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ASCE 7-10: Modifications to Wind
Loading RequirementsLoading Requirements
Jason Ericksen, SE
SE University, May, 2012 www.LearnWithSEU.com
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Key Points
� Chapter 6 has been moved to Chapters 26
through 31
� Three new basic wind speed maps replace � Three new basic wind speed maps replace
single map
� Wind Speeds are higher but design loads
are likely unchanged
2
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Roadmap
� Reorganization
� Substantive Changes
� New Items� New Items
3
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Reorganization
� ASCE 7-05: 3 Methods
� ASCE 7-10: 3 Procedures
4
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ASCE 7-05: Methods
� Method 1 - Simplified Procedure
� Method 2 - Analytical Procedure� Low-Rise� Low-Rise
� All heights
� Method 3 - Wind Tunnel Procedure
� IBC 2009: Alternative All-heights
Procedure
5
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ASCE 7-10: Procedures
� Directional Procedure
� Envelope Procedure
� Wind Tunnel Procedure� Wind Tunnel Procedure
6
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ASCE 7-10 organization
� Chapter 26: General information.
� Chapter 27: Directional procedure for
MWFRS of buildings of all heightsMWFRS of buildings of all heights
� Chapter 28: Envelope procedure for
MWFRS of low-rise buildings
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ASCE 7-10 organization
� Chapter 29: Directional procedure for
MWFRS of building appurtenances and
other structuresother structures
� Chapter 30: All procedures for
components and cladding
� Chapter 31: Wind tunnel procedure for
MWFRS and components and cladding
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MWFRS of Enclosed and Partially
Enclosed buildings
ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Ch 27: Directional Procedure
Part 1: All height Buildings 6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
9
Part 1: All height Buildings 6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
Procedure
6.5.12.2.1: All heights
method
Part 2: Enclosed, Simple
Diaphragm, h ≤ 160 ft
NA
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MWFRS of Open buildings
ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Ch 27: Directional Procedure
Part 1: All height Buildings 6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
10
Part 1: All height Buildings 6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
Procedure
6.5.13: Open Buildings
6.5.13.2: MWFRS
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MWFRS of Enclosed and Partially
Enclosed buildings
ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Ch 28: Envelope Procedure
Part 1: Low-rise with flat, 6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
11
Part 1: Low-rise with flat,
gable, or hip roofs
6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
Procedure
6.5.12.2.2: Low-rise buildings
Part 2: Enclosed, Simple
Diaphragm, Low-rise with
flat, gable, or hips roofs
6.4: Method 1 – Simplified
Procedure
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MWFRS of Other Structures and
Building Appurtenances
ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Chapter 29: Other Structures
and Building Appurtenances
6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
Procedure
12
6.5.14 Solid freestanding
walls and solid signs
6.5.15 Other Structures
Includes Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Signs
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C&C of Enclosed and Partially
Enclosed buildings: Chapter 30
ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Part 1: Low-rise (Envelope)
or h ≤ 60 ft
6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
Procedure
13
or h ≤ 60 ft Procedure
6.5.12.4.1: Low-rise or h ≤
60 ft
Part 2: Low-rise or h ≤ 60 ft
(Simplified Envelope)
Enclosed with flat, gable (θ ≤
45⁰), hip (θ ≤ 27⁰) roofs
6.4: Method 1 – Simplified
Procedure
6.4.1.2: Low-rise buildings
(same limitations)
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C&C of Enclosed and Partially
Enclosed buildings
ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Part 3: h > 60 ft (Directional) 6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
Procedure
14
Procedure
6.5.12.4.2: h > 60 ft
Part 4: h ≤ 160 ft (Simplified
Directional)
NA
Exception for h < 90 ft and h/l ≤ 1.0 applies to both Ch. 30: Part 3 and
6.5.12
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C&C of Open buildings
ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Part 5: Open Buildings 6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
Procedure
6.5.13: Open Buildings
15
6.5.13: Open Buildings
6.5.13.3: C&C
Exception for h < 90 ft and h/l ≤ 1.0 applies to both Ch. 30: Part 3 and
6.5.12
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C&C of Other Structures
ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Part 6: Building
Appurtenances and Rooftop
structures and equipment
6.5: Method 2 – Analytical
Procedure
6.5.12.4.4 Parapets
16
structures and equipment 6.5.12.4.4 Parapets
6.5.15.1 Rooftop structures
and equipment for buildings
with h ≤ 60 ft
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MWFRS and C&C of Buildings and
Other Structures
ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Chapter 31: Wind Tunnel
Procedure
6.6: Method 3 – Analytical
Procedure
17
� The requirements have been expanded and
include new limits. (Moved from Commentary)
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Reorganization
� Commentary Table C26.1-1
�Cross Reference of Sections between Wind
Provisions of the 2005 and 2010 Editions of Provisions of the 2005 and 2010 Editions of
ASCE 7
�Complete list of cross references for sections,
tables and figures
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New Editorial Features
� User Notes: Helpful commentary included
within the text
� Table for each procedure with steps.� Table for each procedure with steps.
