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DO TRY THIS AT HOME!Emerging commercial brewery techniques that you can apply to your homebrew
Kate Steblenko, Jack’s Abby Craft LagersSpringdale Barrel RoomJune 21, 2018
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Temperature Effects
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STRAIN MATTERS!
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Lager
W-34/70S. pastoranus
“Bottom fermenting”
● Coldest fermentation○ Caves, cellars○ Distinct lagering phase○ Steam beer
● Limited ester production○ Intentional
● Limit yeast flavor● Flocculation● Highest pitch rate
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IPA
US-05 (Chico)Burlington Ale (Conan?)
LalBrew New England AleS-04?
● Wide range of esters○ Very strain dependent○ NEIPAs usually use a Conan
variety● Highly influenced by
temperature● Warm = more esters● DIacetyl production● Differing flocculation
○ Haze???● Hopping effects
○ More on that later
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BelgianWit
Wyeast 1388WLP570WLP550WLP400
Wyeast 3522
● Warmest fermentation○ Free rise
● Most oxygen (warmer liquid needs more gas)
○ Pure oxygen if you can● Lowest pitch rate
○ **Stress the yeast!● Stressed yeast create esters● High alcohol tolerance● Huge variety in strains
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Strain Dependent● Lager
○ Prefers cellar/cave temperatures
■ 50-55F○ Warmer = faster, but little
flavor development● IPA
○ Tropical, fruity○ 60-70
● Hefeweizen● Belgian
○ Warm fermentation encourages ester production
○ Massive variety with large strain variety
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Over Attenuation
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Hops Aren’t Just Hops
● Hops contain a variety of enzymes
○ Amyloglucosidase○ Alpha-amylase○ Beta-amylase○ Limit-dextrinase
● So?○ Dextrins!○ Fermentables○ Yeast in solution still?
● Bottling?○ BOOM
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Factors Influencing Over Attenuation● Time
○ After dryhopping○ Post packaging
● Concentration○ Hops○ Yeast
● Temperature○ During fermentation/dryhopping○ Conditioning/storage
● Strain○ Hops○ Yeast
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New Dry Hopping Techniques
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Biotransformation
Biochemical changes to hop compounds through contact
with actively fermenting yeast
● Compounds● Yeast● Time
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Not all hop compounds are created equal● Not all hop compounds can be
biotransformed
YES → some monoterpene alcohols
NO → major hop oil terpenoids
Geraniol Rose, Citrus
Linalool (S) Floral, Fresh
(R) Wood, Lavender, Coriander
(S)(+)Linalool (R)(-)Linalool14
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Geraniol and Ales
Citronellol - sweet, rose, citrus, green
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Nerol - green, fresh
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Alpha-terpineol - lilac, peaches
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Geraniol and Lagers
Citronellol - sweet, rose, citrus, green
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Nerol - green, fresh
Linalool - fruity, tropical, fruit loops, candy
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Alpha-terpineol - lilac, peaches
Geranyl acetate - floral, fruity, rose, ester!
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Citronellyl acetate - ester! Floral, green, rose, citrus, woody, tropical fruit
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Linalool and Ales
Alpha-terpineol - lilac, peaches
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Nerol - green, fresh
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Linalool and Lagers
Alpha-terpineol - lilac, peaches
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Geraniol - rose, citrus
Nerol - green, fresh26
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In Summary
● Citronellol ○ Slightly more produced in ales○ Slight decrease over time in
lagers● Linalool
○ Steady rates in both yeasts, then decline after 11 days
○ Less overall production in lagers
○ Nerol acts similarly● Some esters produced in lagers
○ Geranyl acetate○ Citronellyl acetate
● Fewer products detected● Ɑ-terpineol
○ Formed steadily in both yeasts
○ No sign of plateau or dropoff in 14 days
● Geraniol/nerol○ Small quantities formed○ Faster in lager than ale
Geraniol Linalool
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Potential pathway for biotransformation by lager yeast - suggests possible additional “ester synthase” gene
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Presence of Nerol and Geraniol in ale yeast biotransformations suggest possible reversal of pathway
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• Brewing and beer fermentation present a rapidly changing environment for yeast
• Nutrients
• Ethanol
• Aerobic anaerobic
• Heat
• Pressure
• One experience does not write the book
• Huge avenues for research in the future
Note
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• Rapidly growing research field
• Experiment for yourselves!
• Hops before knock-out?
• Hops on day 1?
• Hops after fermentation?
• Hoppy beer landscape is constantly changing
• (Future) Resource – Scott Janish, The New IPA: Scientific Guide to Hop Aroma Flavor
• Check out his blog!
Practical Application – Timing Matters
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Thank Yous and Questions● Biotransformation of hop aroma terpenoids by ale and lager yeasts
○ Andrew King, J. Richard Dickinson● Allagash
○ Zach Bodah○ Oregon State
Kate SteblenkoLab Manager
Jack’s Abby Craft Lagers, Springdale Barrel Room
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