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2019 MWEA IPP SeminarCity of Kalamazoo
PFAS Case Study – Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant
Presentation by Steve Rochow
Environmental Compliance Specialist
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City of Kalamazoo
Located in Southwest Michigan
POTW: Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant (KWRP)
Service 22 different municipalities
Service Population: 230,000 people
Collection System: 900 miles of pipes
KWRP discharges to the Kalamazoo River
Non-Drinking Water Stream
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City of KalamazooKalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant
Daily Average Flow:
26 MGD
Design Flow:
53.5 MGD
Primary Treatment: Physical Settling
Secondary Treatment: Activated Sludge with Powder Activated Carbon addition
Tertiary Treatment:
Sand Filter and Chlorination
Solids Handling:
Landfill
Treatment Time
Influent-Effluent:
24 hours
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City of KalamazooIndustrial Pretreatment Program
COK IPP established in 1985
Currently has 31 Significant Industrial Users
22 Categorical Industrial Users
4.5 MGD from SIU
17% of Plant Influent
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MDEQ Letter February 20, 2018PFAS Source Evaluation and Reduction Requirements
Potential Significant Sources of PFOS & PFOA
Conduct Initial Screening
• Metal Finishers – especially platers
• Landfills - Tanneries, Fabric/leather treaters, Paper manufactures
• Contaminated Sites - Firefighting foam, Metal Finishing Waste, Water/Stain repellent treatment chemicals
• Centralized Waste Treatment Facilities
• Any other industrial users that use, or have used, the PFAS-containing chemicals
City of Kalamazoo established a list of 34 industrial users with 38 sample locations
All SIU but 3 facilities – haul process waste off-site
Approved by MDEQ PFAS Specialist
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MDEQ Letter February 20, 2018PFAS Source Evaluation and Reduction Requirements
Potential Significant Sources of PFOS & PFOA
Develop a Sample Plan
Fleis & Vandenbrink
Special Thanks Jim Brode & Amber Jane Schneider
Sample Plan approved by MDEQ
Perform Source Monitoring
34 Industrial Users
38 Sample Locations
Sampled over 4 days
April 11, 12, 13 & 17, 2018
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Ladies and Gentlemen, The story you are about to see (hear) is true. The names of the industries have been changed to protect the innocent. Sample Codes are used.
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Industrial User Summary
• PFOA – No Industrial User above 12,000 ng/L • Highest PFOA 230 ng/L (Landfill)
• PFOS – 22 out of 38 sample locations were non-detect (58%)
• PFOS – 6 out of 38 sample locations were equal or below 12 ng/L (16%)
• PFOS – 10 out of 38 sample locations were 13 ng/L or greater (26%)• 1 Metal Finishing Plater
• 2 Paper Manufactures
• 2 Landfills (Capped) – One landfill has two monitoring locations
• 2 Aluminum Forming/Extrusion/Anodizing
• 2 Remediation Sites
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Industrial User Group-Metal Finishers• Sample Code 40 CFR PFOA PFOS
• AFC 433.17 ND ND
• ACU 433.17 ND 3.7
• BEN 433.17 ND ND
• BL1 433.15 ND 2.1
• BL2 433.15 ND 3.6
• KTF 433.17 2.7 ND
• KPP2 433.17 ND ND
• PN1 433.15 ND ND
• STP2 433.17 ND ND
• WC2 433.17 ND ND
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Industrial User Group
• Industrial Group Sample Code PFOA PFOS
• Aluminum Forming/Extrusion• KSA1 4.5 17
• Extrusion/Anodizing• BWS ND 76
• Metal Platers• KMF 3.3 ND• LIK2 ND 30
• Brewery• BELL ND ND
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Industrial User Groups• Industrial Groups Sample Code PFOA PFOS
• Pharmaceutical Facilities
• UJB ND 3.4
• UJK ND ND
• ZOE1 ND ND
• Commercial Laundries
• CLS ND ND
• DLS 60 ND
• DPU ND ND
• TEX 24 ND
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Industrial User Groups
• Industrial Group Sample Code PFOA PFOS
• Paper Manufacturers
• JRC ND 150
• GBP2 ND 20
• ARC 10 9.7
• HEX ND 10
• Chemical Manufactures
• AC1 ND ND
• KSC ND ND
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Industrial User Groups
• Industrial Groups Sample Code PFOA PFOS
• Landfills KVG 200 61
MDS 230 94
MDS2 210 410
• Remediation Sites STC ND ND
HMH 170 110
PPP3C ND 8000
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PFOS Loadings
• Sample Code Conc.(ng/L) Flow (GPD) Loading (lbs/day)
• PPP3C 8000 85,392 0.005697354 79%
• JRC 150 826,000 0.001033326 14%
• MDS2 410 110,465 0.000377724 5%
• BWS 76 114,660 0.000072676 1%
• MDS 94 32,914 0.000025803 <1%
• HMH 110 16,291 0.000014945 <1%
• KSA1 17 28,362 0.000004021 <1%
• LIK2 30 14,000 0.000003503 <1%
• GBP2 20 14,925 0.000002489 <1%
• KVG 61 3,435 0.000001748 <1%
• Total 0.007233590
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KWRP Influent & Effluent Monitoring
• Date Influent Date Effluent
• 5/20/18 38 ppt 5/21/18 38 ppt
• 5/22/18 37 ppt 5/23/18 35 ppt
