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Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
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CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
1.1 Understanding Physics
By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
Explain what physics is,
Recognise the physics in everyday objects and in natural phenomena.
What is physics ?
The word Physics is originated from the Greek word physikos.
In physics, we study natural phenomena and the properties of matter. The aim of physics is to
explain the fundamental nature of the universe by using the concept of physics.
Physics involves the conduct of studies and experiments to find anwers to the question Why?
and How? in relation to the mysteries of the universe.
The majority of natural phenomena can be explained using the principles of physics, for example
;i) We cannot see an object behind a wall because light travels in a straight line.
ii) The image of the pencil formed by the mirror is due to the reflection of light.
Fields of study in physics
The scope of physics very wide. Knowledge of physics is grouped into different fields of study as
shown in figure 1.1.
1
Mechanical Energy
Fields ofstudy inphysics
Heat
- Studies the
influence of heat ondifferent types of
matter.
Electronics
- studies the use of
electronic devices in
Force and motion- investigates the
action of force and
motion
Forces and pressure
- pressure, pressure in liquids, gaspressure, atmospheric pressure,
Pascals principle, Archimedes
principle, Bernoullis principle.
Light- explains the
different
phenomenon due
to light.
Waves
- understands the properties
of different types of waves
and their uses.
Electricity and
electromagnetism
- investigates theinteractions of electric
and magnetic fields.
Electricity andelectromagnetism
- investigates the
interactions of electric
and magnetic fields
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1.2 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Base quantity
1 A physical quantity is ..
2. List examples of physical quantities in the box.
3.The value of the measurements consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit.
example : the length of a metre rule is 250 cm
4. Physical quantities are categorized into base quantities and derived quantities.
5. Base quantities are physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other physical
quantities.
6. There are five base quantities ; length, mass, time, current and temperature
Base quantity Symbol S.I. Unit Symbol for S.I. Unit
Length
Mass
Time
CurrentTemperature
Derived quantities
2
The list of physical quantities :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .8. .
batterybattery
physical
numerical
unit
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1 A derived quantity is .
2 Determine the derived unit for the following derived quantities.
Derivedquantity
Formula Derived unit Name ofderived unit
area area = length x width m x m = m2
volume volume = length x width x heightm x m x m =
m3
densityvolume
massensityd =
velocity
time
ntdisplacemeelocityv =
momentum momentum = mass x velocity kg m s-1
Accelerationtime
velocityinchangeonaccelerati =
Force force = mass x acceleration kg m s-2 Newton (N)
pressurearea
forcepressure=
weight weight = mass x gravitationalacceleration
work work = force x displacement
powertime
workpower=
kinetic
energy2velocitymassK.E =
2
1
potential
energy
P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration
x height Kg ms-2
Joule (J)
charge charge = current x time Ampere second
(As)Coulomb (C)
Standard Form
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1 Standard form = A x 10n , 1 < A < 10 and n = integer
2 Standard form is used to ...
3 Some physical quantities have extremely small magnitudes. Write the following quantities in
standard form :
a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =.
b. Mass of an electron = 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 911 kg =...
c. Size of a particle = 0.000 03 m =
b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = ...
c. Wavelength of light = 0.000 000 55 m = ..
Prefixes
1. Prefixes are usually used to ...2. It will be written
3. The list of prefixes :
4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely large and small
values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the quantities in
standard prefixes:
a. Frequency of radio wave = 91 000 000 Hz = .
b. Diameter of the earth = 12 800 000 m =
c. Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m =
d. Mass of the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg =
1.3 SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES
4
Tera (T)
Giga (G)
Mega (M)
kilo (k)
mili (m)
micro ()
nano (n)
pico (p)
1012
109
106
103
100
10-3
10-6
10-9
10-12
Hekto (ha)Deka (da)
desi (d)centi (s)
102
101
10-1
10-2
Eg :
1 Tm = .
3.6 mA = .
