Download - 3.5 cervical vertebra
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ANATOMY MUSCULOSKELETAL
AXIAL SKELETON
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
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Vertebra Column
• Spine @ backbone
• Composed of a series of
bones called vertebrae.
• Vertebral column,
sternum and ribs form the
skeleton of the trunk of
the body.
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Vertebrae
RibcageSternum
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Function of Vertebral Column
• Functions as a strong, flexible rod with elements
that can be move forward, backward and
sideways, and rotate.
• Enclosing and protecting the spinal cord
• Supports the head
• Serves as a point attachment for the ribs, pelvic
girdle and muscles of the back.
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Vertebral Column
• Early development is 33 bones.
• Grows up – several vertebrae in the sacral and
coccygeal regions fuse.
• Normal adults, typically contains 26 vertebrae.
• Consists: cervical , thoracic, lumbar, sacral and
coccyx vertebrae.
• cervical , thoracic, lumbar – movable
• sacral and coccyx vertebrae - immovable
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Vertebra Column
• Distributed as follows:
1. 7 cervical vertebrae – neck region
2. 12 thoracic vertebrae – posterior to the
thoracic cavity
3. 5 lumbar vertebrae – support the lower back.
4. 1 sacrum – consists of 5 fused sacral
vertebrae.
5. 1 coccyx – consists of 4 fused coccygeal
vertebrae.
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Parts of a Typical Vertebra
• Vertebrae in different regions of the spinal
column vary in size, shape, and details.
• Vertebrae typically consist:
1. Body
2. Vertebral arch
3. Processes
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Body• Thick
• Disc shape anterior portion
• Weight bearing part of the vertebrae.
• Superior & inferior surface are roughened – attachment of
cartilaginous intervertebral disc.
• Anterior and lateral surface contain nutrien foramina,
opening for blood vessels deliver nutrient and O2 and
remove CO2 and wastes from bone tissues.
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Vertebral Arch
• 2 short, thick processes called the pedicles, project
posteriorly from the vertebrae body to unite with the
flat laminae, to form the vertebrae arch.
• Vertebral arch extend posteriorly from the body of
the vertebra, together with the body and vertebral
arch surround the spinal cord by forming the
vertebral foramen.
• Vertebral foramen contain spinal cord, adipose
tissue and areolar connective tissue and blood
vessels.
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Cont…
• Collectively, the vertebral foramina of all vertebrae
form the vertebral (spinal) cavity.
• The pedicles exhibit superior and inferior indentation
called vertebral notches.
• Superior and inferior vertebral notch are stacked on
top of ones another to form intervertebral foramen.
• Intervertebral foramen permits the passage of single
spinal nerve that passes to a spesific region of the
body.
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Processes
• 7 processes arise from the vertebral arch.
• At the point where lamina and pedicle join, a
transverse process extends laterally on each
side.
• A single spinous process projects posteriorly
from the junction of the laminae.
• These 3 processes serve as points of
attachments for muscles.
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Cont..• The remaining 4 processes forms joints with other
vertebrae above and below.
• 2 superior articular processes articulate with the 2 inferior articular processes of vertebrae above them.
• The articulating surfaces of articular processes called facets.
• Articulation between the bodies and articular facets of successive vertebrae are called intervertebral joint.
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• Neural foramen
• Notches between adjacent
vertebrae.
• Allows for the passage of
the spinal nerve roots,
spinal artery, veins, nerve
plexus, and ligaments
Intervertebral Foramen
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Intervertebral Discs• Intervertebral
fibrocartilage.
• Lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine.
• Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae
• Acts as a ligaments to hold the vertebrae together.
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Intervertebral Disc• Absorb shock
• Discs consist of an outer annulus fibrosus, which surrounds the inner nucleus pulposus.
• As people age, the nucleus pulposus begins to dehydrate, which limits its ability to absorb shock. The annulus fibrosus gets weaker with age and begins to tear.
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Cervical Vertebrae• C1-C7
• C1, C2, C7 = Atypical , C2 – C6 = Typical
• The bodies are smaller than thoracic vertebrae.
• Vertebral arches are larger.
• Have one vertebral foramina, and two transverse
foramina.
