iron. Years of research has revealed that humic compounds enhance turf root
development, and tree seedlings have a propensity to increase the absorption of key nutrients such as nitrogen,
phosphorus, calcium, zinc, iron, magnesium, potassium and copper. Specifically, fulvic acid forms stable
compounds containing iron, and enhances the uptake of this essential element through the plant from the roots
system to the shoots. It has also been found that foliar spraying humic substances on the plant increase the
chlorophyll content of the leaves, helping prevent chlorosis in corn plants by the increased uptake of magnesium
and iron and making the plants more resistant to environmental stresses and disease (Schmidt and Zhang,
1998). Rauthan and Schnitzer (1981) reported that concentrations of fulvic acid ranging from 100 parts per
million (ppm) to 300 ppm increased the growth and development of cucumber plants, above and below ground,
but also found, at low concentrations, increased algal and microbial growth within the soil. In addition, the
number of flowers was increased which has a direct correlation to yield.
Kelp, commonly known as seaweed, has been used for human consumption and as a soil amendment since the
advent of civilization. Extracts of seaweed are still used in agriculture and detailed research on the benefits of
these extracts has been available since the early 1950s (Thirumaran, et.al., 2009, Senn, 1987). Commercially
manufactured seaweed extracts for agricultural use have been employed for at least forty five years (Reitz and
Trimble, 1996).
Numerous studies show that potassium, key micronutrients, plant hormones, growth regulators/promoters,
carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins are supplied by kelp species such as the Ascophyllum nodosum that is
formulated into AGGRAND Natural Fertilizer and AGGRAND Kelp and Sulfate of Potash (Thirumaran, et.al.,
2009, Senn, 1987). Field trials show that foliar applications of seaweed extract to bananas increase fruit
productivity and shorten the time to shoot development. Kelp soil applications resulted in increased crop yields
of a diversity of crops including oranges, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet corn and peppers. Improved shelf-life and
resistance to drought and disease are also realized when the proper amounts of kelp are added to a fertilizationprogram (Senn, 1987). Some experts report greater leaf mass compared to control plants when studying
Ascophyllum nodosum extracts on Henderson Bush lima beans (Reitz and Trumble, 1996).
Finally, test plot soil fertility will be monitored from year to year. From the soil analyses obtained to date,
AGGRAND fertilizers appear to contribute to soil fertility, or directly provide the plants with enough nutrients to
sustain healthy growth. More study must be done to determine the long-term effects of fertilizer applications to
these plots.
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AGGRAND Vegetable Productivity Study 27
Albrecht, W.A. (1996). The Albrecht papers. (Vol. 1). Metairie, LA: Acres U.S.A.
AMSOIL INC. (2010). The AGGRAND gardening guide. G1292. Superior, WI: AMSOIL, INC.
Bolan, N.S., L.D. Currie, and S. Baskaran. (1996). Assessment of the influence of phosphate fertilizers on
the microbial activity of pasture soils. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 21: 284-292.
Havlin, J.L., J.D. Beaton, S.L. Tisdale, and W.L. Nelson. (2005). Soil fertility and fertilizers, an introduction
to nutrient management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
International Ag Labs, Inc. (2010). High brix chart. Available at: http://www.highbrixgardens.com/pdf/brix-
chart.pdf
Jones, Jr., J.B. (2005). Hydroponics a practical guide for the soilless grower. Boco Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Kinsey, N. and C. Walters. (2009). Hands on agronomy. Austin, TX: Acres U.S.A.
Mder, P., A. Fliebach, D. Dubois, L. Gunst, P. Fried, and U. Niggli. (2002). Soil fertility and biodiversity in
organic farming. Science. 296: 16941697.
McLoughlin, A.J. and E. Kster. (1972). The effect of humic substances on the respiration and growth ofmicroorganisms. Plant and Soil. 37: 17-25.
Nakhro, N., and M.S. Dkhar. (2010). Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on microbial populations
and biomass carbon in paddy field soil. Journal of Agronomy. 9 (3): 102-110
National Stone Association. (1986). Aglime fact book. Washington, D.C.: National Stone Association.
Organic Trade Association. (2010). Industry statistics and projected growth. Available at: http://www.ota.
com/organic/faq.html
Rauthan, B.S. and M. Schnitzer. (1981). Effects of a soil fulvic acid on the growth and nutrient content of
cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants. Plant and Soil. 63: 491-495.
Reitz, S.R., and J.T. Trumble. (1996). Effects of Cytokinin-containing seaweed extract on Phaseolus
lunatus L.: influence of nutrient availability and apex removal. Botanica Marina. 39: 33-38.
Schmidt, R.E. and X. Zhang. (1998). How humic substances help turfgrass grow. Golf Course
Management. 66(7):65-67.
Senn, T.L. (1987). Seaweed and plant growth. Clemson, SC: Senn.
Soil and Water Conservation Society. (2000). Soil biology primer. Ankeny, IA: Soil and Water
Conservation Society.
The Rodale Institute. (2010). History of the Rodale Institute. Available at: http://www.rodaleinstitute.org/
about_us#history
Thilmany, D. (2006). The U.S. organic industry: Important trends and emerging issues for the USDA .
Colorado State University Agribusiness Marketing Report ABMR 06-01.
Thirumaran, G., M. Arumugam, R. Arumugam, and P. Anantharaman. (2009). Effect of seaweed liquid
fertilizer on growth and pigment concentration of Abelmoschus esculentus (I) medikus. American-
Eurasian Journal of Agronomy. 2(2): 57-66.
United States Department of Agriculture. (20100. National Organic Program. Available at: http://www.
ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/nop
University of Wisconsin - Extension. (2010). What is organic farming? Available at: http://www.extension.
org/article/18655
References
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Contact your AGGRAND Dealer for more information on AGGRAND products or to place an order. You mayalso order direct by calling AMSOIL INC. at 1-800-956-5695 and providing the referral number listed here.
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