Download - 2014 11 caast net entebbe
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How do the challenges of Climate Change, Food and Nutrition Security and Health affect each other
and what, in this context, is the role of R&D in providing sustainable and appropriate solutions?
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Small farms are the bedrock of development.
“Asia’s post-war miracle economies emerged by following a recipe with just three ingredients: land reform; export-led, state-backed manufacturing; and financial repression.
The process began with the ousting of the landlords. Feudal estates were broken up and divided among small farmers, who also received cheap credit and valuable advice.
Smallholder farming requires “grotesque” amounts of labour. But that is a good thing, because countries as poor as Taiwan or South Korea were in the 1950s have labour—and only labour—in abundance."
-- The Economist, July 2013
The same applies to today's LDCs.
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Who are we?
• One of the 15 CGIAR research centres
• employing about 500 scientists and other staff.
• We generate knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes
• We use this research to advance policies and practices that benefit the poor and the environment.
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Our HQ & regional research nodes
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We seek answers to this challenge:
“by 2050, we need to…
• Double world food production on ~ the same amount of land
• Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant to extreme weather, while…
• … massively reducing GHG emissions.”
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Our core business
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World Bank World Development Indicators
South Asia
0
500
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1500
2000
2500
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3500
4000
4500
5000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Kg
pe
r H
ec
tare
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America
East Asia
Malnutrition means not enough calories…
Cereal yields by region, 1960-2005
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… and a lack of micronutrients.
Modified after: Msangi and Rosegrant 2011. Feeding the Future’s Changing Diets.
Fruit & veg consumption
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So here’s a first answer.
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Malnutrion begets stunting…
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… which (co-)begets poverty.
Poverty rates by administrative region
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That brings undernourishment, which...
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… begets instability, deepening…
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… poverty.
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Poverty brings low literacy…
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… which especially afflicts women.
Fooddeserts.org
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Both bring high maternal mortality…
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… and high child mortality.
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Families react by having lots of children….
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…bringing huge pop growth rates.
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…exacerbating low literacy, which...
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… encourages poor agronomic practices…
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…of a kind needlessly sensitive to changing local climates…
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… that will affect Africa more than most.
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That will exacerbate huge yield gaps…
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… and thus bring more hunger…
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… and more instability.
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It’s the mother of all vicious circles.
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Oh, and lest we forget...
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Africa is huge.
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But… But… is it really ?
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Child mortality over time
1990 2012
UNICEF (2013), Rosen (2014)
Under-5 deaths/ 1,000 live births
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Food supply over time
1961 2009
FAOSTAT, Rosen (2014)
kCal/capita
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Literacy rate
Age 65+ Age 15-24
UNESCO, Rosen (2014)
Literacy rate per age cohort, latest data (2000-2012)
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So, nothing to worry about?
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Sadly, yes. Here’s why.
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Populations keep rising.
1950 2014 2100
UNESCO, Rosen (2014)
Population densities
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So do GHG emissions.
IPCC
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And that will have an impact.
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So what can R&D do?
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
DEF_UF_9000 DEF_UF_0010
Deforestation (Loss of UF)
Cambodia Indonesia VietnamChina_Yunnan Thailand MyanmarLaos Malaysia
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
DEF_NF_9000 DEF_NF_0010
Deforestation (Loss of UF + LOF)
Cambodia IndonesiaVietnam China_YunnanThailand Myanmar
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
DEF_NF_AF_9000 DEF_NF_AF_0010
Deforestation (Loss of NF + AF)
Cambodia Indonesia VietnamChina_Yunnan Thailand MyanmarLaos Malaysia
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
DEF_NF_AF_TREE_9000 DEF_NF_AF_TREE_0010
Deforestation (NF + AF + Tree)
Cambodia Indonesia VietnamChina_Yunnan Thailand MyanmarLaos Malaysia
Help define terms.