How to change the unit ;
Eg :
1. Mega to nano
2. Tera to micro
3. piko to Mega
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1 Scalar quantities are
Examples :
2 Vector quantities are...
Examples :
3 Study the following description of events carefully and then decide which events require
magnitude, direction or both to specify them.
Description of events Magnitude Direction
1. The temperature in the room is 25 0C
2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the north-
west of Johor Bahru
3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W
4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru
to Kuala Lumpur
Some common examples of scalar and vector quantities.
1.4 UNDERSTANDING MEASUREMENTS
1.Using appropriate instruments to measure.
5
Scalar quantities
.
.
Vector quantities
.
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When we measure a physical quantity, we need to consider its magnitude and then choose a
suitable instrument.
The magnitude of the quantity should not exceed the maximum capacity of the instrument, and
the instrument must be sensitive enough to detect and give a meaningful measurement of the
quantity.
For example; metre rule is used to measure the length of a book, measuring tape is used to
measure the length of a table and micrometer screw gauge is used to measure the diameter of a
glass rod.
. Example of measuring instruments :
1 Ammeter is used to measure ..
.2Measuring cylinder is used to measure ....................
3 A ruler is used to measure
wrong right wrong
10 11 12 13 14 1
Vernier Caliper
A vernier caliper is used to measure a small object with dimension up to 12 cm It is has an accuracy / sensivity of 0.01 cm
6
pointer mirrorpointer mirror
Pointers image is behind the pointer
incorrect reading correct
reading
1 2 3
0 4
1 2 30 4
Pointers image can be seen
Right position of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of
the scale)
wrong position of eye
wrong position of eye
water
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There are two pair of jaws, one is designated to measure linear and outer diameters while
the other is to measure inner diameter
A vernier caliper consists of two steel bar scales, one sliding over the other.
i) The main scale is graduated in intervals of0.1 cm.ii) The sliding vernier scale has a scale on which ten divisions are equal to nine small
divisions on the main scale
(0. 09cm)
iii) The difference between the sizes of one division on the main scale and one division on
the vernier scale is
0.1 0.09 = 0.01 cm
giving a vernier scale an accurancy of0.01 cm.
Figure 1.3 : Ten divisions on the vernier scale are equal to nine small divisions on the main
scale.
HOW TO READ THE VERNIER CALLIPHERS.
The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading.
7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 cm
Main scale = .
Vernier scale = ..
Caliper reading = main scale reading + (0.01 cm x vernier scale )=....................
Find the division ofvernier scale which iscoincides with any part ofthe main scale
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Vernier calliper reading = . cm
ZERO ERROR OF VERNIER CALLIPHERS
i) No zero error.
the 0 mark on the main scale is exactly in line with the 0 mark on the vernier scale when
the vernier caliper is fully closed.
ii) Positive zero error
the vernier scale is at distance to the right of the 0 mark on the main scale when vernier
caliper is fully closed.
This error is positive zero error = + 0.04 cm
iii) Negative zero error
the vernier scale is at distance to the left of the 0 mark on the main scale when vernier
caliper is fully closed.
This error is negative zero error = - ( 0.1 0.08 )
= - 0.02 cm
Micrometer screw gauge
8
0 5 10
0 1
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Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics
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A micrometer srew gauge is used to measure a small lengths ranging between 0.10 mm and
25.00 mm.
Examples; can measure diameters of wires and thicknesses of steel plate.
It is has an accuracy/sensivity of 0.01 mm
Figure 1.5 : Micrometer screw gauge
The micrometer scale comprises a main scale marked on the sleeve and a scale marked on the
thimble called the thimble scale.
Each division on main scale is 0.5 mm.
The timble scale is subdivided into 50 equal divisions. When the thimble is rotated through one
complete turn, the main scale will moved to 0.5 mm.
