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Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved
OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio
Network Coverage PlanningISSUE1.0
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Internal Use2
Objectives
Contents and process of network planning
Understand the uplink budget and its elements. Understand the downlink budget and its
elements.
Familiar with coverage enhancement
technologies.
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Internal Use3
Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
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Internal Use4
Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Internal Use5
Definition and Category of Network Planning
Definition:
Network planning means proper network elements (NEs) are selected
based on network target, network evolution requirement and cost.
Also, the quality, configuration, and connection mode of the NEs are
determined to facilitate engineering implementation.
Categories:
Core Network Planning
Radio Network Planning
Transmission Network Planning
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Internal Use6
Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G
The construction cost of the mobile
communications network mainly lies in the
equipment investment.
Among the three of the 3G network (radio access
network, transmission network, and core network),
radio access network takes more than 70%
investment.
The investment in the radio access network
depends on the number and configuration of theBSs, which are determined by the radio network
planning.
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Comparison Between GSM & WCDMA Network Planning
Frequency planning is important. The
structure and frequency of the cellular network
need careful planning to ensure minimum co-
frequency and adjacent-frequency interference.
Fixed capacity. If the interference requirement
is met, total users supported is fixedly
determined by carriers and timeslots.
Coverage capability depends on transmit
power of the transmitter and demodulation
performance of the receiver.
The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the
GOS and design objective are relatively simple.
f1
f1
f2
f2
f3
f1
f1
f2
f2
f3
f3f1
f2f1
f3
f1
Frequency reuse factor = 1.
Soft capacity. The capacity per WCDMA carrier
wave is related to environment and neighbor cell
interference.
Coverage capability is related to system load
situation. The increase in system load will reduce
coverage range.
Supports services with different rate and QoS,
including voice service, and their coverage
capacity is different. In the network planning, the
system performance shall be optimized through
reasonable planning and radio resource
management.
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1f1
f1f1
f1
f1
GSM WCDMA
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning
Optimal coverage for profitable services
The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources needto be distributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage
scheme shall be determined after the profitable services and their
coverage quality is determined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the
planning focuses on high-speed data service, it will result in waste of
many services.
Optimal quality of core service
Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the
network development. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in
a short period, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service
development, for example, high-speed data service.
The quality of the core service should be guaranteed in order to promote
the service and performance advantages of the 3G network and uphold
the operator's brand.
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning
Highest capacity based on limited resources
The capacity of 3G network is mainly affected by
interference. Reasonable parameter planning may
help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell interference,
improve the cell capacity, and make full use of thelimited resources.
Huawei provides reliable and effective power control
and radio resource management algorithm by using
abundant test data and advanced simulation means.
They are proved in many customer pilots of Huawei
around the world.
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning
Lowest overall cost of network construction
The construction of the radio network goes through
the lifecycle of the network.
In the planning, further development shall be
considered, in order to reduce the overall cost of
network construction.
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Internal Use12
Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Process of Wireless Network Planning
Radio Network Dimension (RND)
At the early stage of the project planning, the
future network is preliminarily planned.
The configuration and the number of RAN NEs are
output for preliminary project planning and for cost
estimation in contract making.
Pre-planning of radio network
At the mid stage of project planning, based on the
dimensioning output, the future network is planned
in detail, and accurate network scale and
theoretical site location are determined.
A pre-planning report is output for mid-stage
project and cost estimation in contract signing.
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Internal Use14
Process of Wireless Network Planning
Cell planning of radio network
At the later stage of project planning, based on the
pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed,
and the related cell parameters are determined.
If the result is different from the earlier plan, cell
parameters and planning effect should be checked
through simulation, and the output report shall be
the final radio network planning scheme to be used
for project construction.
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Process of Radio Network Planning
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Radio Network Dimension
Radio Network Dimension is a simplified analysis of the
future network.
Objective:
To estimate equipments needed to meet network
requirement (approximate BS quantity andconfiguration).
Method:
Radio Link Budget Calculation
Cell Size Calculation
Capacity Calculation
Transmission Network Estimation
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Radio Network Dimension
Coverage information
Coverage area
Area information
Capacity information
Spectrum available
Subscriber density & profile
Quality information
QoS requirement
GoS requirement
System scale
Site & equipment
quantity
System configuration
Sector configuration
Carrier quantity
Network construction
cost
Site cost
Equipment cost
Input Output
Coverage dimension
Capacity dimension
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Radio Network Pre-planning
Based on radio network dimension,
network pre-planning intends to :
Determine the initial layout
Theoretical location for BSs
Select engineering parameters
(BS location, network hierarchy,
transmit power, antenna
layout/type/direction/tilt angle, and
so on) and some cell parameters
(common channel/traffic channeltransmit power) .
