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How to write a scientificpaper
A/P Dr Tony Ng Kock Wai
IMU
(From 2012)
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Explain and discuss how to write a scientific paperwith regard to the following:
Choice of Journal to submit- Impact Factor,
Guidelines to contributorsStructure of a scientific paperHow to write each section of the paperTitle, abstract, author(s) and affiliation(s)IntroductionMaterials and Methods
ResultsDiscussionConclusion
AcknowledgementReferences
Ethics of publication (Conflict of interest, plagiarism)
Lesson Outcomes
At the end of tis lesson, the student should
be able to:
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Refer to your original ResearchProtocol submitted to the Research
& Ethics Committee for details
1.
HOW TO WRITE A SCIENTIFIC PAPER
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Study the “Guidelines
to contributors”
provided by the editor
of the Journal:manuscript format,
font size, spacinglength of paper
tables & figures,
format of references
3.
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4. Draft the scientific
paper
Usually a few drafts are required [with
input from co-author(s), supervisor] before
the final version is ready to be sent to the
editor of the Journal selected.
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Palm olein and olive oil exert similar
normocholesterolemic effects in healthy Malaysian
adults
Authors names:
Author A1, author B2, author C3
Authors’ affiliations:
1International Medical University (IMU), Department of Nutritionand Dietetics, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
3Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Correspondence to Authur A, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, IMU,
57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: +603-86567228, Fax: +603-86567229.
e-mail: [email protected]
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The Abstract-
write it AFTER you have
completed drafting the results,
discussion and conclusion!
The abstract should contain enough information on the
study, i.e. it should stand by itself (reflect the whole
study).
Common mistake- Abstract too brief, do not contain
enough info!
It should not have words such as :”details of the study
shall be presented, etc.!)
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Abstract- basically 2 types of format
Abstract
The authors examined the associations of dietary fat and specific types of
fat with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) among 78,778 US women
initially free of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in 1980. They
documented 1,766 incident CHD cases (including 1,241 nonfatal
myocardial infarctions and 525 CHD deaths) during 20 years of follow-up.
Polyunsaturated fat intake was inversely associated with CHD risk
(multivariate relative risk (RR) for the highest vs. the lowest quintile =0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.60, 0.92; ptrend = 0.004), whereas
trans-fat intake was associated with an elevated risk of CHD (RR = 1.33,
95% CI: 1.07, 1.66; ptrend = 0.01). The associations between intakes of
polyunsaturated fat and trans-fat with CHD risk were most evident among
women younger than age 65 years (for polyunsaturated fat, RR = 0.66,
95% CI: 0.50, 0.85; ptrend = 0.002 and for trans-fat, RR = 1.50, 95% CI:1.13, 2.00; ptrend = 0.01). The inverse association between
polyunsaturated fat intake and CHD risk was strongest among women
whose body mass index was ≥25 kg/m2. Findings continue to support an
inverse relation between polyunsaturated fat intake and CHD risk,
particularly among younger or overweight women. In addition, trans-fat
intake was associated with increased risk of CHD, particularly for youngerwomen.
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AbstractBackground: (Usually 1 to 2 lines only)
Objective: To investigate whether quantity or quality of dietary fatpredicts coronary heart disease (CHD) events in middle-aged type 2
diabetic subjects.
Methods: he dietary habits of 366 type 2 diabetic men and 295 women,
aged 45 –64 years and free from CHD, were assessed with a 53-item
food frequency questionnaire. They were followed up for 7 years.
Results: Men in the highest tertile of the polyunsaturated/saturated fat(P/S) ratio (>0.28) had a significantly lower risk for CHD death than men
in the two lowest tertiles (5.0 vs. 14.2%, P = 0.009). The risk for all CHD
events was 14.2 vs. 23.2%, respectively (P = 0.044). P/S ratio did not
predict CHD events in women. In Cox multiple regression analyses
taking into account other cardiovascular risk factors, the highest P/S
ratio tertile was associated with the lowest rate of CHD death in men (P
= 0.048).
Conclusions: Low P/S ratio in men predicted future CHD events in
type 2 diabetic subjects independently of conventional CHD risk factors.
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(Eg from Am J Cl in Nutr)
Authors ' contr ibut ions to manuscr ip t A description of the contribution of each author must be
provided in the Acknowledgment Section. Please usethe following descriptors:
designed research (project conception, development of
overall research plan, and study oversight);
conducted research (hands-on conduct of the experiments
and data collection);
provided essential reagents or provided essential
materials (applies to authors who contributed by providing
animals, constructs, databases, etc, necessary for
research);
analyzed data or performed statistical analysis;wrote paper (only authors who made a major contribution);
had primary responsibility for final content;
other (use only if categories above are not applicable;
describe briefly);
for single-authored papers, please state: The sole author
had responsibility for all parts of the manuscript.
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References, Tables, Figures
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Respond to reviewers’ comments.Important to comply if comments
valid!
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Why is referencing
important?Referencing or citing your sources is an important
part of academic writing. It lets you acknowledge
the ideas or words of others if you use them in your
work and helps avoid plagiarism.
Referencing also demonstrates that you've read
relevant backgound literature and you can provide
authority for statements you make in your
assignments.
The Harvard citation style can vary in minor
features such as punctuation, capitalisation,
abbreviations, and the use of italics.
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There are two components to referencing:
in-text citations in your paper and the reference listat the end of your paper.
The in-text citation:
Harvard is an 'author/date' system, so your in-text citation
consists of author(s) and year of publication.
In-text citation of a book (the same format applies for a
journal article)
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