This means that one division on the thimble scale is 0.50 mm = 0.01 mm
50 divisions
The reading of the micrometer screw gauge = main scale reading + ( 0.01 mm x thimble
scale )
When taking a reading, the thimble is turned until the object is gripped very gently between the
anvil and the spindle.
The ratchet knob is then turned until a click sound is heard.
The ratchet knob is used to prevent the user from exerting undue pressure.
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HOW TO READ THE MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
1. Main scale reading= 2.0 mm.2. The reading on the thimble scale = 22nd mark on the thimble scale.
3. The final reading of the gauge is = 2.0 mm + ( 0.01 x 22) mm
= 2.22 mm.
ZERO ERROR
The accuracy of the micrometer screw gauge is also affected by zero error. Before
commencing determine the zero error and if had, it must to eliminate;
Correct reading = gauge reading zero error.
i) No zero error
the 0 mark on the thimble scale is exactly in line with the horizontal reference line on
the main scale when the micrometer is fully closed.
ii) Positive zero error
the horizontal reference line in the main scale is in line on the positive side of the 0
mark, on the thimble scale. The positive error reading is = + 0.04 mm
iii) Negative zero error
the horizontal reference line on the main scale is in line below the 0 mark of the
thimble scale.
The negative error reading is = 0.03 mm.
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Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge
1. Write down the readings shown by the following
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed.
Zero error = cm
11
0 5 10
0 1
0 5 1
6 7
0 5 10
7 8
0 5 10
4 5A B
QP
0 5 10
0 1
Answer: ..
Answer: ..
Answer: ..
Answer: 0..
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(b). The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are
40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws.
3. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.(a) (b)
Answer: . Answer:..
(c) (d)
Answer: Answer:.
4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
Zero error = .. mm Zero error = ........ mm
12
0 5 10
5 6
Reading shown = 5.64.cm
Corrected reading = 5.62..cm
35
400 5
3
0 5 103
20
250
0 0
45
5
0
0
15
200 5
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(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
5. Write down the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges.
(a) (b)
Answer: Answer: ........
(c) (d)
Answer: Answer:
6. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
Zero error = ...............mm Zero error = .............. mm
(b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges.
13
5
0
0 5
15
20
Zero error = 0.03mm Reading shown = 6.67..mm
Corrected reading = 6.64..mm
35
400 5
3
0 5 103
20
250
0 0
45
5
0
0
5
0
0 5
15
20
15
200 5
Zero error = 0.03.mm Reading shown = .6.67..mm
Corrected reading = 6.64..mm
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Accuracy , consistency and sensitivity in measurements.
1. Accuracy :
.....................................................................................................................................................
2. Consistency :
.....................................................................................................................................................
3. Sensitivity :
.......................................................................................................................................................
4. The diagram shows the result for four shooters A, B , C and D in a tournament. Every shooters
shot five times .
The table shows the conclusion .
Shooter Consistency AccuracyA High Low
B Low High
C High High
D Low Low
EXAMPLES OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR ACCURACY.
1.
Mechanical stop watch
Accuracy : ..
2.
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Electronic stop watch
Accuracy :
Reading :.
3.Measurement Current
Ammeter range 0 5A
Accuracy :.
Double-scale ammeter
Accuracy of upper scale :..
Acuracy of lower scale : .
Reading :..
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Miliammeter range 0- 50 mA
Accuracy:
Reading :..
Accuracy:
Measurement Temperature
Accuracy:..
Measurement of Length
We normally use ruler, measuring tape , vernier calipers or micrometer screw gauge to measure
length.
Measuring
instrument
Smallest scale
division
Ruler 0.1 cm or
1 mm
Vernier
calipers
0.01cm
Mikrometer
screw gauge
0.01 mm
16
The smallest scale division on the measuring
instruments shows the sensitivity of the instruments.
Thus the more sensitive the measuring instruments thesmaller the scale divisions .