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Internal Use19
Radio Network Pre-planning
Based on the result of RND,
theoretical location of site and cellparameters, we should carry out
coverage simulation.
We should carry out more careful
adjust (for example amount of
NodeB, configuration of NodeB,antenna altitude, antenna azimuth)
after analyzing the results of
coverage simulation.
Finally ,we should get perfect
coverage result.
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Radio Network Pre-planning
Radio Network Pre-planning report
Radio Network Pre-planning report should be generated after
performing the foregoing jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report
should involve several factors:
Introduce of project background
Information of planning area :area, population, cluster
Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list
( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters)
Performance of project :base on the result of the simulation
Appendix: statistical diagram about performance
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Radio Network Cell Planning
F lowchart of cell planning
N
Site survey
report
Site selection
System
simulation
Design
objective
met?
Wireless network
planning report
Noise test
Noise test report
Wi reless network
pre - planning
report
Site survey
N
Radio networknominal
planning report
Output SEARCHRINGS
List of sites
Is it a 2G site
or not?Is it a new site ornot (name prefix
NewSite)
Obtain candidatesites
Can site conditions
be determined?Site survey
Site surveyreport
Frequency
scanning test
Frequency scanning
test report
Are siterequirements
satisfied or not?
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Radio Network Cell Planning Site Survey
Normally, perfect site location difficult to be acquired. We must select some
candidate site. But how can we select the candidate site?
Based on experience , candidate site is selected from SEARCH RING
scope (SEARCH RING =1/4*R ) and at the same time , still consider
altitude factor
We still pay attention to some factors when we select the candidate sites :
Radio environment Candidate site location
Candidate site latitude
Ambient
Work implement
Space of room
Antenna install
Transmission
Power
Commercial factor
Rent
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Summary of the Chapter
Category of radio network planning
Huawei concept of radio network planning Difference between GSM network planning and WCDMA
network planning
Process of radio network planning
Input and output requirements of the radio network pre-planning
This chapter covers the fol lowing:
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
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CapacityCoverageQuality
Relationship between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA system
WCDMA system is a self-interference system. Its capacity, coverage and
quality are closely related to each other.
Capacitycoverage
If the load increases, the capacity and interference also interference,and the coverage shrinks.
Capacityquality
The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of some
connections.
Coverage
qualityThe coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some
connections.
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Process of Link Budget
What to consider in link budget:
Environment features of the
planned area
Site capacity
Indoor coverage
Coverage probability
Propagation model
Equipment performanceMaximum cell radius
Create link budget
Obtain cell radius
Calculate site area
Specify site quantity
of the area
Maximum path loss
Maximum site
coverage area
Site quantity=planned area/site coverage area
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Internal Use27
Fundamental Principle
Link Budget:
To estimate thesystem
coverage by
analyzing
uplink/downlink
signalpropagation; in
order to obtain
the maximum
propagation loss
after certaincommunications
quality is
ensured.
TX
Combiner
DuplexerFeeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BSLf_BS
Ga_BSNodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UE
UE
CombinerDuplexer
Body Loss
Fading
Margin
Penetration
Loss
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Algorithm Introduction
PL_UL=Pout_UE + Ga_BS + Ga_UE
LfBS + Ga_SHO
Mpc
Mf
MI Lp Lb S_BS
PL_UL : Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink
Pout_UE : Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE
Lf_BS : Cable lossGa_BS : Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc : Margin for fast power control
Mf : Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI : Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
Lp : Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb : Body loss
SBS : Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service and
multi-path condition)
Uplink (reverse)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
Max Power of TCH
Body Loss
Gain of UE Tx Antenna
EIRP
Gain of BS Rx Antenna
Cable Loss
Noise Figure (BS)
Eb/No Required (BS)
Sensitivity of BS Receiver
UL Cell Loading
Interference Margin
Background Noise Level
Margin for Background Noise
SHO Gain over Fast Fading
Fast Fading Margin
Minimum Signal Strength
Required
Penetration Loss
Std. dev. of Slow Fading
Edge coverage Probability
Slow Fading Margin
SHO Gain over Slow Fading
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
1. Max Power of TCH (dBm)
For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usuallythe nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a
commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set
according to the specifications of a mainstream commercial cell
phone and the requirement of the operator.
Grade of UE powerTS 25.101 v3.7.02001-066.2.1
Power Class Nominal maximum output power Tolerance
1 +33dBm +1/-3dB
2 +27dBm +1/-3dB
3 +24dBm +1/-3dB
4 +21dBm +2/-2dB
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
2. Body Loss (dB)
For voice service, the body loss is 3 dB. Because data service mainly involves text and video, so UE is
relatively far from body, and the body loss is 0 dB.
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
Generally, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter gain of the
UE antenna are both 0 dBi.