19
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New Editorial Features
Table 28.5-1 Steps to Determine Wind Loads on
MWFRS Simple Diaphragm Low-Rise Buildings
Step 1: Determine risk category of building or other
structure, see Table 1.5-1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for applicable
20
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V, for applicable
risk category, see Fig. 26.5-1 A, B, or C
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
�Exposure category B, C, or D, see Section 26.7
�Topographic factor, Kzt, see Section 26.8 and
Fig. 26.8-1
Step 4: Enter figure to determine wind pressures for
h = 30 ft (9.1 m), pS30, see Fig. 28.6-1
Step 5: Enter figure to determine adjustment for building
height and exposure, λ, see Fig.28.6-1
Step 6: Determine adjusted wind pressures, ps, see Eq.
28.6-1
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Choosing a Method
� Chapters 27 and 28
� The building is regular shaped building or structure as
defined in Section 26.2
� The building is not dynamically sensitive, or it does � The building is not dynamically sensitive, or it does
not have a site location which warrants special
consideration.
� Chapter 31
� All buildings
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Choosing a Method
� Chapter 27
�Part 1
� More applicable� More applicable
� If automated, provides more general, less
conservative pressures
�Part 2
� Easier for Hand Calculations
� Conservative
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Choosing a Method
� Chapter 28
�Part 1
� User note states this method generally yields the � User note states this method generally yields the
lowest wind pressure of all analytical methods
�Part 2
� Easier for Hand Calculations
� Conservative
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MWFRS: All Heights
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MWFRS: Low-Rise
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MWFRS: Low-RiseEnclosed, Simple Diaphragm
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Components and Cladding:
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Reorganization: Summary
� Easier way to find all the requirements (if you
are not already familiar with the organization of
ASCE 7-05!).
Changes were made in response to user � Changes were made in response to user
comments
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Roadmap
� Reorganization
� Substantive Changes
� New Items� New Items
29
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Changes
� Importance Factor
� Wind Speed Maps
� Load Combinations� Load Combinations
� Change in Design Loads
� Minimum Loads
� Surface Roughness
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Importance Factor
� Importance Factor No Longer Used
�ASCE 7-10: qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2
�ASCE 7-05: qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2I�ASCE 7-05: qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV I
� Basic Wind Speeds: 3 Maps replace need
for Importance Factor
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Risk Category
� Risk Category I: Low Risk
� low risk to human life (low occupancy)
� Risk Category II: Typical
� All Others
� Risk Category III: High Risk
� substantial risk to human life (high occupancy or
dangerous materials)
� Risk Category IV: Essential
� Essential facilities (hospitals, etc)
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Changes
� Importance Factor
� Wind Speed Maps
� Load Combinations� Load Combinations
� Change in Design Loads
� Minimum Loads
� Surface Roughness
33
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Wind Speed Maps
� Figure 26.5-1A: Risk Category II
� Figure 26.5-1B: Risk Category III and IV
� Figure 26.5-1B: Risk Category I� Figure 26.5-1B: Risk Category I
� Replace Figure 6-1 (All Occupancy
Categories)
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Commentary
� “The 2010 edition of ASCE 7 departs from prior
editions by providing wind maps that are directly
applicable for determining pressures for strength
design approaches.”design approaches.”
