Download - 3D Cadastre – Dream or Reality?
3D Cadastre – Dream or Reality?Nick Land
Context
20 Years
Cadastral Trends
• Security of tenure (ownership)• Support for land markets (value)• Sustainable development (use)
- Rights and restrictions
• Efficient & effective land administration• Extending the use & value of the cadastre
Why do we need a 3D cadastre?
• Address the trends in cadastre
• Urbanisation• Complexity of structures & related rights- On & above ground- Sub-surface
Not a new concept
No ‘true’ 3D cadastres exist
• Register volumes in land (public) registers, but not included in cadastral map
• Register only a subset of objects- Apartment blocks- Utilities
• Register new constructions only• No widely accepted definition of 3D cadastre
Definition (FIG)
• A 3D parcel is defined as the spatial unit against which (one or more) unique and homogeneous rights (e.g. ownership right or land use right), responsibilities or restrictions (RRRs) are associated to the whole entity
• Homogeneous = the same combination of rights equally apply within the whole 3D spatial unit
• Unique = the largest spatial unit for which this is true
GIS Technology
How to Implement?
GIS Functionality Continues to Improve
• Mapping & Editing• Imagery• LiDAR• Mobile• Cloud• Apps• 3-D• 4-D & Real Time
Collect ManageVisualise
& Analyze
Share
ArcGIS is a 3D GIS
3D Data types in the Geodatabase• Vector feature classes with X,Y,Z geometry
- 3D Points- 3D Lines- 3D Polygons
• Elevation grid rasters (DTM/DEM)• Terrains (TIN, Point cloud, surface)• Mosaics of LAS LiDAR datasets• Multipatch (volumetric bodies)
Introducing Multipatch
• A geodatabase feature type for 3D objects. • Collection of triangles, triangle strips, triangle fans, and rings• Stores texture image, colour, transparency, and lighting vector
information within the geometry
Collections can be complex• A single composite multipatch can contain
multiple patches of varying types
Textures can be applied• Two rings and one triangle strip• Different textures for roof, floor and walls
3D Cadastre
Concepts of 3D Cadastre
• Full 3D cadastre
• 3D tagging
• Hybrid 3D Cadastre
• 4D Cadastre – Time as the fourth dimension
The hybrid solution – All in one database
• Supports the identification of a land unit
• Supports boundary definitions
• Supports and maintains topological relationships
• Allows maintenance in both 2D and 3D
• Allows display of complex spatial relationships
• Allows spatial analysis
• Allows maintenance of other types of objects
2D 3D
Survey network
Identification
Boundary Definition
Data Maintenance
Data Maintenance
Spatial relationships
Spatial analysisSpatial analysis
Identification
3D Cadastre – Hybrid Solution2D Parcels; 3D Objects
Legal & Physical Objects – Above & below ground
3D Cadastre
Visualisation
3D Cadastre
Spatial Analysis e.g for objective, market valuation
Esri’s 3D Urban Information Model• Simplifies the creation, maintenance and usage of 3D cities
Built EnvironmentBuildings & Building InteriorsTransport & Utility NetworksInstallationsTrees
Legal Environment3D Zoning3D Land Ownership
Natural EnvironmentLand CoverAtmosphereGeology
Template for download
2D to 3D: Data CollectionPhotogrammetric data collection direct into ArcGIS
2D to 3D: Add Heights to 2D Building Footprints
• Point clouds from aerial LiDAR …• … and from new sources like oblique imagery stereomatching
LiDAR point cloud Geoprocessing to extrude footprints
Best practice 3D workflows, example models and sample data, available at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/city-engine/, and at http://resources.arcgis.com/en/communities/3d/.
2D to 3D: Procedural modeling3D model creation using rules / algorithms
iteratively refine a design by creating more and more detail
• Base geometry
• Procedural rules
Base geometry Final 3D modelIterative refinement
3D models: CityEngine – WebScene
http://www.arcgis.com/apps/CEWebViewer/viewer.html?3dWebScene=9c0e319bfaff4d33a0fe2da97c2c3fd7
Analyze
3D routingMaximum visible building height
Volumetric Shadows
Skyline analysis
Volumetric GlareSecurity camera coverage
Share
Create screenshots
Post to ArcGIS.com
WebGIS•Publish Virtual Cities as 3D services•KML
Export video animationsMobile 3D
CityEngine Web Scenes
Extending use of Cadastre Urban planners / Emergency Response / Public safety
City of Portland
Sydney
Rotterdam
Singapore
Philadelphia Brisbane
Masdar city
Pasadena
Other (non-technical) considerations
• Legal• Institutional• Needs• Costs and benefits
Conclusions
• Today’s GIS technology allows us to:- Model the world in 3D- Collect, manage, edit, visualise, analyse & share 3D models- Hybrid 2D/3D Cadastre offers cost effective solution
• The bigger questions are:- What are the ‘real’ needs?- Are the costs justified by the benefits?- What changes are required to the legislation?
For more information:
• FIG Com. 3 & 7 Working Group on 3D Cadastre- http://www.gdmc.nl/3DCadastres/
• www.esri.com
• Nick Land: [email protected]