4. EIRP(dBm)
UE EIRP (dBm)
= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)
Kathrein 741794
Frequency range
1710~2170MHz (dual
band for DCS
and UMTS)
Polarization +45
, -45
Gain 18.5dBi
HPBW (1920~2170MHz)Horizontal: 63
Vertical:6.5
Electrical tilt Fixed, 2
Side lobe suppression for 1st
side lobe above horizon>14dB
Front-to-back ratio, co-polar >30dB
Dimension (Height / Width /
Depth)
1302 mm / 155 mm /
69 mm
Weight 6.6kg
Kathrein 741790
Frequency range 1920~2170MHz
Polarization Vertical
Gain 11dBi
HPBW Vertical: 7
Electrical tilt Fixed, 0
Dimension (Height) 1387 mm
Weight 5kg
El f WCDMA U li k B d
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
6. Cable Loss (dB)
Includes feeders and connectors
losses between the cabinet top
and the antenna connector.
Lower jumper
Connector
Feeder
Upper jumper
Etc.
Except for the feeder, the loss is
relatively constant. Assume that
the feeder loss is 0.8 dB @ 2GHz. 7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m
5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m
Bracket
Bracket
Tilt adjuster
Antenna
Upper jumper
Feeder
Feeder windowLightning arrester
Lower jumper
Feeder fixing clip
Feeder grounding clip
Feeder installation
El t f WCDMA U li k B d t
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
7. Noise Figure (dB)
It is used to measure the noise performance of an amplifier.
Amount of noise (dB) added to receive path by low noise
amplifier of Base Station.
Thermal noise of receiver (unit bandwidth):
PN = KTBWNF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)
NF = SNRi / SNRo
= (Si / Ni) / (So / No)
El t f WCDMA U li k B d t
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
8. Eb/Norequired (dB)
It is obtained through link simulation. It depends on: Service
UE speed
Radio Channel
9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)
Signal level required at input of receiver
Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10log(3.84MHz)
+ Eb/Norequired (dB) Processing Gain
= -108 (dBm/3.84Hz) + NF (dB) + Eb/Norequired (dB) + 10log[Rb(kHz)]
El t f WCDMA U li k B d t
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
10. Background Noise Level (dBm) External electromagnetic interference sources:
Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar,
television station, and so)
Automobile ignition
Lighting When planning for a specific area, it is
recommended to estimate the interference level
through noise test.
El t f WCDMA U li k B d t
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
11. Margin for Background Noise (dB)
Assume that the noise of a device (NodeB or UE) is X
dBm, and the external interference power is Y dBm, the
margin for the external interference can be calculated:
Margin for Background Noise =
10log (10X /10
+ 10Y /10
) dBm- X dBm
El t f WCDMA U li k B d t
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
12. Penetration Loss (dB)
Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the
average signal strength outside the building and the average
signal strength of one layer of the building.
Penetration loss is related to building type, entrance angle of the
electric wave, and so on.
It is uneconomical to provide good indoor coverage through an
outdoor BS. The indoor coverage shall be provided for by an
indoor coverage solution.
In the actual construction of a commercial network, the
penetration loss margin is usually specified by the operator in
order to compare the planning results of different manufacturers.
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
13. Fast Fading Margin (dB)
In link budget, the estimated Eb/No ofreceiver is based on the assumption of
perfect power control.
In actual system, this assumption is
invalid due to limited transmit power of
transmitter, thus introducing non-deal
factor in closed loop power control.
Fast fading margin, or PC headroom, is
included to account for the additional
margin needed in the mobile station
transmission power to maintain adequate
power.
Simulation results shows:
As headroom decreases, Eb/Noincrease.
For Eb/Norequired > 7dB, an increase
of Eb/Norequired by 1dB corresponds
to a decrease of PC headroom by
1dB.
PC headroom vs. Eb/Notarget
El t f WCDMA U li k B d t
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
14. Edge coverage Probability
If the maximum output power of UE cannot compensate for the path
loss to ensure Smin required, an outage will occur to the link .
For a UE at a distance ofd, the link disconnection probability is as
follows:
Proutage (d) =Pr { Pmax,UE- PL(d) < Smin }
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
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SF x dnorm x 0
30 20 10 0 10 20 300
0.02
0.04
0.06
SF x 8( )
SF x 10( )
SF x 12( )
x
SF_M x pnorm x 0
20 16 12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 200
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SF_M x 8( )
SF_M x 10( )
SF_M x 12( )
x
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
15. Slow Fading Margin (dB)
Slow Fading Margin (dB) = Required Edge coverage ProbabilityStd. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
16. Uplink Cell Loading
Uplink cell loading is used to measure the uplink load of a cell.
The higher the uplink cell loading, the higher the uplink interference.
If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes
infinite, and the corresponding capacity is the utmost capacity.