� “The update maps are based on a new and
more complete analysis of hurricane
characteristics performed over the last ten
years.”
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ASCE 7-05: Figure 6-1
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ASCE 7-10: Figure 26.5-1A
37Risk Category II - 7% probability of exceedance in 50 years, MRI of 700 years
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ASCE 7-10: Figure 26.5-1B
38Risk Category III and IV- 3% probability of exceedance in 50 years, MRI of 1700
years
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ASCE 7-10: Figure 26.5-1C
39Risk Category I- 15% probability of exceedance in 50 years, MRI of 300 years
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Wind Speed Website
� Applied Technology Council
�http://www.atcouncil.org/windspeed/
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Wind Speed Website
88Wilmington, NC
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Hurricane Prone Regions
� ASCE 7-05 (Section 6.2)
�The U.S. Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico
coasts where the basic wind speed is greater coasts where the basic wind speed is greater
than 90 mph and
�Hawaii, Puerto Rica, Guam, Virgin Islands,
and American Samoa
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Hurricane Prone Regions
� ASCE 7-10 (Section 26.2)
�The U.S. Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico
coasts where the basic wind speed for Risk coasts where the basic wind speed for Risk
Category II buildings is greater than 115 mph
and
�Hawaii, Puerto Rica, Guam, Virgin Islands,
and American Samoa
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Wind-borne Debris Regions
� ASCE 7-05 (Section 6.2)
�Within 1 mile of the coastal mean high water
line where the basic wind speed is equal to or line where the basic wind speed is equal to or
greater than 110 mph and in Hawaii, or
� In areas where the basic wind speed is equal
to or greater than 120 mph
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Wind-borne Debris Regions
� ASCE 7-10 (Section 26.10.3.1)
�Within 1 mile of the coastal mean high water
line where the basic wind speed is equal to or line where the basic wind speed is equal to or
greater than 130 mph and in Hawaii, or
� In areas where the basic wind speed is equal
to or greater than 140 mph
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Wind-borne Debris Regions
� ASCE 7-10 (Section 26.10.3.1)
�Wind Speed based on:
Risk Category All but health care Health care
93
Risk Category All but health care Health care
I NA NA
II Fig. 26.5-1A Fig. 26.5-1A
III Fig. 26.5-1A Fig. 26.5-1B
IV Fig. 26.5-1B Fig. 26.5-1B
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Changes
� Importance Factor
� Wind Speed Maps
� Load Combinations� Load Combinations
� Change in Design Loads
� Minimum Loads
� Surface Roughness
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Changes
� Wind is now calculated at ‘strength’ level
� Load combination factors for LRFD and
ASD have changed (again)ASD have changed (again)
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Commentary
“The decision to move to multiple-strength design maps in
conjunction with a wind load factor of 1.0… relied on
several factors important to an accurate wind
specification:specification:
i. strength design ... brings wind loading approach in
line with seismic loads…
ii. Multiple maps remove inconsistencies in the use of
importance factors that actually should vary with
location and between hurricane-prone and
nonhurricane-prone regions…
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Commentary
“The decision to move to multiple-strength design maps in
conjunction with a wind load factor of 1.0… relied on
several factors important to an accurate wind
specification:specification:
iii. The new maps establish uniformity in the return
period for the design basis winds, and they more
clearly convey that information.
iv. The new maps, by providing wind speed directly,
more clearly inform owners and their consultants
about the storm intensities for which designs are
performed.”
