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Cost Management Systems
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Learning Objective 1
Describe the purposes of
cost management systems.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Cost Management System
A cost-management system (CMS) is a collection of tools and techniques thatidentifies how management’s decisions affect costs.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
What is Cost Accounting?
Cost accounting is that part of theaccounting system that measures costsfor the purposes of management decisionmaking and financial reporting.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Learning Objective 2
Explain the relationships
among cost, cost objective,
cost accumulation, and
cost allocation.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Cost Accounting System
CostAccumulation
Collecting costs by some“natural” classificationsuch as materials or labor
CostAllocation
Tracing costs to one or more cost objectives
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Cost Accounting System
MACHININGDEPARTMENT
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
FINISHINGDEPARTMENT
ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
RAW MATERIALCOSTS (METALS
CABINETS CABINETS
DESKS DESKS
TABLESTABLES
Cost Accumulation
Cost Allocationto Cost Objects:
1. Departments
2. Activities
3. Products
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Cost
A cost may be defined as a sacrifice or giving up of resources for a particular purpose.
Costs are frequently measured by the monetary units that must be paid for goods and services.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Cost Objective
What is a cost object or cost objective?
It is anything for which a separate measurementof costs is desired.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Learning Objective 3
Distinguish among direct,
indirect, and unallocated costs.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Direct Costs
Direct costs can be identified specifically and exclusively with a given costobjective in an economicallyfeasible way.
What are direct costs?
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Indirect Costs
Indirect costs cannot be identifiedspecifically and exclusively with agiven cost objective in an economicallyfeasible way.
What are indirect costs?
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
What Distinguishes Direct and Indirect Costs?
Managers prefer to classify costs as direct rather than indirect whenever it is “economically feasible” or “cost effective.”
Other factors also influence whether a cost is considered direct or indirect.
The key is the particular cost objective.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Categories of Manufacturing Costs
Any raw material, labor, or other inputused by any organization could,in theory, be identified as adirect or indirect costdepending on thecost objective.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Categories of Manufacturing Costs
All costs which are eventually allocated to products are classified as either…
1 direct materials,2 direct labor, or3 indirect manufacturing.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Direct Material Costs...
– include the acquisition costs of all materials that are physically identified as a part of the manufactured goods and that may be traced to the manufactured goods in an economically feasible way.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Direct Labor Costs...
– include the wages of all labor that can be traced specifically and exclusively to the manufactured goods in an economically feasible way.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Indirect Manufacturing Costs...
– or factory overhead, include all costs associated with the manufacturing process that cannot be traced to the manufactured goods in an economically feasible way.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Product Costs...
– are costs identified with goods produced or purchased for resale.
Product costs are initially identified as part of the inventory on hand.
These costs, inventoriable costs, become expenses (in the form of cost of goods sold) only when the inventory is sold.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Period Costs...
– are costs that are deducted as expenses during the current period without going through an inventory stage.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Period or Product Costs
In merchandising accounting, insurance, depreciation, and wages are period costs (expenses of the current period).
In manufacturing accounting, many of these items are related to production activities and thus, as indirect manufacturing, are product costs.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Period Costs – Merchandising and Manufacturing
In both merchandising and manufacturing accounting, selling and general administrative costs are period costs.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Learning Objective 4
Explain how the financial
statements of merchandisers
and manufacturers differ
because of the types of goods
they sell.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Financial Statement Presentation– Merchandising Companies
MerchandiseInventory
MerchandiseInventory
SalesSales
Cost of Goods Sold(an expense)
Cost of Goods Sold(an expense)
Selling andAdministrative
Expenses
Selling andAdministrative
Expenses
Balance Sheet Income Statement
–
Equals Gross Margin
Equals Operating Income
–
Expiration
PeriodCosts
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Financial Statement Presentation– Manufacturing Companies
FinishedGoods
Inventory
FinishedGoods
Inventory
SalesSales
Cost of Goods Sold(an expense)
Cost of Goods Sold(an expense)
Selling andAdministrative
Expenses
Selling andAdministrative
Expenses
Balance Sheet Income Statement
–
Equals Gross Margin
Equals Operating Income
–
Expiration
PeriodCosts
DirectMaterial
Inventory
DirectMaterial
Inventory
Work-in-Process
Inventory
Work-in-Process
Inventory
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Costs and Income Statements
On income statements, the detailed reporting of selling and administrative expenses is typically the same for manufacturing and merchandising organizations, but the cost of goods sold is different.
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Cost of Goods Sold for a Manufacturer
The manufacturer’s cost of goods produced and then sold is usually composed of the three major categories of cost:
1 Direct materials2 Direct labor3 Indirect manufacturing
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©2002 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Introduction to Management Accounting 12/e, Horngren/Sundem/Stratton
Cost of Goods Soldfor a Retailer or Wholesaler
The merchandiser’s cost of goods sold is usually composed of the purchase cost of items, including freight-in, that are acquired and then resold.