Therefore the micrometer screw gauge has the
highest sensitivity
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Errors in measurements
Any measurement of a physical quantity has errors or uncertainty.
Two main types of errors:
(i) (ii) ....................................................
Causes of Systematic Errors:
(i) .......................................................................................................................................
(ii) .......................................................................................................................................
Causes of Random Errors :
a)
b)
c)
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS :
1. In this section you are required plan an experiment based on the scenario given .
2. To answer this section, students must be able to
Identify Responding Variable (RV) and Manipulated Variable (MV).
Relate the Responding Variable (RV)and Manipulated Variable (MV).
The table below provides the technique to answer questions in this section
STEPS REMARK FORMAT SAMPLE ANSWER
1.Making
observation
to identify
RV
And MV
RV and MV must be the
physical quantities that
can be measured during
the experiment.
RV: acceleration of the boat
MV: The total mass of the
boat
2. Inference An inference is a
conclusion drawn from
observation of a
phenomenon studied
RV depends on MV
OR
MV influences RV
(a)
Acceleration of the boat
decreases when its mass
is increased. OR Acceleration of the boat
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depends on the total mass
of the boat
3. Hypothesis
General statement that
assumed to be true
regarding the relationship
between MV and RV
(Must have
DIRECTION) based on
the experiment being
planned.
The longer/bigger theMV the longer/smaller
the RV
(b)
For a constant external forceacting on an object, the
bigger the mass of the object,
the smaller is its acceleration.
4. AimTo find the relationship
between MV and RV
To find the relationship
between the MV and
the RV
(c)(i)
To find the relationship
between acceleration and the
mass of an object.
5. Variable
Manipulated
Variable (MV) Physical Quantity
which is controlled /
changed for the
purpose of
investigating the
results of an
experiment..
Responding
Variable (RV)
Physical Quantitiy
which is the result ofthe changes made to
MV
Constant Variable
(CV) Physical
Quantities which are
kept constant during
the experiment
List down the:
Manipulated
Variable (MV)
Responding
Variable (RV)
Constant Variable
(CV)
that are used in the
experiment
(C)(ii)
Manipulated variable
(MV): mass of the
object, m
Responding variable
(RV): acceleration of the
object, a
Fixed variable (FV):
force acting on the
object, F
6. Equipment
or
Apparatus
List all apparatus and
materials used (the
apparatus that are used
to measure the RV and
MV must be included)
List all apparatus and
materials used
(C)(iii)
Ticker tape, cellophane tape,
three identical elastic
cords/rubber bands, ticker
timer, three trolleys, two
retort stand with clamps as
support, power supply,
runway for trolley.
7. Diagram Draw the correct diagram Draw the correct
diagram
(C)(iv)
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8. Procedure
Write in passive form
past tense.
The procedures must
include:
o Method of
measuring the first
value of MV.
o Method ofmeasuring the RV
o Repetition of
experiments using at
least another 4 MV
Write down the
procedures
(C)( v)
(i) The apparatus is set
up as shown in the
figure.
(ii) the ticker timer
which is connected
to the 12 V a.c.
power supply is
started and the
trolley is pulled
down the
runway.The elastic
cord is always
maintained at the
same length and
parallel with the
trolley.
(iii) The ticker obtained
is cut into 5-tick
strips and a tapechart for the motion
of the trolley is
made. The
acceleration of the
trolley, a, is
calculated and
recorded.
(iv) The steps are
repeated with 2 and
then 3 identical
trolleys stacked up.For each case, the
elastic cord is kept
stretched until the
end of the runway.
9. Tabulation
of data
Draw the basic table to
record data
Draw table to record
data
(C)(vi)
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10. Analysis
of data
Sketch the graph with
suitable quantities.
(vii)
the graph of acceleration, a
against m (or a against 1/m)
is plotted.
(1 point will be given for
EITHER
(a) writing: the graph ofa
against m (ora against 1/m)is plotted , or
(b) any of these graph
sketches. ALL labels must be
present.)