N
jjjobN
jULW
vRNEiLi
11
/11
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
17. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)
UL
N
jN
TOT
LPINoiseRise
11
1
1
1
50% Load3dB
60% Load4dB
75% Load6dB
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
18. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)
19. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
These values are obtain through simulation
The soft handover gain includes two parts: Multiple unrelated soft handover branches lower
the required margin for fading, which results in
multi-cell gain.
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft
handover
marco diversity combining gain. The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro
diversity combining gain.
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
20. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)
After interference factors and the factors degrading the
performance are considered, the signal strength required
by the correct demodulation is receiver sensitivity in the
network.
Minimum Signal Strength Required
= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)
+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)
+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain
over fast fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget
Summary: Cell edge path loss Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link,
the path loss median at the cell edge can be calculated
if the fading margin and soft handover gain for providing
the required edge/area coverage probability and the
penetration loss of indoor coverage are considered.
Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal
Strength Required (dBm) ] - Penetration Loss (dB) -
Slow Fading Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over SlowFading (dB)
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
Fundamental Principle
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Internal Use48
Fundamental Principle
Link Budget: Link
Budget intends to
estimate the system
coverage by
analyzing the factors
of the propagationof the forward signal
and reverse signal,
in order to obtain the
maximum
propagation loss
after certaincommunications
quality is ensured.
TX
Combiner
DuplexerFeeder
RX
Pout_BS
Lc_BSLf_BS
Ga_BSNodeB
TX
RX
Pout_UE
Ga_UE
UE
CombinerDuplexer
Body Loss
Fading
Margin
Penetration
Loss
Algorithm
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Algorithm
PLDL = Pout,BS Lf,BS + Ga_BS + Ga,UE + Ga,SHO Mpc Mf MI Lp Lb SUE
PLDL : Maximum propagation loss of the downlink
Pout,UE : Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS
L
f,BS
: Cable lossGa,BS : Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga,SHO : Gain of soft handover
Mpc : Margin for fast power control
Mf : Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI : Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
Lp : Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb : Body loss
SUE : Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and
multi-path condition)
Downlink (forward)
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
Max Power of TCH
Cable Loss
Gain of BS Tx Antenna
EIRP
Gain of UE Rx Antenna
Body Loss
Noise Figure (UE)
Eb/No Required (UE)
Sensitivity of UE Receiver
DL Cell Loading Interference Margin
Background Noise Level
Margin for Background Noise
SHO Gain over Fast Fading
Fast Fading Margin
Minimum Signal Strength
Required
Penetration Loss Std. dev. of Slow Fading
Edge coverage Probability
Slow Fading Margin
SHO Gain over Slow Fading
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
Downlink Cell Loading
Downlink cell loading factor is defined in two ways:
Downlink cell loading load at the receiver:
This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell loading:
The higher downlink cell loading, the higher cell transmit power,and the higher the receiver interference.
When the downlink cell loading is 100% , the corresponding
capacity is the utmost capacity of the downlink.
Downlink cell loading at the receiver: The ratio of the current cell
transmit power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:
The higher downlink cell loading, the higher cell transmit power.
The downlink cell loading is related to service type, UE receiver
performance, cell size, and BS capability.
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j
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Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
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: 1.78
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget
Downlink Interference Margin (dB)
Downlink interference at UE receiver:
The downlink load factor is:
The link budget tool uses the following typical values:
orthogonal factor : Obtained through simulation. Related to
environment type and cell radius.
Cell edge adjacent-cell interference factor
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nnj
T
j
T
j
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total
P
PPL
PPL
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Rat io of other cel l to own cel l
base stat ion power
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Chapter 1 WCDMA Network Planning Process
Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
Chapter 4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
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Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
TMA
Located near the antenna
A TMA is Low noise amplifier
Helps to improve the uplink receivesensitivity and enhances the uplink
coverage
A TMA usually has 0.7dB loss in the
downlink.
4- Antennas Receive Diversity
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4 Antennas Receive Diversity
4Antenna receive diversity
4Antenna receive diversity has twotypes
Two Cross-polar antennas
Four antennas
4Antenna receive diversity helps to
improve the uplink receive
performance Improve the uplink coverage and
capacity performance
4Antenna receive diversity need
equipment support
4-antennas Receive Diversity
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4 antennas Receive Diversity
Compare 2RxDiv> 4RxDiv Reduce the requirement
about Eb/No
4-antennas Receive Diversity
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4 antennas Receive Diversity
Compared with a double-antenna receive diversity, 4-antenna
receive diversity requires lower Eb/No.
Gain of 4-antenna receive diversity (compared with double-
antenna receive diversity)
Area Channel Eb/No improvementCapacity-based
gain
Coverage-based
gain
High-density
urban areaTU3 2.4 1.73 1.37
Common urban
areaTU3 2.4 1.73 1.37
Suburb RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39
Rural area RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39
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