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20th Century Architecture
1901 - 1985
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• Surge in the
Construction Industry
• Huge Growth in
American Cities
• Better Building
Materials
Characteristics
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Louis SullivanLouis Sullivan
One of the earliest architects to use steel construction
One of the earliest architects to use steel construction
Carson Pirie Scott Department Store1901, ChicagoCarson Pirie Scott Department Store1901, Chicago
“Form Follows Function”“Form Follows Function”
Stark Simplicity against Art Nouveau.The beginning of modern architecture.Stark Simplicity against Art Nouveau.The beginning of modern architecture.
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Frank Lloyd Wright
Developed his own style of Architecture disregarding conventional construction Developed his own style of Architecture disregarding conventional construction
Sought to establish a compatible relationship between a structure and its location. Sought to establish a compatible relationship between a structure and its location.
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Robie House“Cornerstone of Modern Architecture” - WrightCantilevered Roofs - seem to float without wall supports.
1909, Chicago
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Cantilever
Cantilever -A horizontal projection, canopy, balcony or beam balanced and supported with a fulcrum.
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One room flowed into another space separated by partial walls.
Japanese Influences
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Kaufmann House
Kaufmann House(Falling Water)
Bear Run, Pennsylvania
1936
Cantilevered terraces seem to stretch out over a stream and waterfall echo the form and color of the natural rock terraces below.
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Guggenheim Museum
The inverted ziggurat dispensed with the conventional approach to museum design.
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Wright whisked people to the top of the building via elevator, proceeding downward at a leisurely pace on the gentle slope of a continuous ramp.
Wright whisked people to the top of the building via elevator, proceeding downward at a leisurely pace on the gentle slope of a continuous ramp.
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The International Style
Emerged in Germany, Holland, and FranceForerunner to Contemporary Architecture.Eliminated OrnamentationProhibited the use of natural materials.Sought to produce a structure that appeared light in weight
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Influences of the International Style
•Cubism•Frank Lloyd Wright•Di Stijl (The Style) a group of abstract painters with Piet Mondrian
Composition 1923
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The Bauhaus
Walter Gropius took over an Art school in Germany 1919.
He moved the school from Weimar to Deessau and designed the new buildings himself using the International Style.
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Came from Germany.Settled in Chicago.
Made major contributions to the architectural philosophies of the late 1920’s and 1930s.
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Mies attempted to create contemplative, neutral spaces
through an architecture based on material honesty and structural
integrity.
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“Less is More”
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Lakeshore Drive ApartmentsLakeshore Drive Apartments
Set at right angles to each other to allow the most light to strike each apartment.
Prime examples of the International Style
1951
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Le Corbusier
Notre-Dame-du-Haut1955
Rochamp, France
Swiss born Architect - grew up on the International Style.
Was one of the first to abandon it after the war.
Used irregular shapes.
Reinforced concrete was his favorite construction material
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Instead of rectilinear geometrics, his architecture is more “primitive” and sculptural.
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I.M. Pei
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National Gallery of Art, 1978National Gallery of Art, 1978
Solid faceted planes outside, open to expansive interior.
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The Louvreentrance 1989
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United States Steele Corporation
1970Pittsburgh
Wallace K. HarrisonMax Abramovitz
Form follows function
Exterior use of Cor-Ten steel.Forms a protective coating as it rusts
(oxidizes)
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Philip Johnson
Influential through several periods of American Architecture.
Combined historically important details with contemporary materials and design.
1 9 0 6 - 1 9 8 7
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Philip Johnson/John BurgeeArchitectural Firms today are built around two or more architects.Using different solutions for different clientsThese guys joined forces and developed the “late modern” style of the ‘70s
Architectural Firms today are built around two or more architects.Using different solutions for different clientsThese guys joined forces and developed the “late modern” style of the ‘70s
Penzoil Place, 1976, HoustonPenzoil Place, 1976, Houston
Departure form the usual glass box.Departure form the usual glass box.
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Post Modernism Architecture
• Against Modernism• Architects have shunned the glass box ideal• Emphasis on Diversity
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John Burgee ArchitectsWITH Philip Johnson
John Burgee ArchitectsWITH Philip Johnson
Pink granite building topped with a broken pediment
1985
AT & T Corporate Headquarters(Renamed Sony Plaza in 1990)
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PPG Place
Gothic style tower in glass
Reflection of the company’s principle product and its longevity in the industry.
Monolithic stone construction to glass
1984
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Frank O. Ghery and Associates
California Aerospace MuseumAngles and planes imply dynamic motion and energy.
1984
Buildings are designed to capture the essence of their purpose.Buildings are designed to capture the essence of their purpose.
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Review
• Form Follows Function• Frank Lloyd Wright• The International Style• Less is Mo’ - Mies van der Roh• Phillip Johnson• Post Modernism
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Oil pastel perspective drawing FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS - 50 pointsDrawing must include architectural elements or buildings - 10 points
Drawing must be adapted from a photographic (not a drawing or illustration) reference for inspiration - turned in with final drawing - 10 points
Drawing must contain a foreground, middle ground, and background element(s)
- 30 points
First create a thumbnail drawing or plan for your oil pastel drawing - 10 points
DESIGN - 20 pointsCreate a clear example of 1, 2, or 3 point perspectiveUse a variety of mixed colors - 10 points
Fill the page with strong positive and negative spaces. - 10 points
CRAFTSMANSHIP - 10 pointsA neat and clean piece with attention to detailyour name is written on the back of your drawing
TIME ON TASK - 20 points