• 5/31/18 50 ppt 6/1/18 29 ppt
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State of Michigan Remediation Site:Production Plated Plastics• Most Significant Contributor of PFOS to KWRP
• Former Metal Plater used foam to cover chrome tanks
• Remediation Site for Chrome and Nickel (low levels)
• Discharge contaminated groundwater for greater than 25 years to Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant
• KWRP outfall greater than 12 ng/L for PFOS (Above WQS)
• Kalamazoo Water Reclamation Plant issued a Cessation of Discharge letter to State of Michigan MDEQ on June 21, 2018
• KWRP increased carbon addition from 4500 lbs/day to 7500 lbs/day• $1,380 per day for additional carbon
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Italy Vacation
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KWRP Influent & Effluent Monitoring
• Date Influent Date Effluent• State of Michigan PPP remediation system shut-off 6/21/18• KWRP carbon addition increased by 3,000 lbs/day 6/26/18• 6/26/18 39 ppt 6/27/18 28 ppt (Split w/Merit 20)• 7/2/18 15 ppt 7/3/18 8.4 ppt• 7/10/18 11 ppt 7/11/18 12 ppt• Agreement with State of Michigan to re-start groundwater system• 7/16/18 36 ppt 7/17/18 22 ppt• 7/24/18 <9.9 ppt?(60 ppt) 7/25/18 24 ppt (Merit 40 ppt)• State of Michigan installed treatment system
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State of Michigan Remediation Site - Production Plated Plastic
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City of Parchment’s Water Distribution System
• Source Wells contaminated with PFAS• 6/28/18 Plant Tap PFOA 600 ng/L PFOS 510 ng/L
• 7/26/18 Plant Tap PFOA 170 ng/L PFOS 110 ng/L• Well 1 PFOA 220 ng/L PFOS 170 ng/L
• Well 2 PFOA 780 ng/L PFOS 740 ng/L
• Well 3 PFOA 140 ng/L PFOS 94 ng/L
• Governor issued State of Emergency for City of Parchment & portions of Cooper Township on 7/29/18 – no drinking water order
• City of Parchment shuts down water system
• City of Parchment started handing out water to residents with 12 hours of announcement
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City of Parchment’s Water Distribution System
• City of Kalamazoo connects water system through 3 temporary connection points – fire trucks between hydrants• Backflow preventers (RPZ) on each connection
• Flushed water system with COK water for 3 days• Most flush water went to sanitary sewer 7/27-29/18
• KWRP Influent 7/31/18 PFOA <10 ng/L PFOS 190 ng/L
• KWRP Effluent 8/1/18 PFOA 13 ng/L PFOS 25 ng/L
• City of Parchment water system PFAS test compliant August 27, 2018
• City of Kalamazoo built three permanent connections and has taken over water operations for City of Parchment
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Parchment Paper Mill – City of Parchment
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Parchment Paper Mill
• NPDES Permit to the Kalamazoo River
• Clarifier for solids removal
• Lagoons for BOD removal
• Landfill for disposal of solids
• Source of PFAS – 3M product• Fluoroalkyl Polymer 32-35%
• Trade Secret
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KWRP PFAS Activities• KWRP Weekly Effluent Sampling: Non-Detect from 8/8/18 to 12/27/18
• MDEQ placed KWRP in Bin 3a (Quarterly monitoring) 8/20/18
• Placed facilities above 12 ng/L on PFAS Pollutant Reduction Plan - Aug 2018
• KWRP decrease carbon levels back to “normal” levels 10/2/18
• KWRP selected to participate in MDEQ Statewide POTW Biosolids PFAS Evaluation 10/31/18
• KWRP switch labs from PACE to Vista in January 2019• Influent PFOA 6.89 ng/L PFOS 3.84 ng/L• Effluent PFOA 5.77 ng/L PFOS 3.09 ng/L
• MDEQ moved KWRP to Bin 2 (Semi-Annual monitoring) 2/11/19
• Continue to work with industrial customers on PFAS - PRP
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PFAS-PFOS Pollutant Reduction Plan Monitoring• Sample Code April 2018 (PACE) Nov 2018 (PACE) June 2019 (Vista)
• HMH 110 ND ND
• PPP3C 8000 ND ND
• GBP2 20 ND ND
• KSA1 17 2.4 ND
• MDS 94 86 55
• MDS2 410 380 243
• KVG 61 39 27.5
• JRC 150 100 7.18
• LIK2 30 40 3
• BWS 76 69 26.3
• Total lbs/day 0.007233590 0.000928349 0.000314904• 87% Reduction 66% Reduction
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New ChallengesContamination Sites impacting Water
Source Wells
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Kalamazoo Area – PFAS Contamination Sites
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Georgia Pacific/Nolichucky Paper Mills Site
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Final Comments• Development of KPART – Team approach
• Source Reduction to control effluent levels
• Selection of Consultant and Lab
• Dealing with media (M-Live)
• Still developing strategy for long-term solution to contaminated sites• Old Parchment Paper Mill site• Production Plated Plastic remediation site• Georgia Pacific/Nolichucky site
• Long term strategy for industrial customers – Development of Local Limit with SAL• Awaiting for EPA 136 Method
• Special Thanks to Tom Berdinski (MDEQ-EGLE)
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QUESTIONS