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3D Printing:
A Review and Synthesis
Elizabeth Matias
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao 1
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Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao 2
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Outline
• Historical Evolution
• Common Applications
• Research Plan
• Findings
• Implications for Business
• Wrap Up
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao 3
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Historical Evolution Part I
19th Century
Topography
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
1972 Ciraud 1981 Hideo
Kodama
1982 Alan
Hebert
(3M)
4
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Historical Evolution Part II
1986 Chuck
Hall (SLA)
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
1988 Scott
Crump
(FDM)
2005 Adrian
Bowyer
(RepRap
Project)
2009 Bre
Prettis,
Adam
Mayer &
Zach Smith
(MakerBot) 5
Click Here for video clip
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Common Applications
• Rapid Prototyping
• Tinkering
• Personal Manufacturing
• Small Batch Production
• On Demand Manufacturing
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao 6
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Rapid Prototyping
• Process of designing a 3D model with computer aided design software (CAD), and producing a prototype, typically out of plastic, via 3D printing technology
• Viewable model to envision final product
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao Sample Prototypes 7
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Tinkering
• The process of
casually playing
with or futzing with
a product design
in hopes of
improving or
repairing the
product.
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
Ben Franklin: Michael J Deas
8
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Small Batch Production
• Manufacturing
process whereby
an entrepreneur
or business
determines a low
volume of a
particular product
is economically
viable
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
Etsy
9
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Personal Manufacturing
Consumers fill a
personal need,
thereby
executing their
own product
development
cycle.
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
“eggbot”
10
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On Demand Manufacturing
• Customer
designs or
customizes a
product. Then
orders product,
which is
manufactured
upon order
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
SOLS
11
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Research Plan
• User Types
• Five Factors
• Underlying Assumptions of the study
• Methodology
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao 12
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User Types
Businesses
• Engineers,
designers, architects
• 3DP SMEs
• 10+ year w/ the
technology
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
Consumers
• Broad demographic
• Students &
professionals
• Potential users &
actual tinkerers
13
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Five Factors
• Hardware Familiarity
• Software Familiarity
• Hardware Specifications
• Cost
• Interest in Customization
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao 14
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Underlying Assumptions
Businesses
• All users are
interested in
technology for
prototyping
• Exploring other
applications
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
Consumers
• Half of all consumers
understand basic
concepts
• 10% have utilized the
technology
• 60% are not willing to
pay more than
$299/3DP
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Methodology
Businesses • 5 Interviews w/ lead
users • NRI
• Cycling Sports Group
• Shapeways
• Richards Manufacturing Co
• Con Edison
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
Consumers
• Survey administered
via SurveyMonkey
• 66/115 survey
responses
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Business Findings
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
Factor NRI
Cycling
Sports
Group
Shapeways Richards Con Edison
Hardware
Application
service for
customers
prototyping,
decal testing
service for
customers prototypes prototypes
Software n/a* PTC Creo
TinkerCad,
Scuptris,
SketchUp
MakerBot
MakerWare
Inventor,
Autodesk
Printer
Model Various
Dimension
SST 1200es
(Stratasys)
Various MakerBot
Replicator 2
Fortus
250mc
(Stratasys)
Cost Various $35,000 Various $2,000 $70,000 * Not answered during interview
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Business Findings Continued
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
Stratasys Dimension SST 1200 ES Stratasys Fortus 250 MC
18
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Consumer Findings
• 10% have used 3D printers
• Most have basic understanding of 3DP
• Only 45% were not will to pay >$299
• 15% were willing to pay a higher price
for a 3D printer than expected
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao 19
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Implications for Business
• Consumer 3D Printing Companies
• 3D Software Companies
• 3D Printing Services
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao 20
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Consumer 3D Printing
Companies
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
• Expand marketing
and education
efforts on 3D
design process
• 3D printer repair
shops (Spivey)
21
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3D Software Companies
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
3D Digital Scanner & Software
• More user
friendly CAD
software options
• Continue to
improve usability
of existing apps
– Sculptris,
Tinkercad
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3D Printing Services
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
Google & Shapeways
• Continue partnerships like #madeincode, Hasbro, & Wix
• Continue to facilitate 3DP applications – tinkering, personal manufacturing, small batch production, on demand manufacturing
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Wrap Up
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao
• 3DP is ideal for intricate, complex
designs
• 3DP is new in consumer space
• 3DP is not new for
engineers/designers
• Prevalent application is still prototyping
• Additional user analysis is required to
project tech adoption
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Questions?
Thank You
Copyright © 2015 Elizabeth Matias and Bharat Rao 25
Matias, Elizabeth and Bharat Rao (2015), ‘3D Printing: On its Historical Evolution and the
Implications for Business,’ Portland International Conference on Management of Technology
(PICMET), Portland, Oregon, August 2-6th.