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Musculoskeletal Biomechanics BIOEN 520 | ME 527
Session 17A Test ConsideraAons
and LimitaAons
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Review: Sessions 8-‐16...!
• Intro to cell biomechanics...
• Structure-‐FuncAon-‐ProperAes of Musculoskeletal Structures... Bone, ligaments, tendons, car1lage, & muscle
• Anatomy and Biomechanics of Joints and Joint Systems... Spine, hip, knee, shoulder, elbow/wrist, and foot/ankle
• Intro to biostats...
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Session 17A Discussion QuesAon...!
[Q]: During Session 2B, we discussed a number of important test consideraAons when planning biomechanical experiments… What addiAonal factors should we consider and why?
Hints: 1) Follow this LINK 2) The figure below... 3) See S17 handout…
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ConsideraAons discussed in Session 2B!
[Q]: What were some of the test consideraAons we discussed during Session 2B?
• Research quesAon (hypothesis) / study design
• Biomechanical parameters of interest
• Experimental model (live, cadaver, animal, etc.)
• Environment (temp, humidity, etc.)
• Controls (age, gender, etc.)
• Addi$onal Factors???
S2B
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“Other” TesAng ConsideraAons...!
[Q]: Based on the “hints” given, what other factors should be considered?
• Model selecAon & inclusion/exclusion criteria Affects the validity and applicability (“generalizability”) of our tests results…
• Safety of the subjects and researchers
• Cost of Assues and running experiments (Ame and $)
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Model ConsideraAons...!
We’ve discussed numerous model choices… • Live human volunteers • Post-‐mortem humans (PMHS) • Live animals • Post-‐mortem animals • Non-‐biologic models
Physical
ComputaAonal
• AnalyAcal/mathemaAcal models • Inverse dynamics models • M-‐S/Forward dynamics models • Finite element models
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Model ConsideraAons...!
[Q]: Can you think of examples of when model selecAon and inclusion/exclusion criteria might affect the validity/applicability of our test results?
• Age • Gender • Height/Weight • Pre-‐exisAng pathologies
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• Advantages Physiologic human response Subject feedback (quesAonnaire)
• Disadvantages (limitaAons) Can’t test to injurious (or high risk) levels Can be difficult to instrument Can’t directly measure internal forces/strains IRB approval required (privacy/confidenAality)
Model ConsideraAons (Human Volunteers)...!
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Historical Example: Colonel John Paul Stapp (1910-‐1999) Conducted acceleraAon tolerance tesAng on himself.
Exposed to over 35 Gs (…much higher than the generally accepted tolerance of 18 Gs)
Commanded to stop aper personally experiencing broken ribs, broken wrist, concussions, “white-‐outs,” “red-‐outs,” etc.
Ran his final (29th) rocket sled test on Dec 10, 1954. Sled reached a peak velocity of 632 mph and peak accel of 46.2 Gs.
Model ConsideraAons (Human Volunteers)...!
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Model ConsideraAons (Human Volunteers)...!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4tuvOer_GI
632 mph sled test...
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Model ConsideraAons (Human Volunteers)...!
Restraint System Example: US Air Force Research Labs Restraint system tests usually performed using dummies (lep), but AFRL able to perform human volunteer tesAng (right)
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• Advantages Can test to injurious/high risk levels Can dissect to level of inquiry Beser fixaAon of instrumentaAon
• Disadvantages (limitaAons) No neurologic or physiologic response Cell death and Assue property changes Can be expensive Biosafety risks to researcher
Model ConsideraAons (Human Cadavers)...!
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Examples: Obtain Assue properAes for devices
QuanAfy injury tolerance levels
Examine device performance
Evaluate surgical procedures
Model ConsideraAons (Human Cadavers)...!
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• Advantages TesAng of new devices while maintaining physiologic funcAon (e.g., biocompaAbility)
No privacy/confidenAality issues
• Disadvantages (limitaAons) Difficult to relate findings to humans Cost of animal husbandry InfecAous diseases Need IACUC approval Protest groups
Model ConsideraAons (Live Animals)...!
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Examples: • Evaluate implanted medical devices (Bryan disc before human
trials)
• Determine threshold for neurologic injury (MEP/SEP)
Model ConsideraAons (Live Animals)...!
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• Advantages TesAng of high risk/injurious levels possible Less expensive (…than live/humans) No privacy/confidenAality issues Can dissect to level of inquiry necessary Younger Assues more readily available
• Disadvantages (limitaAons) Not human No physiologic response InfecAous diseases Protest groups
Model ConsideraAons (Animal Cadavers)...!
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Examples: • Using immature primates to predict pediatric human
Assue properAes.
Model ConsideraAons (Animal Cadavers)...!
Mechanics of human pediatric C-‐spine
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Baboon Data (Child-to-Adult)
Human Adult
Human Child
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• Issues working with cadaver Assues? Biosafety (blood-‐borne pathogens) Tissue availability (esp. humans) Effects of death on Assue of interest Storage Issues (embalmed/fresh-‐frozen) Cost (esp. humans)
Model ConsideraAons (Cadavers in general)!
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Van Ee et al., J Biomech Eng 2000
8 15 36 72 26 Hours
No-‐Load Strain
Modulus
8 15 36 72 26 Hours
0
0
Model ConsideraAons (Cadavers in general)!
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Ligament
Internal Organs
CarAlage Minimal
Major Brain, Spinal cord
Muscle
Bone
RelaAve Im
pact of Freeze-‐Thaw
Cycle
Model ConsideraAons (Cadavers in general)!Freeze-‐Thaw Effects
Tendon
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Model ConsideraAons (Cadavers in general)!
Spinal Cord
Freeze-‐Thaw Effects
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• Advantages Repeatability InstrumentaAon No biohazard risk
• Disadvantages (limitaAons) May lack biofidelity IniAal cost
Model ConsideraAons (Non-‐biologic physical models)!
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Examples: Crash test dummies, helmet headforms, etc.)
Anatomical models (e.g. Sawbones)
RepresentaAve materials (plasAc, foam, rubber, etc.) to answer the biomechanical quesAon
Model ConsideraAons (Non-‐biologic models)!
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Chin
Wind stream
Tensile forces induced in neck
by windblast
Case Study: Using two models...!
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C2-‐C3 DislocaAon
Case Study: Using two models...!
ATD PMHS
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• Lab CerAficaAon / Personnel Training Biosafey Level-‐2 (BSL-‐2) for bloodborne pathogens
• Universal PrecauAons Always assume Assue is a potenAal hazard
• Wear PPE appropriate for protocol scrubs lab coat gloves eye protecAon head covering footwear respirator lead shielding face shield etc.
Biosafety…!
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• Tips… Don’t be in a hurry If you get frustrated, take a break Don’t work alone
Biosafety…!
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Costs of Biomechanical Research…!
• Examples… Post-‐mortem animal — free-‐$50 + storage and disposal fees
Live human tesAng — compensaAon for parAcipaAon ($25-‐100) + IRB
Post-‐mortem human — $100-‐$5000 + storage and disposal fees
Live animal tesAng — husbandry costs up to $32/day (approx. $11,800/yr) + fees
Anthropomorphic Test Devices — >$100,000 for fully instrumented dummy
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Animal Approx cost per year
Mouse $380 Rat $1,000
Rabbit $1,300 Cat $9,000 Dog $9,300 Pig $11,800
* Doesn’t include veterinary fees, iniAal cost of animal, or processing fees
Costs of Biomechanical Research…!UW Animal Husbandry Costs