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Load Combinations: ASD
ASCE 7-05
D+1.0W
D+1.0W+0.75L+0.5Lr
ASCE 7-10
D+0.6W
D+0.75(0.6W)+0.75L+0.5Lr
44
D+1.0W+0.75L+0.5Lr
0.6D+1.0W
Lr = (Lr or S or R)
D+0.75(0.6W)+0.75L+0.5Lr
0.6D+0.6W
Lr = (Lr or S or R)
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Load Combinations: LRFD
ASCE 7-05
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.8W
1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+0.5Lr
ASCE 7-10
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W
1.2D+1.0W+1.0L+0.5Lr1.2D+1.6W+1.0L+0.5Lr
0.9D+1.6W
Lr = (Lr or S or R)
1.2D+1.0W+1.0L+0.5Lr
0.9D+1.0W
Lr = (Lr or S or R)
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Changes
� Importance Factor
� Wind Speed Maps
� Load Combinations� Load Combinations
� Change in Design Loads
� Minimum Loads
� Surface Roughness
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Design Loads
� The velocity pressure in ASCE 7-10 is
based on the equation
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2
� While in ASCE 7-05 it is:
qz = 0.00256KzKztKdIV2
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Design Loads
� To get equal factored design wind
pressures in both methods, the wind
speeds in ASCE 7-10, V10, will be related speeds in ASCE 7-10, V10, will be related
to the mapped wind speed from ASCE 7-
05, V05, in the following manner (assuming
KzKztKd is equal in both) :
(fw_05)x(I)x(V05)2 = (fw_10)x(V10)
2
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Design Loads
� Conversion equation
w_050510 f
fIVV ×=
fw_05 = load factor on wind in ASCE 7-05
fw_10 = load factor on wind in ASCE 7-10
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w_100510 fIVV ×=
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Design Loads
� Conversion equation
6.1IVV 0510 ×=
fw_05 = 1.6
fw_10 = 1.0
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6.1IVV 0510 ×=
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Design Loads
� Commentary Table C26.5-6 includes
comparison of “equivalent” wind speeds
for category IIfor category II
� ASCE 7 -05 (3 second gust),
� ASCE 7-10 (3 second gust), and
� ASCE 7-93 (fastest mile)
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V05 Calculated V10 Actual V10 Pressure Ratio
85 107.5 110 1.05
90 113.8 115 1.02
Risk II Comparison
I = 1.00
90 113.8 115 1.02
100 126.5
110 139.1
120 151.8
130 164.4
140 177.1
150 189.7 52
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Risk Category II Comparison
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Risk Category II Comparison
Harlingen, TX
135/147 => 0.74
New Iberia, LA
111/136 => 0.94
Panama City, FL
128/134 => 0.68
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Miami, FL
143/168 => 0.86
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Risk Category II Comparison
Wilmington, NC
130/145 => 0.78
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Charleston, SC
130/147 => 0.80
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Risk Category II Comparison
Boston, MA
105/128 => 0.93
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Virginia Beach, VA
114/122 => 0.72
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V05 Calculated V10 Actual V10 Pressure Ratio
85 115.3 115 1.00
90 122.1 120 0.97
Risk III + IV ComparisonI = 1.15
90 122.1 120 0.97
100 135.6
110 149.2
120 162.8
130 176.3
140 189.9
150 203.5 57
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Risk Cat. III and IV Comparison
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Risk Cat. III and IV Comparison
Harlingen, TX
135/154 => 0.71
New Iberia, LA
111/147 => 0.95
Panama City, FL
128/144 => 0.69
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Miami, FL
143/180 => 0.86
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Risk Cat. III and IV Comparison
Wilmington, NC
130/154 => 0.76
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Charleston, SC
130/157 => 0.79
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Risk Cat. III and IV Comparison
Boston, MA
105/139 => 0.95
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Virginia Beach, VA
114/132 => 0.73
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V05 Calculated V10 Actual V10 Pressure Ratio
85 100.3 100 0.99
90 106.2 105 0.98
Risk I ComparisonI = 0.87 (0.77 V05 > 100)*
90 106.2 105 0.98
100 118
110* 122.1
120* 133.2
130* 144.3
140* 155.4
150* 166.5 62
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Risk Category I Comparison
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Risk Category I Comparison
Harlingen, TX
120/137 => 1.06
New Iberia, LA
111/126 => 1.05
Panama City, FL
128/123 => 0.75
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Miami, FL
143/156 => 0.97
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Risk Category I Comparison
Wilmington, NC
130/134 => 0.86
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Charleston, SC
130/132 => 0.84
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Risk Category I Comparison
Boston, MA
105/118 => 1.03
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Virginia Beach, VA
114/114 => 0.81
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Changes
� Importance Factor
� Wind Speed Maps
� Load Combinations� Load Combinations
� Change in Design Loads
� Minimum Loads
� Surface Roughness
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ASCE 7-05: Minimum Loads
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ASCE 7-10: Minimum Loads
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Changes
� Importance Factor
� Wind Speed Maps
� Load Combinations� Load Combinations
� Change in Design Loads
� Minimum Loads
� Surface Roughness
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ASCE 7-10 26.7.2
� Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with
scattered obstructions having heights generally
less than 30 ft. This category includes flat open
country and grasslands, and all water surfaces country and grasslands, and all water surfaces
in hurricane prone regions.
� Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas
and water surfaces outside hurricane prone
regions. This category includes smooth mud
flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
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ASCE 7-10 26.7.2
� Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with
scattered obstructions having heights generally
less than 30 ft. This category includes flat open
country and grasslands.country and grasslands.
� Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas
and water surfaces. This category includes
smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
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ASCE 7-10 26.7.2
� Coastal buildings may go from Exposure C to
Exposure Category D in ASCE 7-10
� Calculated velocity pressure may increase 15%-
20% for buildings 60 ft and less. 20% for buildings 60 ft and less.
� The percentage increase decreases as the building
gets taller to a minimum of about 10%.
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Kz Comparison: Table 27.3-1
z C D D/C
0-15 0.85 1.03 1.21
20 0.9 1.08 1.20
30 0.98 1.16 1.1830 0.98 1.16 1.18
40 1.04 1.22 1.17
50 1.09 1.27 1.16
60 1.14 1.31 1.15
90 1.24 1.41 1.14
120 1.32 1.48 1.12
180 1.43 1.59 1.11
300 1.59 1.73 1.09
500 1.78 1.9 1.0774
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Substantive Changes Summary
� No importance factor
� 3 Maps replace one
� Strength factors decreased� Strength factors decreased
� Design pressures generally unchanged
�Decreased in hurricane regions
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Roadmap
� Reorganization
� Substantive Changes
� New Items� New Items
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New Simplified Directional
Procedure
� Obtain pressures directly from a table
� Total shear and overturning compare very
wellwell
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Serviceability
� Appendix C – Serviceability Considerations
� NOT MANDATORY
� Commentary contains wind speed maps for:� Commentary contains wind speed maps for:
� 10-year MRI
� 25-year MRI
� 50-year MRI
� 100-year MRI
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New Appendix D
“Buildings Exempted from Torsional Wind
Load Cases “
�D1.1 One and Two Stories�D1.1 One and Two Stories
�D1.2 Controlled by Seismic Design
�D1.3 Torsionally Regular
�D1.4 Flexible Diaphragms
�D1.5 Chapter 27: Part 2 Exemptions
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New Natural Frequency
Calculation� For steel and concrete buildings
� Eliminates need for structural analysis
� Limitations� Limitations
�h ≤ 300 ft
�h ≤ 4xLeff
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IBC Adoption� ICC Website
http://www.iccsafe.org/gr/pages/adoptions.
aspx
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IBC Adoption� State or Jurisdiction List with Year
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Key Points
� Chapter 6 has been moved to Chapters 26
through 31
� Three new basic wind speed maps replace � Three new basic wind speed maps replace
single map
� Wind Speeds are higher but design loads
are likely unchanged
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Questions or Comments
Jason R. Ericksen, SE
Linkedin Profile
http://www.linkedin.com/in/jasonericksen
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Questions or Comments
http://www.linkedin.com/in/jasonericksen
IBC Adoption:
http://www.iccsafe.org/gr/pages/adoptions.
aspx
Wind Speeds:
http://www.atcouncil.org/windspeed/84
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ASCE 7-10: Modifications to Wind
Loading Requirements
By Jason Ericksen, SE
SE University, Month, Year www.LearnWithSEU.com
Loading Requirements