28 USC 1367

Constitu

tional

(“Gib

bs”) L

imit

1367’s Basic Statutory Limit:Same“Case & Controversy”

And the

Test Is?

Original Claim is a

Federal Question

Case

ExpressStatutory

Exceptions

C&C

Novel State Law Issues

Discretion

Supplemental Claim

Predominates

Original Claim Dismissed

Other Compelling Reasons

Original Claim is a Diversity

Case

ExpressStatutory

Exceptions

C&C

Discretion

P v R20 DP v R19 DP v 3PDP v Intervenor

R19 P v. anyR 24 P v. any

Troublesome Questions

• What happened to Zahn?• What if I (MO) sue Ben (MA) for

$80K and – try to use R20 to join Alice

(MO) as additional P seeking $20K?

– try to use R20 to join Emily (MA) as additional P seeking $80K?