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27th – 28th April 2009
MIME
Mediterranean Conference Centre
Valletta
Malta
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Ms. J. Galea MD MRCS Ed.
Paediatric Surgical Unit
Mater Dei Hospital
Malta
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Trauma – leading cause of morbidity and mortality
in children
Mortality 8.5%
Abdomen is the 3rd most common site of injury – 8-10% of all trauma admissions
Most common site of initially unrecognized fatal injury.....
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Thinner musculature
Lower fat and connective tissue content
More elastic attachments - renal and intestinal trauma
More flexible ribs – less likely to fracture BUT less effective at energy dissipation –
liver and splenic trauma
Solid organs comparatively larger
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Shallow pelvis – bladder trauma
Use of lap belt – flexion-distraction injury lumbar spine (Chance fracture) – potentially disrupted GIT
Larger body surface , less thermoregulation
Unique compensatory mechanisms – hypotension is late sign in hypovolaemic child
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Blunt (80%) vs penetrating
Most common causes – MVA, handlebar injury
Battered child
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Airway + C-spine immobilization
Breathing
Circulation
Disability (AVPU)
Exposure
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Weight : (age +4) x 2 Energy: 4 J/kg Tube: age(years) +4
4 Fluids: 20mls/kg
( up to 2 boluses – then RCC 15ml/kg + 10ml/kg crystalloid
solution at body temp) Adrenaline: 10ug/kg – iv/io
100ug/kg – tracheal route Glucose: 5-10ml/kg 10% dextrose
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Conscious child- scared because of events- surrounded by strangers- in pain
Be patient and calm – joke, encourage, cajoleExplain
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Full examination History :
AllergiesMedicationPast medical historyLast mealEnvironment – nature of accident /
mechanism, etc
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Inspection:movement with respiration, distension,
bruising patterns, scaphoid abdomen, perineal and
genital areas
Palpation:signs of tenderness, guarding
Auscultation
NB. Consider : (NOT routine)Crying child swallows large amount of air - NGT for gastric decompressionUrinary retention due to pain, strange environment – catheter for urinary decompression
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Blood: CBC, U&Es, Creat, amylase, glucose,
xmatch Urine analysis Radiology:
– CXR, Pelvis Xray, C-spine xray, AXR- Ultrasound – free fluid, organ damage- CT – gold standard in haemodynamically
stable child
DPL in children – not reliable, paediatric surgeon needed
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Variables +2 +1 -1
Airway Normal Maintainable Unmaintainable
CNS Awake Obtunded Coma
Body weight (kg)
>20 10-20 <10
Systolic Blood pressure (mmHg)
>90 50-90 <50
Open wound None Minor Major
Skeletal injury None Closed fracture
Open/multiple fractures
Score >8 – Minor traumaScore <0 – high mortality
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Non-operative:
- most common approach
- solid organ bleeds are self limiting – delayed ruptures rare
- requires an institution which has: ITU service paediatric surgical team paediatric nursing (on wards, in theatre) paediatric anaesthesia paediatric radiology
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- parameter monitoring must be regular and obsessive –
pulse blood pressure level of consciousness
urine output temperature
- repeated clinical examinations
- deviation from expected clinical course – immediate surgical input, immediate reimaging
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Operative if: - penetrating injury
(immediate)- perforated viscus / hollow organ injury
(delayed presentation)
NB Does not include duodenal haematoma – treated nonoperatively by NGT decompression +/- feeding beyond the haematoma until swelling diminishes
- refractory hypovolaemic shock (in spite of resuscitation)
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Rarely splenectomyOverwhelming post splenectomy infectionLifetime risk 5%
Post op vaccines against: -Strep pneumoniae- Haemophilus influenzae
Type B- Neisseria meningitidis
Oral penicillin prophylaxis until 18 yrs
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Grade of injury
ICU stay Ward stay
House Arrest
Contact activity Restriction
Grade I None 1 day 1 week 1 month
Grade II None 2 days 2 weeks 2 months
Grade III and above
1 day 3 days 3 weeks 3 months
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