• Vertebral foramina of cervical vertebrae are the largest in the
spinal column because they house the cervical enlargement
of the spinal cord.
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Cont…• Each cervical transverse processes contain a
transverse foramen through which the vertebral artery,
vein and nerve pass.
• Spinous processes of C2-C6 are often bifid – split into
two parts.
• The first two cervical vertebra considerably from others.
• First cervical vertebrae (C1) called atlas, and second
cervical vertebrae (C2) called axis.
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Typical Cervical Vertebra
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Cervical 1 (Atlas)
• The atlas is a ring of bone with anterior and posterior arches
and large lateral masses.
• Lacks a body and a spinous process.
• Large vertebral foramen (triangular)
• The superior surface of the lateral masses called superior
articular facets are concave.
• Superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyle of
occipital bone to form atlanto – occipital joint.
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Cont…• These articulation permits the movement for “yes”.
• Inferior surface of the lateral masses called inferior articular
facets, articulate with axis vertebrae to form atlanto-axial joint.
• Transverse process and transverse foramina of the atlas are
quiet large.
• The large vertebral foramina divide into 2 foramina by the
transverse ligament; larger posterior foramina (spinal cord)
and smaller anterior foramina (dens)
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Atlas
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Cervical 1 (Atlas)
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Cervical 2 (Axis)
• Atypical cervical vertebra
• Have a body
• Peglike process called dens or odontoid process projects
up through anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the
atlas.
• The dens makes a pivot on which the atlas and head
rotate, as in moving the head to signify “ NO”.
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Cervical 2 (Axis)
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Atlanto-Axial Joint
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Cont…
• This arrangement allow side to side rotation of the head.
• The articulation formed between the anterior arch (facet) of
the atlas and dens of the axis, and between their
articulation facets (inferior and superior articular facets)
called the atlanto-axial joint.
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Cervical 3-6 (C3-C6)
• Typical vertebra previously describe.
• Referred slide no 21 and 22.
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Cervical 7 (C7)• Called the vertebra prominents.
• Has single large spinous process that can be felt at the
base of the neck.
• Spinous process is not bifid.
• Body is larger.
• Pedicles are directed more posteriorly than laterally.
• Inferior articular facets face more anteriorly than
downwards.
• Vertebral foramen, generally smaller than other cervical
vertebrae.
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Cervical 7 (C7)
Vertebral ProminentsSpinous process not
bifid, large project posteriorly
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Cervical 7 (C7)
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MUSCLES OF THE NECK THAT MOVE THE HEAD
Balance and movement of the head on the
vertebral column involves several neck muscles.
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Semispinalis capitis
• Splenius capitis
• Longissimus capitis
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Sternocleidomastoid
• Origin : sternal head from superior and anterior surface of manubrium of sternum; clavicular head from medial half of clavicle
• Insertion : mastoid process of temporal bone
• Action : bilaterally – flex cervical portion of vertebral column, flex head and elevate ribs during force inhalation
: unilaterally – laterally rotate and flex head to side opposite
contracting muscles.
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Sternocleidomastoid (cont…)• Nerve supply (nerve
innervations)
- accessory (XI) nerve
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Semispinalis Capitis
• Origin : transverse process of C7 and T1 – T7 vertebra.
• Insertion : occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal line.
• Action : bilaterally extend head , unilaterally lateral rotate head to same side as contracting muscle.
• Nerve innervations : cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
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Semispinalis Capitis
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Splenius Capitis
• Origin : ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7 and T1 – T4
• Insertion : occipital bones and mastoid process of temporal bone.
• Action : Bilaterally extend head, unilaterally lateral rotate head to same side as contracting muscle.
• Nerve innervations : cervical spinal nerves
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Splenius Capitis
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Longissimus Capitis
• Origin : transverse process of T1 – T4 and
articular process of C4 – C7
• Insertion : posterior margin of mastoid process
of temporal bone.
• Action : Bilaterally extend head, unilaterally
lateral rotate head to same side as contracting
muscle.
• Nerve innervations : middle and inferior
cervical spinal nerves
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Neck Flexion / Extension
Extension Flexion
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Lateral Flexion
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Head Rotation