20
Normally must have
a minimum of 5
trials/data
Mass, m /
number of
trolley
1/
m
Accele
ration,
a / cm
s-2
1
2
3
4
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Plan and report an experiment
Situation : A few children are playing on a different length of swing in a playground. It is
found that the time of oscillation for each swing is different.
Steps Example : refer to the situation above
1 Inference
2 Hypothesis
3 Aim
4 Variables
5 List of
apparatus and
materials
6 Arrangement of
the apparatus
7 Procedures
8 Tabulate the
data
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9
1
0
11
Analyse the
data
Discussion
Conclusion
22
Precautions :1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a steady
state.2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy.3. Discussion (refer to given questions)
The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases.Hypothesis accepted.
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Reinforcement Chapter 1
Part A :Objective Question
1. Which of the following is a base SI
quantity?
A Weight B Energy
C Velocity D Mass
2. Which of the following is a derived
quantity?
A Length B Mass
C Temperature D Voltage
3. Which of the following is not a basicunit?
A Newton B kilogram
C ampere D second
4. Which of the following quantities
cannot be derived?
A Electric current B Power
C Momentum D Force
5. Which of the following quantities is
not derived from the basic physical
quantity of length?
A Electric charge B Density
C Velocity D Volume
6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v,
time t and another physical quantity k
is related by the equation v - u = kt.
The unit for k is
A m s-1 B m-1 s
C m s-2
D m2
s-2
7. Which of the following has the
smallest magnitude?
A megametre B centimetre
C kilometre D mikrometre
8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is
A 4.328 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10-6 m
C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 109 m
9. Which of the following measurementsis the longest?
A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dmC 0.12 mm D 1.2 x 10-11 km
10. The diameter of a particle is 250 m.
What is its diameter in cm?
A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4
C 2.5 x 10-6 D 2.5 x 10-8
11. Which of the following prefixes is
arranged in ascending order?
A mili, senti, mikro, desi
B mikro, mili, senti, desi
C mili, mikro, desi, senti
D desi, mikro, mili, senti
12. Velocity, density, force and energy are
A basic quantities
B scalar quantities
C derived quantities
D vector quantities
13. Which of the following shows thecorrect conversion of units?
A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3
B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10-7 m3
C 800 mm3=8.0 x 10-2 m3
D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3
14. Which of the following measurements
is the shortest ?
A 3.45 x 103 m
B 3.45 x 104 cm
C 3.45 x 107
mmD 3.45 x 1012m
15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio
waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in
the north region. What is the frequency
of the radio wave in Hz?
A 9.28 x 104 B 9.28 x 105
C 9.28 x 107 D 9.28 x 1010
16. An object moves along a straight line
for time, t. The length of the line, s is
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given by the equation2
2
1gts = . The
SI unit of g is
A m2 s2 B m s-2
C s-1 D s-2 m
Part B : Structure Question
1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 from town P to town Q in 2 hours as
shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between thetwo towns.
P Q
Figure 1
(a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and their respective
SI units.
(ii) State a derived quantity and its SI unit.
(b) Convert the value 1 . m to standard form.
5 x 10-3
(c) Complete Table 1 by writing the value of each given prefix.
Table 1
(d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in
terms of its basic units.
(e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block with dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12
cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form.
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2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 03 A range.
Figure 2
(a) (i) Name component X. ...
(ii) What is the function of X? .
(b) Table 2 shows three current readings obtained by three students.
Table 2
(i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ...
(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).
3. Figure 3 shows the meniscus of water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eyepositions while measuring the volume of the water.
(a) (i) Which of the eye positions is
correct while
taking the reading of the volume
of water?
.
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Figure 3
(b) The water in the measuring cylinder is
replaced with 30 cm3 of mercury.
(i) In Figure 4, draw the meniscus of the
mercury in the measuring cylinder. Figure 4(ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i).