Materials and Method of Construction
Building Stones &
Ceramic Tiles
Munawar HussainCivil Engineering DepartmentMNS-University of Engineering and Technology Multan
Rock : A large concreted mass of earthy
or mineral matter
Stone : Quarried or smaller pieces of rock for a specified function such as a building block
GEOLOGICAL CLASSES OF ROCKS
Igneous: Formed by cooling and thus solidfying from a molten state. (Granite, Basalt)
Sedimentary : Formed by a process of cementation of small particles that result from the disintegration of rocks. (Limestone, sandstone)
Metamorphic Rocks : Formed by gradual changes in the structures of either igneous or sedimentary rocks caused by heat, water, pressure. (Marble, Slate)
Stone Masonry
Commercial Stone Types
For commercial purposes, building stone is classified into six groups according to ASTM C199.
• Granite• Limestone• Quartz-based• Slate• Marble• Other
COMMONLY USED BUILDING STONESGranite : • Intrusive igneous rock• Granite is a strong, hard & non-
porous rock• It is a desirable foundation &
building material.
Quartz Based: • Sedimentary Sandstone: from
quartz deposits• Brownstone, and some varieties
of bluestone are varieties of sandstone
Limestone : Sedimentary rock• It is used as a concrete aggregate• It is used in the production of
cement & lime
Marble : Metamorphosed limestone
• Harder than limestone• Used for interior work or wall or
column facing
Slate : Metamorphosed clay• Used for flooring, interior or
exterior wall facing.
Stone Masonry
Stone Selection
High density and low water absorption correlate with greater durability.
Stone Masonry
Stone MasonryMay also be dry set, stacked without mortar or set on shims with sealant-filled joints.
Stone Masonry
Rubble MasonryUnsquared stone blocks
Stone Masonry
Rubble MasonryRandom: Laid without continuous horizontal jointsCoursed: Laid with continuous horizontal joints
Stone Masonry
Ashlar MasonrySquared blocks
The various types of Ashlar masonry can be classified under the following categories are
1) Ashlar fine2) Ashlar rough3) Ashlar rock or quarry faced4) Ashlar facing5) Ashlar chamfered6) Ashlar block in course
Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar fine Ashlar rough
Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar rock or quarry faced
Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar facing
Facing
Ashlar chamfered
Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar block in course
Lifting Appliances for Stone Masonry
• Pin Lewis• Chain Dogs• Chain Lewis• Three Legged Lewis
PRODUCTION STEPSQuarrying: Big chunks are cut at the side, loosened at
the bottom by wedging & removed by cranes
Shaping & Finishing: Taken to the factory & cut and finished to the desired shapes.
PROPERTIES OF STONES1. Durability : mainly abrasion2. Strength3. Both strength & durability are affected by the texture &
mineral composition, chemical charactersitics & physical characteristics.
4. Porosity5. Water Absorption6. Coefficient of thermal expansion7. Fire resistance
Uses of Stones1) Building foundations, walls, piers, pillars, and architectural
works.
2) Lintels, Beams, beams Arches, domes etc.,
3) Cladding Works
4) Dams, light houses, monumental structures.
5) Paving jobs
6) Railway, ballast, black boards and electrical switch boards
Pakistan Stone Development Company http://pasdec.com.pk/
Ceramic Tiles: The Basics• Ceramic means “fired clay” and tile means “covering.” • Common raw materials are sand, clay, talc, feldspar.• A ceramic tile is just clay that's formed, glazed and
baked.
Figure: Wall & floor tiles.
Tile, Ceramic (clay) - Glazed
• Glazed (fired) in a high temperature kiln
• Stone Look -slate or other finishes
• Metallic Glazed (fired) • Colors, textures, shapes
are in the thousands
Clay body - Fired - Not glazed or coated
• Mexican Tile – Saltillo(In the family of terracotta tile, but more rustic)
• Mosaic Tile (Small - square, hex, rectangle)• Porcelain Tile (Stone Look" has stone
texture and colors pressed into the face)• Quarry Tile(Top is a wood pattern quarry
tile)• Terracotta Tile
Tile, Ceramic (clay) - Unglazed
Other Types of Masonry
Terra cotta cladding
Site Selection
• It means selection of best site for the project which provide • Safety • Economy
• It is a project specific job.• It depends on the
1. Requirements of user/client2. Use of Project3. Finance available
General Rules for site selection
• It should provide minimum disturbance to the residents of the area.
• Site should be selected that it provides good drainage.• Site should be easily accessible.• Construction material should be easily available.• Transportation of construction material is easy.
Orientation of Buildings & setting out of Civil engineering ProjectsWhat is Orientation of buildings?
It is defined as the art of placing a building in such a position that its front faces a particular direction.
Object of Orientation of BuildingsTo place the building so as to suit its surroundings.To provide natural comfort to users.To provide privacy to inmates.To protect residents from dust and noise pollution.To place the building in such direction that its minimum portion comes in contact with direct rain showers so as to avoid dampness in building.
Factors effecting Orientation of BuildingsFollowing factors are important for deciding the Orientation of Buildings.
1. Surroundings of the SiteThe building should be so oriented that it suits surrounding of the site.
2. Approach to road or streetApproach to nearby road means a good orientation.
3. Sun Movement.Sun path and sun rays are important in deciding the placement of different rooms in a building.
Sun Movement.
• Sun is the important source of energy, natural light and Temperature.
• If sunrays are properly falling on the building then it will provide a good living conditions in the buildings.
Arrangement of Different rooms in a Residential Building w.r.t Sun Movement
• Drawing or Living rooms SE W• Dining rooms SE SW• Bed rooms SE NW• Verandah S W• Kitchen NE SE• Stairs, Stairs case & stores NE NW