Download - 2–1The Nature of Matter A.Atoms B.Elements and Isotopes 1.Isotopes 2.Radioactive Isotopes
• 2–1 The Nature of MatterA. Atoms
B. Elements and Isotopes1. Isotopes
2. Radioactive Isotopes
C.Chemical Compounds
D.Chemical Bonds1. Ionic Bonds
2. Covalent Bonds
3. Van der Waals Forces
Atomic Structure
Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons6 protons6 neutrons
6 electrons6 protons8 neutrons
6 electrons6 protons7 neutrons
Isotopes of Carbon
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transferof electron
Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0
Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0
Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1
Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1
Ionic Bonding
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transferof electron
Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0
Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0
Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1
Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
• 2–2 Properties of WaterA.The Water Molecule
1. Polarity
2. Hydrogen Bonds
B.Solutions and Suspensions1. Solutions
2. Suspensions
C.Acids, Bases, and pH1. The pH Scale
2. Acids
3. Bases
4. Buffers
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall
Acid rainTomatojuice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
NeutralIn
crea
sing
ly B
asic
Incr
easi
ngly
Aci
dic
pH Scale
Cl-
Water
Cl-
Na+
Water
Na+
NaCI Solution
Cl-
Water
Cl-
Na+
Water
Na+
NaCI Solution
• 2–3 Carbon CompoundsA.The Chemistry of Carbon
B.Macromolecules
C.Carbohydrates
D.Lipids
E.Nucleic Acids
F. Proteins
CarbonCompounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and starches
Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane
Carbon Compounds
Starch
Glucose
A Starch
General structure Alanine Serine
Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
General structure Alanine Serine
Amino group Carboxyl group
Amino Acids
General structure Alanine Serine
Amino group Carboxyl group
Amino Acids
Aminoacids
A Protein
• 2–4 Chemical Reactions and EnzymesA.Chemical Reactions
B.Energy in Reactions1. Energy Changes
2. Activation Energy
C.Enzymes
D.Enzyme Action1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
Effect of Enzymes
Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Products
Activation energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Chemical Reactions
Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction
Products
Products
Activation energy
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Chemical Reactions
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released
Enzyme Action
Active site
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released Active site
Enzyme Action
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released Active site
Enzyme Action
Glucose
Substrates
ATP
Substratesbind toenzyme
Substratesare convertedinto products
Enzyme-substratecomplex
Enzyme(hexokinase)
ADPProducts
Glucose-6-phosphate
Productsare released Active site
Enzyme Action
Enzymatic Reactions
Terms to know
Dehydration synthesis = forming a substance and using water (water is a product)
Hydrolysis = breaking down of substance and forming of water (water is a reactant)
-lysis = to break down