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Practices Production Resilience Mitigation
Soil fertility Nitrogen fertilizer (e.g. urea) ǂ +++ +/- -
Integrated nutrient mgmt. (e.g. banding, microdosing) ǂ ++ -
Reduced residue burning ɣ ++ + ++
Reduced tillage / no-till ɣ + + +
Green manures (reduced fallow) ɣ +++ ++
Fertilizer trees (e.g. Faidherbia albida) ɣ +++ +++ ++
Conservation agriculture (mulch, no-till, etc.) ɣ ++ ++ ++
Conservation ag with fertilizer trees ǂ +++ ++ +++
Grain, livestock, and fertilizer tree integrationǂ +++ ++ ++
Genetics Improved crop variety (breeding, engineering) ɣ ++ ++ +
Water use Water pumps for irrigation (petrol)ǂ +++ ++ --
Irrigation techniques (amount, timing, technology) ɣ ++ ++ +/-
Microcatchment (e.g. Zai pits, microbasins, terracing)ǂ ++ ++
Rainwater catchment, storage, delivery (e.g. farm ponds) ǂ ++ ++
Information Technology Planting date recommendations ɣ ++ ++
Sentinel warming systems (drought, pests) ɣ + ++
Africa: Maize-mixed Aggregated Assessment
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Does this work?
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(Hint: not terribly well)
Trees crowns buffer crops from storms, droughts
Trees roots help prevent waterlogging
Crop roots force tree roots deeper, helping shield trees from
droughts
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Small farms are the rule…
FAO, State of Food and Agriculture 2014
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… and they outperform large ones...
FAO, State of Food and Agriculture 2014
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Only 6% of R&D funding spent in Africa!
FAO, State of Food and Agriculture 2014
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Example: agroforestry
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yield (t/ha)
Maize only 1.30
Maize + fertilizer trees 3.05
Semi arid tropics: Malawi
Survey of >200 farms in six districts in 2011(Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje, Salima, Thyolo and Machinga)
Gliricidia, a leguminous coppice tree, interplanted with maize. The leaves are cut and turned over into the topmost soil layer, providing nitrogen and other nutrients.
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Humid tropic: Sumatra (Indonesia)
Rubber plantation Improved germplasm jungle rubber garden
Farm/plantation size 1,000 – 15,000 Ha 3 – 5 Ha
Income after costs Ha-1 Yr -1
(USD)~ 800 ~ 3,000
N° of value chains 1 > 10
Biodiversity ratio (compared to biodiversity of undisturbed local land)
~ 2% ~ 60%
Phytosanitation use High Low to nil
Social costs Medium to high Low to nil
Environmental costs Very high Low Leakey, 2012
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23
Sahel drylands: Kantché, Zinder (Niger)
350,000 people, rainfall ca. 350 mm / year, typical of Sahel drylands.
Annual district-wide grain surplus:
2007 21,230 tons drought year !2008 36,838 tons2009 28,122 tons2010 64,208 tons2011 13,818 tons drought year !
Why? More soil organic carbon, less erosion, windbreak effects, nitrogen (leguminous trees), deep soil nutrients transferred to crops through roots and leaf litter, distributed shade against heat shock, groundwater pump through taproot, better rainwater percolation, microclimatic effects…
Yamba & Sambo, 2012
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Commodity: oil palm agroforestry
• Annual crops 3-4 years (cassava, maize, short-cycle legumes)
• Fruit trees : cacao, açaí (euterpeoleracea), banana
• Timber, fertilizer trees
• Intense management, slash-and-mulch
• 3 x 6 ha plots
• Planted in early 2008
Plot 1 (81 plants/ha)
Plot 2 (99 pl/ha) Plot 3 (99 pl/ha) Moncrop (143 pl/ha)
8 tons ha-1 yr-1 6.4 tons ha-1 yr-1 8.7 tons ha-1 yr-1 5 tons ha-1 yr-1
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Key agroforestry metric: the Land Equivalency Ratio
Graves et al. (2007b)
Mead & Willeay (19080)
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Poplar-winter wheat, France
Final LER: 1.34
Cumulative yields (% of monocrop plots)
Time (% of tree lifetime)
Tree component
Wheat component
Combined yield
Source: C. Dupraz, F. Liagre, AGROOF
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Environmental LERs, too.
Forestry
Agroforestry
+ Forestry
Agriculture
Agriculture
Value of ecosystem services from tree and shrub component
Val
ue
of
eco
syst
em s
erv
ices
fro
m c
rop
, gr
ass
and
live
sto
ck c
om
po
nen
ts
Source: C. Dupraz, F. Liagre, AGROOF
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11
African farm facts
• Population growth has rendered fallowing impossible in many communities
• Land overuse is depleting soil organic matter, soil carbon and soil microbiology
• Consequently, across drylands Africa, soil fertility is dropping by 10-15% a year (Bunch, 2011)
• Deep poverty and logistical bottlenecks makes fertiliser unaffordable for most
• Funding for fertiliser subsidies is scarce and fickle
Where will soil fertility, soil organic matter and extreme weather resilience come from ?
