29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Food security:meeting the challenges of climate variability
and change
iCEDWorkshop on
Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Contents-thinking and intervening for food
security-• Institutions• Food and environmental security• Institutional frameworks- locating agriculture
and food security• Agriculture vs or in the environment
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Institutions
• Rules, norms, values, ways of working- • Institutions are not organizations Three schools in economics- Institutions exist and matter- Institutions do not matter- Institutions matter and can be measured
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Meanings of agriculture
• Resources• Production• Employment• Food Security• Trade• Environment• Energy• Gender• Knowledge
17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Institutions governing agriculture and food
• Productionism• Stewardship• Administrative rationality• Radical ecology --- etc.
Ecological democracy – for sustainable development
Scope for evolution of both
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
NMSA:Administrative Rationality
• 3 elements of policy making - Technocracy- Target and control mechanisms- Selective perception
Limits -for biological or natural resource based production processes
- for all industrial development without contexts, evolution and change
17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Agriculture and the Development Imperative- Surplus extraction
• Too many living on a thinning share of the economic pie – 50 % to 14.6 %
• Un- and under- employment – 64 %• Hunger, malnutrition, poverty persist – 48%
THE DEVELOPMENT SOLUTION - Move the small peasantry out -86 %- Industrial agriculture -< 40%- Food supply to the displaced, destitute -???
17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR1-3 Nov 2010 SIID team, India
Source: Government of India, 2009; RBI, 2009.
Figure 1: Irrigation and fertilizer based production
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Disjuncturebetween agriculture and food
• Green revolution – history – • Institutionalization of a paradigm• State and science• Production for nourishment ??
- malnutrition- soils- water- bio-diversity
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Food Security
• Availability• Access• Affordability• Stability
Environmental security??Food security policy interventions ignore and interfere
irrevocably into the close relationships between “many of the constituents of well-being and the provisioning, regulating and enriching components of eco systems” (UNEP, 2004; 2009)
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Successful green revolution in South Asia?
5-8-2011 R. S. Raina, NISTADS (CSIR)
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Major challenges• Labour – uneven availability/use• Less water• Less arable land• Increasing land policy conflicts• Loss of biodiversity: genetic, species and
ecosystems• Increasing levels of pollution• Changing climate + variabilitySo how do we face future challenges?
17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture(from IAASTD, 2009- based on IPCC, 2008)
28-29 Sept 2010 R. S. Raina, NISTADS
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
The epoch of fossil fuel based agriculture in human history
Finish about 2400 AD
Settled agriculture
Agricultural revolution About 1750 AD
Agricultural expansion & growth 19th – 20th century
Likely end of fossil fuel-based agriculture
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Production increases come from the rainfed cropping systems -
5-8-2011 R. S. Raina, NISTADS (CSIR)
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Are we equipped?
• NMSA – dryland agriculture, risk management, access to information, use of biotechnology
• Dryland agriculture – undulating terrains and pre-dominant crops/ crop-livestock systems of rainfed farming, soil fertility + soil moisture management, research – contextual understanding & technology generation, extension – decentralized action research capacities for adaptation and responsiveness, rapid response capacities – human and material resources …?
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Rainfed farming – in an alternative institutional framework
Agro-ecological systems approach- involves a context specific (spatial and temporal) set of
principles - methods to understand and analyse agro-ecosystems- focus is on the dynamism of ecological and social processes- no universal formula or silver bullet for maximizing the
productivity- well-being and sustainability of an agro-ecosystem sets the
evolving borders/boudaries- principles of agro-ecological knowledge=> offer a framework
for analysis and design of technologies and policy interventions.
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Alternative Institutional Frameworks- the IAASTD example
• The IAASTD - a recent debate
17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Ignored• By almost all the sponsors• By almost all the governments who
approved and accepted• By many scientists• By major industries• By all mainstream economists- Discussed and promoted within
environmental movements, CSOs, third world networks, and some international (UN) agencies, …
17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Why?
• Institutional alternatives- demand self-reflection- need learning capacities- depend on information flows and exchanges- -- some crucial but missing capacities –
Wittgenstein – our faith in economic growth, technological solutions - - will not ‘heal the sickness of our age’.
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Agriculture-Environment
• Food and Environmental security • From vs. to in – alternative institutional
frameworks
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Agriculture in the Environment
• Current production strategies – food insecurity, social and environmental disruption
• State enabled degradation – legitimized?• Contexts – marginal/small farmers, state and
peasantry lock-in, malnutrition, repetitions…• Climate change – adaptation strategies that
are also mitigation strategies
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Debates…policies
• Tackle each problem – rational production policy
• Tackle each problem with its environmental consequence/cost – balanced production and environmental policy
• Understand each issue, causal relationships, intended and un-intended consequences – discursive, iterative policy processes
- beyond mere environmental accounting -
17 July 2010 Rajeswari S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Institutional reform? New institutional frameworks?
• Institutional changes emerge from – (i) need to escape repeated patterns (ii) desire to learn, to experiment – Veblen’s workmanship
• Dominant institutions – agenda setting norms – translated into development policy
• Economics legitimizations -2nd school of institutional economics
• Institutional reform – needs facilitated capacity development, iterative policy research and learning.
7 March 2011 R. S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi
29 Sept 2011 Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
• Dr Rajeswari S Raina email: [email protected] Mobile: +919810956469 Office: 011-25843227
7 March 2011 R. S. Raina, NISTADS, New Delhi