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Human societies have experiencedseveral major transformations to their
ways of life as a result of new inventionsand technologiesbeing introduced
Major revolutions include:
Agricultural Revolution Industrial Revolution
Information Revolution
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It is an instrument of social change
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Invention of the printing press in 1440 wasone of the most important technologicalchanges in human history
New technology expanded the processof reading to the masses
Used to be reserved
only for monks
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Over time, every person trained in the skillof reading would have opportunity toread a variety of mass-produced books
Technology brought change and theopportunity for mass-learning
New technology made memorization
and oral repetition obsolete
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People now hadaccess to books likethe Bibleand could
interpret theinformation forthemselves insteadof listening to priestsinterpretation
This eventually ledto the Reformation
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Another important invention: internet
Internet: global system of interconnected
computer networks that serve billions ofusers worldwide
Consists of private,
public, academic,business, andgovernmentnetworks
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Carries an extensive range of informationresources and services
Reshaped traditional communicationsmediatelephone, music, film, television
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Invention andcreation of toolsmake the process
of living easier Method of
communication,invention, or anobject that has apractical use
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New tools/objects that extend humansnatural abilities and alter their socialenvironments
Can have both + andconsequences Any technology, or medium is the
extension of some human quality
A book is an extension of the eyes A wheel is an extension of the foot
A computer is an extension of the
brain and the central nervous system
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1. Primitive Technology Natural things people have adapted
for use to make such items as bows
and arrows, spears, clubs, and ploughspulled by draft animals
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2. Industrial Technology Machines such as the steam engine
and electrical and fuel powered
motors to run machinery
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3. Informational Technology Machines
that use a
microchipor computerto retrieve,store, and
work withinformation
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Cultural change and adaptation are
accompanied by acculturation
Process of adopting cultural traits or socialpatterns of another group
Through incorporation, direct change,
and cultural evolution
Explanation
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Structural-functionalists:
Change occurs
gradually ratherthan
dramatically
because
society thrives
on stability and
equilibrium
Explanation
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As societies interact, a process of cultural
sharing occurs
Often involves sharing of technology,which in turn causes social change
While society thrives on stability, technology
tends to destabilize society
Impact on Technology
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New
technology
forces societyto find a way
to overcome
instability and
create a newequilibrium
Impact on Technology
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The mental states of individuals can
influence social change
Social-Psychological Theory states believes: Change occurs when individuals, driven
by a need for achievement, creates
theories and inventions that improve theability of society to function
Explanation
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The more mental stability is achieved by an
individual, the more that stability is exhibited
in society
Impact of Technology
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Social-Psychological Theory: technology
arises out of the human need to achieve
Innovation is basedon the efforts of
individuals to
leave their mark
on their societies
Impact of Technology
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Social change arises from the decline of
certain civilizations, from cycles of growth
and decay, and progress Change
occurs as
society
moves in
the
direction
of progress
Explanation
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Factors affecting social change include
survival, conflict, and the quest for progress
Conflict Theory shares this perspective
Explanation
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Civilizations rise and fall based on ability to
create or adapt to new ideas and situations
Technology can be instrumental in the riseor fall of a civilization
Ex. Roman military technology
contributed to its rise and its fall
Despite some periods of regression, society
continually improves
Technology and ideology is instrumental
to social change
Impact of Technology
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Physical Tools
Can reduce amount of human time and
energy needed to produce goods, and
this saves labour (Ex. Hoes, ploughs)
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Physical Tools
Can allow increase number & variety of
goods to be produced from a given area
of land (Ex. Fertilizer)
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Physical Tools
Can allow people to produce goods that
human labour alone could not provide
(Ex. saw used to cut down large trees)
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Cultural Knowledge
Methods used by people to exploit aresource to its full potential, or to
recognize an object as being a usefulresource
Ex. Spear used to killa wild horse is a
physical technology,while recognizing thehorse as a means oftransportation is
cultural knowledge
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Cultural Knowledge
Change in either type of technologywill influence indigenous approaches to
resource management and land use
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Please sit at one of the tables dependingon which role you would like to take
Historians
Theorists
Anthropologists
Social Psychologists
Philosophers
Maximum 6 people per table
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Work together with your group memberson your assigned task
Use your textbook, p. 163-165 and p.
194-198 and the internet Be prepared to share your work with the
rest of the class before it will bedisplayed