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Faidherbia Albida in teff crop system in Ethiopia
From trees.
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Farmer plot management Sampling Frequency
Mean (Kg/Ha)
Standard error
Maize without fertiliser 36 1322 220.33
Maize with fertiliser 213 1736 118.95
Maize with fertiliser trees 72 3053 359.8
Maize with fertiliser trees & fertiliser 135 3071 264.31
2009/2010 season; data from 6 Malawian districts
Mwalwanda, A.B., O. Ajayi, F.K. Akinnifesi, T. Beedy, Sileshi G, and G. Chiundu 2010
Fertilizer trees can outperform NPK.
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Then...Zinder, Niger, 1980s
Trees can reclaim barren lands.
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... and now.Zinder, Niger, today.
These 5 million hectares of new agroforest
parklands are yielding
500,000 tonnes
more than before. (Reij, 2012)
Farmer-managed naturally regenerated leguminous tree parklands in millet/sorghum systems.
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Zambia: conservation agriculture with
Faidherbia
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Faidherbia Trial Results in Zambia
Maize yield - zero fertiliser (tons/ha)
2008 2009 2010
With Faidherbia 4.1 5.1 5.6
Without Faidherbia 1.3 2.6 2.6
Number of trials 15 40 40
Conservation Farming Unit, Zambia
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Simple
agroforestry
Advanced
Agroecology &
intrants
GMOs…
The yield gap lesson
Typical African yield
Simple AF yield
Typical EU yield
Advanced variety yield
Cro
p y
ield
(t
on
ne
s p
er
he
ctar
e)
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Impact of Policy Changes
Restrictive forest codes in the Sahel were beginning to be relaxed in Niger
so that trees planted or managed on farmers’ fields could remain the
property of the farmer and not revert to the government.
Galma, Niger 1975 2003
Source: World Vision Australia
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Nutrition issue. Where will micronutrients come from?
Modified after: Msangi and Rosegrant 2011. Feeding the Future’s Changing Diets.
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Goal 3. Improve nutrition security to
eliminate malnutrition and enhance
healthy and nutritious diets. Healthy
nutrition requires more than calories
provided by staple foods, especially for
young children. As dietary choices
change, new health issues emerge.
A. Genetically modified
staple food crops with
enhanced micronutrients
and vitamins.
B. Enhanced diversity of
food sources in an
agrodiversity approach
CGIAR system level objectives Competing Theories of Change
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Daily nutrient requirement
Macronutrients 5Carbohydrate 130gDietary Fiber 25gLinoleic Acid 12000mgAlpha-Linolenic
Acid 1100mgProtein 47g
Vitamins 14Vitamin A 500µg REVitamin C 50mgVitamin D 200IUVitamin E 15mgVitamin K 90µgThiamin 1.1mgRiboflavin 1.1mgNiacin 14mgVitamin B6 1.3mgFolate 400µgVitamin B12 2.4µgPantothenic
Acid 5mgBiotin 30µgCholine 425mg
Minerals 12Calcium 1000mgChromium 25µgCopper 0.9mgFlouride 3mgIodine 150µgIron 18mgMagnesium 320mgManganese 1.8mgMolybdenum 45µgPhosphorus 700mgSelenium 55µgZinc 8mg
Adult female, 31-50 years old, not pregnant or lactating, sedentary lifestyle
31 nutrients to be covered
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Agro-biodiversity for balanced diets
or 50 g cassava leavesor 70 g moringa leavesor 9 g red palm oilor 90 g butternutor 125 g mango (orange)
or 60 g sesame seedsor 70 g Grewia tenax
fruits
or 20 g guavaor 20 g baobab pulpor 30 g moringa leavesor 80 g mango
High agro-biodiversity = diverse, balanced diets
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Species name Jan Feb Mar April May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Vit C Vit ALantana camaraCarica papaya + +++Mangifera indica + +++Musa x paradisiacaEriobotrya japonica +++Morus alba (+)Tamarindus indicaSyzygium spp. +++Annona reticulata (+)Psidium guajava +++ +Punica granatumCasimiroa edulis (+)Vangueria madagascariensisCitrus limon +Citrus sinensis +Vitex payos +++Persea americanaPassiflora edulis +Pappea capensisBalanites aegyptiaca (+)Carissa edulisAvailable species 2 4 6 4 4 5 4 2 3 1 2 2
Hunger gap
Fruit tree portfolio for vitamin supply
Vitamin A and C supply possible year-round
Cultivation of 8-13 fruit tree species
ICRAF, Machakosbaseline data (2014, EC Fruit Project)
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Obvious mitigation need.
