Download - 24.3 nationalism
24.3 Nationalism24.3 Nationalism
Nationalism contributes to the Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and formation of two new nations and
a new political order in Europea new political order in Europe
Nationalism: A Force for Unity or DisunityNationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
Two Views of NationalismTwo Views of Nationalism Nationalists use their common bonds to build Nationalists use their common bonds to build
nation-statesnation-states Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify
their subjectstheir subjects Three different types of nationalist Three different types of nationalist
movements:movements:• unification merges culturally similar landsunification merges culturally similar lands• separation splits off culturally distinct groupsseparation splits off culturally distinct groups• state-building binds separate cultures into onestate-building binds separate cultures into one
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the The Breakup of the Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire Austria includes Austria includes
people from many people from many ethnic groupsethnic groups
1866 defeat in Austro-1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to split forces emperor to split the empire into Austria the empire into Austria and Hungaryand Hungary
• still ruled by emperorstill ruled by emperor
Flag of Austria-Hungary representing two kingdoms, but ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Russia Empire CrumblesThe Russia Empire Crumbles After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing
control over their empirecontrol over their empire RussificationRussification—forcing other peoples to adopt —forcing other peoples to adopt
Russian cultureRussian culture• policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic
nationalismnationalism
Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresNationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Ottoman Empire WeakensThe Ottoman Empire Weakens Internal tensions among ethnic groups Internal tensions among ethnic groups
weakens the empire.weakens the empire. Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, Rulers grant citizenship to all groups,
outraging Turks.outraging Turks.
Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy
Cavour Unites ItalyCavour Unites Italy Italy forms territory Italy forms territory
from crumbling from crumbling empiresempires
1815-1848 Italians 1815-1848 Italians want independence want independence from foreign rulersfrom foreign rulers
Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy
Cavour Leads Italian Cavour Leads Italian UnificationUnification Camillo di CavourCamillo di Cavour——
prime minister of the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in Kingdom of Sardinia in 18521852
Gets French help to Gets French help to win control of Austrian-win control of Austrian-controlled Italian landcontrolled Italian land
Case Study: ItalyCase Study: Italy
Garibaldi Brings UnityGaribaldi Brings Unity Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi——
leads nationalists who leads nationalists who conquer southern Italyconquer southern Italy
Cavour convinces Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Garibaldi to unite southern Italy with SardiniaItaly with Sardinia
Garibaldi steps aside, Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the king of allowing the king of Sardinia to ruleSardinia to rule
Control of Venetia and Control of Venetia and Papal States finally unites Papal States finally unites ItalyItaly
Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
Bismarck Unites GermanyBismarck Unites Germany Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states
form the German Confederationform the German Confederation Prussia Leads German UnificationPrussia Leads German Unification
Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Prussia has advantages that help it to unify GermanyGermany• mainly German populationmainly German population• powerful armypowerful army• creation of liberal constitutioncreation of liberal constitution
Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
Bismarck Takes ControlBismarck Takes Control JunkersJunkers—conservative —conservative
wealthy landowners—wealthy landowners—support Prussian Wilhelm Isupport Prussian Wilhelm I
Junker realpolitik master Junker realpolitik master Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck becomes prime ministerbecomes prime minister
RealpolitikRealpolitik—power politics —power politics without room for idealismwithout room for idealism
Bismarck defies Prussian Bismarck defies Prussian parliamentparliament
Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
Prussia ExpandsPrussia Expands Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two
provincesprovinces Quick victory makes other German nations Quick victory makes other German nations
respect Prussiarespect Prussia
Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
Seven Weeks WarSeven Weeks War Bismarck creates a border dispute with Bismarck creates a border dispute with
Austria to provoke a warAustria to provoke a war Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern
GermanyGermany Eastern and western parts of Prussian Eastern and western parts of Prussian
kingdom are joined for the first time.kingdom are joined for the first time.
Case Study: GermanyCase Study: Germany
The Franco-Prussian WarThe Franco-Prussian War Bismarck provokes war with France to unite Bismarck provokes war with France to unite
all Germansall Germans Wilhelm is crowned Wilhelm is crowned KaiserKaiser—emperor of a —emperor of a
united Germany—at Versaillesunited Germany—at Versailles Bismarck creates a Germany united under Bismarck creates a Germany united under
Prussian dominance.Prussian dominance.
To some Germans, Bismarck was the greatest and noblest of Germany’s statesmen. They say he almost singlehandedly unified the nation and raised it to greatness. To others, he was nothing but a devious politician who abused his powers and led Germany into dictatorship.His speeches, letters, and memoirs show him to be both crafty and deeply religious. At one moment, he could declare, “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong.” At another moment he might claim, “We Germans shall never wage aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest.”
A Shift in PowerA Shift in Power
Balance Is LostBalance Is Lost In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five
powers in Europe:powers in Europe:• AustriaAustria• PrussiaPrussia• BritainBritain• FranceFrance• RussiaRussia
By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much powergained much power
Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economicallyeconomically