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2017 STATE OF AIR REPORT AND NATIONAL AIR QUALITY INDICATOR
Session 1.3
Monday, 02 October 2017
Dr Thuli N. Khumalo
National Air Quality Officer
12th Air Quality Governance Lekgotla
Cedar Woods – Sandton, Gauteng Province
02 – 03 October 2017
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Outline of the Presentation
• 2017 State of Air Report in South Africa
• State of Ambient Monitoring in 2016
• South African Air Quality – Comparison with International
Examples
• New Development in AQ Monitoring
• Conclusions
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Objective • To provide an overview of the 2017 State of Air Quality (2005-2016);
• Data presented is from networks that met minimum data requirements:
oMajor Metropolitans
o Western Cape Province;
oNational Priority Areas;
oRichards Bay Clean Air Association;
o Sasol and Eskom; and
o COEGA ambient air quality monitoring stations,
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Why DEA Presents the State of Air Report
• To enable the people of South Africa to make an assessment of the air
quality on the basis of their right to an environment (air – in this case) that
is not harmful to their health and well-being;
• To generate the necessary passion for ALL people to jointly improve and/or
preserve the state of air quality where need be;
• For government to:
o First know what we are managing (to measure is to know); and to
oAssess the efficacy of our interventions and improve as necessary, among others.
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Ambient air pollution
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• Multiple sources of pollutions – low level and aloft • Multiple impacts of pollutions – health, ecosystem (deposition), agriculture (ozone and SO2), water,
materials, visibility, climate. • Indoor air pollution not shown here potential for large health impact with domestic fuel use
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The 2017 State of Air Report Entails...
•Annual averages of PM10, PM2.5 and SO2 data from
2005 to 2016
•The National Air Quality Indicator (measure of the efficacy of policy interventions)
•Data from some stations have been excluded due to low data recovery – in order to compare “apples with apples”
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Monitoring Networks Included • Cape Town
• eThekwini
• Johannesburg (Low data recovery)
• Ekurhuleni (Low data recovery)
• Tshwane (No data since 2015) - instruments were not serviced and calibrated since December 2014
• Vaal Triangle Priority Area
• Highveld Priority Area
• Waterberg Priority Area
• Provinces: oWestern Cape oNorth West is excluded due to Low data recovery o KwaZulu-Natal (No data ) since 2013
• Eskom, Sasol, COEGA and Richards Bay Clean Air Association
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75%
75%
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Cape Town
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Cape Town
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Western Cape
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Western Cape
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eThekwini
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eThekwini
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Richards Bay Clean Air Association
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Richards Bay Clean Air Association
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Eskom
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Eskom
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Sasol
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Sasol
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Declared Priority Area Networks
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A Map of the National Priority Areas
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Vaal Triangle Priority Area
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VTAPA PM10 Seasonal Cycles
DIEPKLOOF KLIPRIVER SEBOKENG
SHARPVILLE THREE RIVERS ZAMDELA
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Vaal Triangle Priority Area
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VTAPA PM2.5 Seasonal Cycles DIEPKLOOF KLIPRIVER SEBOKENG
SHARPVILLE THREE RIVERS ZAMDELA
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Vaal Triangle Priority Area
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VTAPA SO2 Seasonal Cycles DIEPKLOOF KLIPRIVER SEBOKENG
SHARPVILLE THREE RIVERS ZAMDELA
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Highveld Priority Area
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HPA PM10 seasonal variations Ermelo Hendrina Middleburg
Secunda Witbank
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Highveld Priority Area
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HPA PM2.5 seasonal variations
Ermelo Hendrina Middleburg
Secunda Witbank
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Highveld Priority Area
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HPA SO2 seasonal variations
Ermelo Hendrina Middleburg
Secunda Witbank
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Waterberg Priority Area
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Waterberg Priority Area
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Waterberg Priority Area
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National Air Quality Indicator
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National Air Quality Indicator
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International Examples: How South Africa Compares
•Looking at 2 countries: oAir pollution reduction/improvements in the United
Kingdom oAir pollution reduction/improvements in the United
States of America
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Air pollution reduction/improvements in the United States of America: SO2
Graphs from Prof Rebecca Garland: [email protected]
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Air pollution reduction/improvements in the United States of America: PM2.5
Graphs from Prof Rebecca Garland: [email protected]
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Air pollution reduction/improvements in the United Kingdom: SO2
UK Smoke & SO2: Annual Mean Concentrations at all
National Survey and Basic Urban Network sites
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40
60
80
100
120
140
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EU Incineration Directives
Euro 1 standards for vehicle
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Graphs from Mike Holland: [email protected]
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Air pollution reduction/improvements in the United Kingdom: PM10
2
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Clean AirActs 1956, 68Controls on
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EU Large Combustion Plant
Directive
North SeaGas introduced 1st EU
titanium dioxide
directive
Unleadedpetrol
1st EU DirectiveOn S content of Liquid fuels
Minersstrike
First EUvehicle emission
Directive
IPPC DirectiveClean Air
For Europe Directive
EU Incineration Directives
Euro 1 standards for vehicle
emissionsEU vehicle fuels
Directive
Liberalisationof UK energy market
Euro 6standards for vehicle
emissions
Euro 5standards for vehicle
emissions
Euro 4standards for vehicle
emissions
Euro 3standards for vehicle
emissions
Euro 2standards for vehicle
Emissions,IPC
Directive
Industrial EmissionsDirective
Graphs from Mike Holland: [email protected]
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47
Positive trends in management and air quality
• Scientists have tendency to point out gaps and issues
• South Africa have the tools to improve air pollution
• Improving air quality is difficult. It is an on-going process that needs continuous effort
– Technical knowledge
– Sustained support
– “invisible”
– Involvement of many stakeholders
• Real benefits to improving AQ across
sectors (health, agriculture, ecosystems,
climate, water, infrastructure)
• Complex situation: Diversity of sources and
understanding the counterfactual scenario
(M&E includes monitoring and
modelling)
• Research can assist to provide evidence
base for effective decision-making
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Slide from Prof Rebecca Garland: [email protected]
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Authorities’ Response: New Developments in AQ Monitoring
• Air Quality Monitoring Strategy o In principle this strategy seeks to provide GUIDANCE for effective air quality monitoring in
South Africa; o This strategy will also provide GUIDANCE on areas where ambient air quality monitoring
should be conducted.
• NAQI Stations Project o DEA identified a FIXED number of stations measuring PM10 and SO2 from 2015 have
been identified for the reporting of the NAQI; o Forty-three (43) stations have been selected for the NAQI reporting; o These NAQI stations represent the full spectrum of the National Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring Network (NAAQMN) stations characterised by Industrial, Urban, Residential, Traffic etc.
• Launch of the Upgraded SAAQIS – Wednesday o Live reporting of the State of Air o Data available to all users in different platforms including applications
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Conclusions – 2017 State of Air Report • PM is still the greatest national cause for concern in terms of air quality due
to numerous pollution sources but climatic conditions are also a major factor;
• Continued and increased national provincial and local action is required in order to bring particulate concentrations down to acceptable levels;
• Many South Africans may be breathing air that is harmful to their health and well-being especially in the priority areas;
• More effort must be put by authorities to resuscitate the NAAQMN – NAQI stations will assist in certain areas; and
• Even with all of this, international examples are showing us that we are in the right path towards pollution reduction, however, major policy shifts in all areas and in particular in the energy, mining and transport sectors are critical to achieve clean air goals.
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WELCOME TO THE 12th AIR QUALITY GOVERNANCE
LEKGOTLA - 2017!!!