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Obvious mitigation potential
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Mbow (2012)
Mitigation potential of various AF systems
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SOC stocks in the mid Yala, western Kenya. The effect of cloud is masked as no data
Mapping SOC Stocks using high resolution (QuickBird) satellite image
A landscape level SOC stocks mapping can be
made using medium resolution satellite imagery such as ASTER and Landsat
Mapping soil organic carbon
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95% correlation between sat and lab
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Arbitrary mitigation/adaptation distinction.Improved carbon sink management
[M] Minimized deforestation andforest degradation
[M]
Improved adaptive capacity of the society
[A]
Diminished releaseof GHG to the
Atmosphere [M]
Improvedlivelihood [A]
Sustainableforest
management [M]
Reduced loss of soil carbon stock
[M]
Enhances carbonsinks [M]
Afforestation andreforestation [M]
Biodiversityconservation [A]
Agroforestry[M] [A]
Soil and waterconservation [A]
Better landscape management [M] [A]
Improved agricultural
productivity [A]
Enhanced ecosystemservices and goods
availability [A]
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Wanted: heat buffering
WheatMaize
T° (C)
C3/C4 plant productivity vs. T°
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Microclimatic effect of canopy shade
Source: CIMMYT
Lower T° extends the crops’ grain-filling period.
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Maize-mixed: Aggregated Assessment
82
Practices Production Resilience Mitigation
Soil fertility Nitrogen fertilizer (e.g. urea) ǂ +++ +/- -
Integrated nutrient mgmt. (e.g. banding, microdosing) ǂ ++ -
Reduced residue burning ɣ ++ + ++
Reduced tillage / no-till ɣ + + +
Green manures (reduced fallow) ɣ +++ ++
Fertilizer trees (e.g. Faidherbia albida) ɣ +++ +++ ++
Conservation agriculture (mulch, no-till, etc.) ɣ ++ ++ ++
Conservation ag with fertilizer trees ǂ +++ ++ +++
Grain, livestock, and fertilizer tree integrationǂ +++ ++ ++
Genetics Improved crop variety (breeding, engineering) ɣ ++ ++ +
Water use Water pumps for irrigation (petrol)ǂ +++ ++ --
Irrigation techniques (amount, timing, technology) ɣ ++ ++ +/-
Microcatchment (e.g. Zai pits, microbasins, terracing)ǂ ++ ++
Rainwater catchment, storage, delivery (e.g. farm ponds) ǂ ++ ++
Information Technology Planting date recommendations ɣ ++ ++
Sentinel warming systems (drought, pests) ɣ + ++
Africa: Maize-mixed Aggregated Assessment
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Soil biota density under crops compared with agroforestryNumber per m2 (Barrios et al 2012)
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Soil biota density under crops compared with agroforestryNumber per m2 (Barrios et al 2012)
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Local water buffering
Trees crowns buffer crops from storms, droughts
Trees roots help prevent waterlogging
Crop roots force tree roots deeper, helping shield trees from
droughts
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Water buffering and woody biomass
The lower tree roots in the AF system explain why woody biomass is higher than in pure forests: the trees are less exposed to water stress.
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Other adaptation effects
• Better use of light and water resources: land equivalency ratios > 1
• Crop yields: more soil organic matter, better plant nutrient availability
• Livestock farming: more on-land fodder, shelter
• Extreme weather resilience: roots pump water, trees can shade crops from excess heat, windbreaks
• Insurance function (old age…): timber sales offer one-off cash income
• Income diversification: crops, biomass, fodder, timber, fruits, nuts, C credits…
• Higher biodiversity: fewer niches for pests, more niches for pest predators
• Soil restoration: more SOC, richer soil microbiology, enhanced percolation, less erosion, less degradation
• Water capture: better water retention and percolation, less runoff
• More rainfall? evapotranspiration is the source for most rainfall in the Sahel, other regions.
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van der Ent RJ, Savenije HHG, Schaefli B, Steele‐ Dunne SC, 2010. Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents. Water Resources Research 46, W09525,
E/P
Pfrom Et/P
As plants prefer one of the naturally available isotopes of oxygen, it’s easy to measure if rain evaporated from the oceans or from plants.
P = precipitationP from Et = P from evapotranspirationE = evaporation
Much rain does not originate from the seas.
