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Trade and Colonies
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Plantations in IrelandMary to James I
"Plantations in Ireland" by User:Asarlaí - Based on [1], [2], [3].. Licensed under GFDL via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plantations_in_Ireland.png#/media/File:Plantations_in_Ireland.png
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Ireland—James I
• Attempts under Mary and Elizabeth; private scheme with government support on Ards peninsula
• James VI had used English speaking gentry to ‘civilize’ Gaelic areas of Scotland
• 1607 Flight of the earls to seek Spanish aid leads to confiscations
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Land Grants and Settlers
• Undertakers– Granted 3000 acres– Agree to settle > 48 adult, English-speaking,
Protestant males (including at least 20 families)– Also included Catholics from border and SW
Scotland• Servitors – army veterans, subsidized by
London financiers who were given Derry• Protestant church in Ireland
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Londonderry
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Settlements
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Governing Ireland
• Create new counties; create boroughs within the plantations
• Create 35 new boroughs plus one for the University of Dublin (Trinity) where, “they may expect Protestant burgesses”– Pack Parliament although Parliament was relatively
unimportant– Closed, protestant-controlled government
Potter, Matthew. "The Greatest Gerrymander in Irish History? James I's 40 boroughs of 1612-13." History Ireland (2013): 14-17.
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New Boroughs
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East India Company
• 1600 Founded (London)• 1601 First voyage to Indonesia• 1612 Diplomacy with Mughal emperor
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East India Company
1612 Battle of Swally– Sea captain, Thomas Best, sank four Portuguese
ships1612 Establish trading posts;
– Granted rights by Mughal emperor
1615-1618 Embassy to Mughalcourt
Thomas Roe
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European India
Surat – Suryapūr; Hugli - Hooghly
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At Surat
Dutch factory
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Trade with the EastEast – Persia, India, East Indies
Imports• Cloth (calicoes) • Cotton, raw cotton, raw
silk• Indigo,• Saltpeter• SpicesValue ~ £511,000
Exports• Silver
– England Ag/Au 15:1– China Ag/Au 6:1~ £550,000/year
• Goods ~ £22,000 a year
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English Trade - Japan
• William Adams (Shōgun)– Sailed to Japan with VOC– Translator for Dutch and
English– Helped establish Japanese
ship building• English trade 1613 – 1623
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1634 Japanese Ship
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Virginia Charter
• Two Companies– London 34° to 40°– Bristol, Exeter, Plymouth 38°
to 45°• Stock sold for £12 10s
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Overlap
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Virginia Company - Aims
• Live and farm• Propagate “Christian Religion to such People,
as yet live in Darkness and miserable Ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God”
• Mine gold, silver and copper
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Settlement
• 1606-7 Captain Christopher Newport– Councell 6, Preacher 1, Gentlemen 28, Preacher
1, Carpenters 6, Blacksmith 1, Sailer 1, Barber 1, Bricklayers 2, Mason 1, Taylor 1, Drum 1, Labourers 12, Boyes 4 and others
• 1609 Charter rewritten • Jamestown
Survivors of first winter ~25%
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Recruiting
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Florida and Virginia Valuables
• Metals – gold, silver, copper• Pearls; “Turkey stones”• Oxen• Mulberry trees for silkworms• Dye materials – cochineal• Salt• Passage to Japan and China
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0
200
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1607 1608 1609 1609 1609 1610 1610 1611 1611 1611 1618 1622 1622
Year
Population
Famine
New Arrivals
New Arrivals
New Arrivals
Indian Attacks
Indian Attacks
New Arrivals
Departures
New Arrivals
Fluctuating PopulationJamestown
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Virginia Company (cont.)
• 1616 Subsidiary created to supply colony– Land distributed as a dividend in lieu of cash
• 1618 Audit finds original investment almost all lost; Relations with Indians deteriorate.
• Move to educate (Christianize) Indian children.
Jefferson Papers, Library of Congrsss
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Pocahontas
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Virginia Company (cont.)
• 1619 First Assembly of Burgesses; Exchange of supplies with Dutch for slaves
• 1620 Subsidiary dissolved• 1625 Virginia Company dissolved following
charges of “misimployment of the monyes, and ill keeping of the accounts.”
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1586 Returning Virginia colonists introduce tobacco
First English book on tobacco
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1603 Physicians complain to King James I that tobacco is used by people without a prescription1604 James I Counterblaste1604 Customs values tobacco at 6s 4d/pound
Customs rate increased by 4000% (not enforced)
1605 James I debates Dr. Cheynell at Oxford on the health effects of tobacco
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The NA Import Business
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Consumption1619 Pipe makers guild formed in London by 36 of 62 known pipe makersBy 1675, 25% of the population used a pipe full of tobacco a day.
1610-40
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Clay Pipes
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Popham Colony
Smithsonian February 2004
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Popham Colony -map
Pflederer, Richard L. "Before New England: The Popham Colony." History Today 55.1 (2005): 10
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Popham Colony – first ship
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Artifacts
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Maryland
• Lord Baltimore, principal secretary to James I• Catholic convert, asks for colony so Catholics
can worship freely• 1632 Charles I grants to his son, Cecil Calvert
– Palatine colony– Payment: Two Indian Arrows & a fifth Part of all
Gold and Silver Ore,
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Bermuda
• 1609 Virginia company ship wrecked on reefThe Tempest
• Settlers: Tenant farmers become indentured servants (7 years)• Objectives:
– Agriculture
– Pearl diving!
• Later−maritime trade• 1622 Require record keeping
and religious education
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Labor Shortage and Surplus
• Import blacks as indentured servants• 1630s Blacks and Indians indentured for 99 years• 1650s Growing population and growing crime• 1656 Curfew for blacks; banishment of free blacks• 1663 Again, remove status of free blacks; ban
miscegenation• 1673 Law forbidding slave trade• 1680’s References to slaves common
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Virginia Company of Plymouth
1620 Mayflower50 men, 19 women, 14 young adults, and 19 children
– 3 merchants, 8 clothing workers, smith, 2 wood workers, 2 printers, 5 seamen, 10 servants
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Barbados
1536 Discovered by Pedro a Campos of Portugal1625 Claimed for England by Captain John Powell1627 First settlement led by Captain Henry Powell
With Amerindians from Dutch Guiana farmed for tobacco, cotton, food
1642 Dutch introduce sugarIncreased demand for slave labor
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Settling Barbados
1627 Population 801629 1900-2000
1657
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British America in 1650
• West Indies ~44,000• Chesapeake (Maryland, Virginia) ~12,000• New England ~23,000