Download - 2Integrated Formation Evaluation
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PGE385MSpring 2002 Semester
Lecture Presentation, January 17
INTEGRATED FORMATION EVALUATION
Carlos Torres-Verdín, Ph.D.Assistant Professor
The University of Texas at Austin
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Formation Evaluation
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Formation Evaluation Flowchart
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Density: Influence of Porosity and Saturation
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Equations and Tools
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Linear Equations and Volumetric Models
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Linear Equations and Volumetric Models
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Formation Evaluation: Basic Data
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250 cm 200 150 100 50 0 cm
80 cm
80 cm
40 cm30 cm 20 cm
60 cm
5 cm 2 cm 0 cm
INDUCTION LOG
LATEROLOG
NEUTRONGAMMA RAY
DENSITY
SONICMICRO RESISTIVITY
MICROLOGDIPMETER
DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION
RES
OLU
TIO
NRESISTIVITY
RADIOACTIVITY
RESISTIVITY
ACOUSTIC
Logging Tools
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MUD-FILTRATEINVASION
EXPERIMENT
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Mud-Filtrate Invasion Experiment
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Open-Hole Logging Environment
Dynamic Mud Filtrate Invasion and Mud Cake Buildup
Source: Oilfield Review, Schlumberger
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NOMENCLATURE
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Porosity
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GENERALIZED COMPARISON
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DensityMeasurements
in the Borehole
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Typical Borehole Density Tool Configuration
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COMPENSATED NEUTRON LOG
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A SIMPLE EXPERIMENT
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NEUTRON POROSITY TRANSFORMS
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NEUTRON PHENOMENA AS A FUNCTION OF ENERGY
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POROSITY AND LITHOLOGY
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PULSED NEUTRON THEORY
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PorosityLogs:
Neutron,Density,
NMR
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Laminated Clean Gas Sand
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SONIC LOGGING: BASIC PRINCIPLES
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Single Transmitter-Dual Receiver Tool
SONIC LOGGING
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Static and Dynamic Deformation
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Monopole in a Fast Formation
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SONIC POROSITY: Intuitive Model
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Sonic Porosity: Theory and Measurements
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Acoustic Log: Core Calibration
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LWD/Wireline Neutron-Density Comparison
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Effects of Drilling Muds on Log Responses
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Shale, Silt, and Clay
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Low-Resistivity Sand
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Pore-Filling Kaolinite
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Pore-Lining Chlorite
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Chlorite
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Pore-Bridging Illite
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Vshale DETERMINATION
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Electrical Response of Rock Formations
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POROSITY
• TOTAL WATER SATURATION?
• BOUND-FREE (MOVABLE) WATER?
• IRREDUCIBLE WATER SATURATION (i.e. clay-bound water and capillary-bound water)?
WATER SATURATION
• TOTAL POROSITY?
• EFFECTIVE POROSITY?
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ARCHIE’S “Clean Sand” EquationEffective DC Resistivity Response
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RESISTIVITY: Influence of Water Saturation
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Water-Wet Hydrocarbon-Bearing Rock Formation
Wilcox SandOklahoma City
1 cm
Close-Up
Clay
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ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SHALY SANDS
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Shale-Free Electrical Model
•• Archie (1942)Laminated Shale Electrical Model
•• Poupon-Leveaux (Indonesian))
“Double-Layer” Dispersed Clay Electrical Models
•• Waxman-Smits
•• Dual-WaterMixed Dispersed-Clay / Laminar-Shale Electrical Model
•• Patchett-Herrick
Several Water Saturation Models
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Water Adsorption by Clays[Cation-Exchange-Capacity (CEC) Mechanism]
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Shale Distribution
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MULTIPLE SHALE VOLUME MODELS
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WAXMAN-SMITS “Dispersed Clay” Equation
Effective DC Resistivity Response
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POUPON “Laminar Sand-Shale” Equation
Effective DC Resistivity Response
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PATCHETT-HERRICK (Poupon + Waxman-Smits) EquationEffective DC Resistivity Response
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GR & Caliper
Permeability & Resistivity Archie T2
SpectraWaxman
SmitsDual Water
Poupon -Leveaux
Patchett -Herrick
Formation Volumetrics
MULTIPLE WATER SATURATION INTERPRETATIONS
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Mineralogy Determination
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Imaging Thin Beds
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Formation Testing
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Pressure-Drawdown Analysis
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Fluid Gradients
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Fluid Contacts and Density
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Permeability
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Fractured Reservoirs
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Photograph courtesy of Prof. Jon Olson
WHEN DOES THEORY BREAK DOWN?
Example of Microfracturing
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SUMMARY
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Acknowledgements
• Baker Atlas
• Schlumberger
• Halliburton