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Global water management
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Deforesting Myanmar
will reduce rainfall in
China
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Some things trees give to the land
• Soil restoration: – more SOC, richer soil microbiology,
enhanced percolation, less erosion, less degradation
• Soil fertility: – more SOC, more N if legumes,
nutrient pump
• Increased carbon accumulation– 6-10 tons of CO2-eq. per hectare per
year are common
• Higher biodiversity: – fewer niches for pests, more niches
for pest predators
• Lower input requirements: – fewer pesticides, fewer fertilisers
• Higher productivity: – better use of water, nutrients, light
• Better, crop yields: – more soil organic matter, better plant
nutrient availability, protective microclimate
• Better nutrition:– fruits, fodder, multi-crop system
support
• Livestock farming: – more dry season fodder availability
• Weather resilience: – roots pump water, trees offer shade
and windbreaks
• Insurance: – in hard times, farmers can sell timber
• Income diversification: – crops, fuel, fodder, timber, fruits
• Health: – nutrition, medicinal barks and leaves
• Energy resources: – fuelwood, charcoal
• Reduced deforestation: – more tree products sourced off-
forest
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Intensive agriculture Agroecological systems
The sustainability transition
Yield range
Net income
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How do we get there?
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Natural
Forest
4.1 billion ha
Crop
Land
1.5 billion ha
Pasture &
Rangelands
3.4 billion ha
Wetlands
1.3 billion ha
Deserts
1.9 billion ha
Planted
forests
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Agriculture
Forestry
Environment
Is this the best way to achieve..
• Productivity/Income ?• Sequestration/Mitigation ?• Reduced emissions ?• Resilience/Adaptation ?
CSA
REDD+PES
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Integrate Segregate
Agroforests
Fields, Forests & Parks
Pla
nta
tio
ns
Fiel
ds,
fallo
w, f
ore
st m
osa
ic
re
-a
nd
aff
ore
sta
tio
nd
efo
rest
ati
on
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Time (years)
Research(building of knowledge)
Development(application of knowledge)
Old Impact Pathway Paradigm
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Research(building of knowledge)
Development(proof of application &
application of knowledge)
Time (years)
New Impact Pathway Paradigm
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The African Union’s 2nd Drylands Declaration
"RECOMMEND AND PROPOSE that the drylands
development community, through the African Union, and all
collaborating and supporting organizations, commit
seriously to achieving the goal of enabling EVERY farm
family and EVERY village across the drylands of Africa to
be practicing Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration and Assisted Natural Regeneration by the year 2025."
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African Union Strategy to End Hunger by 2025
Targeting to scale-up Fertilizer Tree Technologies to tens of millions of farmers during the coming decade. This could enable 7 billion “fertilizer plants” on farmers’ fields during the next decade.
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The Malabo Declaration of African Heads of State - June 2014
«We commit to...ensure that by 2025, at least 30% of our farm households in Africa are resilient to climate-related risks.»
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EU policy changes
• 2013 Common Agricultural Policy:– 1305/2013 Article 23 pillar 2: Establishment of
agroforestry systems.
• Climate Change 2030 Policy Framework Communication: – 4.2 Agriculture and land use:
“For example, emissions are associated with livestock production and fertilizer use while grassland management or agro-forestry measures can remove CO2 from the atmosphere.”
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If this is the
future…
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… then why this?
Investment in
conventional agriculture
Investment in agroforestry
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Well, to some this list….
• Soil restoration: – more SOC, richer soil microbiology,
enhanced percolation, less erosion, less degradation
• Soil fertility: – more SOC, more N if legumes,
nutrient pump
• Increased carbon accumulation– 2-10 tons of CO2-eq. per hectare per
year are common
• Higher biodiversity: – More niches for pest predators
• Lower input requirements: – fewer pesticides, fewer fertilisers
• Higher productivity: – better use of water, nutrients, light
• Better, crop yields: – more soil organic matter, better plant
nutrient availability, protective microclimate
• Better nutrition:– fruits, fodder, multi-crop system
support
• Livestock farming: – fodder , shelter
• Weather resilience: – roots pump water, trees offer shade
and windbreaks
• Insurance & savings: – One off timber sales
• Income diversification: – crops, fuel, fodder, timber, fruits
• Reduced deforestation: – more tree products sourced off-
forest
• Flood control & water recharge:– Marketable environmental service
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… sounds too good to be true.
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53
For more information
Mobile +32 495 24 46 11
Land +32 2 351 6829
www.worldagroforestrycentre.org