Download - 4S. Pre famine Ireland early 19th century
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Pre-Famine IrelandUnion and its Discontents
1800-1845
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She is far from the landWhere her young hero sleeps,And lovers are round her, sighing;But coldly she turns From their gaze, and weeps,For her heart in his grave is lying.
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She sings the wild songsOf her dear native plains,Ev'ry note which she loved awakening -Ah! little they thinkWho delight in her strains,How the heart of the Minstrelis breaking.
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He had lived for his love,For his country he died,They were all that to lifeHad entwined him -Nor soon shall the tearsOf his country be dried,Nor long will his loveStay behind him.
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Oh! make her a graveWhere the sunbeams rest,When they promise a glorious morrow;They'll shine o'er her sleepLike a smile from the West,From her own lovedIsland of sorrow.
Lyrics by Thomas Moore (1779-1852)
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Topics
• Union
• Catholic emancipation
• Economy
• Education
• Housing
• Population increase
– Migration
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Union
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Act of Union - English Motivation
• Reaction to Rebellion of 1798
• Independent Irish parliament had passed different measures for regency
• Fear that Catholic emancipation would be forced in Ireland and
– A Catholic dominated Ireland would ally with France
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Act of Union - English Motivation
• Direct control
• Consolidation (as France was doing)
• Rejection of confederation (as US did)
• Greater security
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Act of Union – Irish Support
“We cannot shut our eyes to the map of Europe . . .What then in point of fact is the security of a country which has no means of defence, or security or self-preservation. . .”
Lord Auckland
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The British Effort
• Viceroy Cornwallis; Secretary Castlereagh
• Government publications
• 1799 vote 104-109
• Problem: 300 Irish commons seats replaced by 100 seats in Westminster; Lords to elect 28 to serve in Westminster
• Offer of Catholic Emancipation
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Cornwallis and Castlereagh
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British Effort in Ireland
• Secret service money
– Paying supporters of the union (pensions),
– Funding a propaganda campaign
– Purchasing seats in parliament
– Members of both houses given British peerages
• Buy out eliminated boroughs £1,260,000
• 1800 vote 158-115
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How did they pass the Union?(Irish nationalist poem)
• By perjury and fraud;• By slaves who sold their land for gold• As Judas sold his God• By all the savage acts that yet• Have followed England's track,• The pitch-cap and the bayonet,• The gibbet and the rack;• And thus was passed the union• By Pitt and Castlereagh;• Could Satan send for such an end• More worthy tools than they?
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Act of Union -Particulars
• Abolishes Dublin parliament
• Gives Ireland representation in Westminster
– Lords: Four Church of Ireland bishops, 28 peers
– Commons: 100 MPs
• United Church
• Abolish tariffs over 10 year period
• Ireland to contribute 2/17 of the budget
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Emmet’s Trial
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Execution
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The Speech
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George IV visits 1821
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Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847)Catholic Emancipation
• Born Co. Kerry of dispossessed family
• Educated in France
• 1794 admitted to bar in England
• 1811 Catholic Board
• 1823 Catholic Association w. Richard LalorShiel
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Catholic Association
• Moderate pose - open meetings
– Membership – one guinea
– Promotion by Frederick William Conway, protestant editor of the Dublin Evening Post
• ‘Catholic Rent’
– Associate membership for 1d/month
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Strategies
• Participate in census
• Petition– Abolition of tithes to support the Church of
Ireland
– Repeal of the remaining Penal laws
– Repeal the Act of Union
– Advocate suppression of Orange lodges
– For Government assistance for Catholic education; Poor Laws.
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1828 Campaign
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Daniel O'Connell
• 1838 Ran and won seat in Parliament
– Seat denied
• 1839 “ “
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Emancipation Act - Election
• Allowed election of Catholics
• O’Connell stands again
• Raise franchise bar from 40s to ₤10
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1829 Catholic Emancipation
Peel
Wellington
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Tithe War (1831-38)
• 1823 Tithe Composition Act
– Tithes in produce replaced by monetary tithes
– Proportional to parish income
• Resistance in form of non-payment
– Enforcement
– Rallies and taunting crowds
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Tithe War
• 1834 Massacre at Gortroe – 9 immediate deaths; 3 from wounds
• 1836 Tithe Composition Act
– Tithes apply just to landlords
– Passed down in higher rents
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O’Connell in Parliament
• Advocate for:
– Prison reform
– Free trade
– Abolition of slavery
– Jewish emancipation
– Universal suffrage
– Repeal
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O’Connell ‘Tribute’ or ‘Rent’
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Crime 1832
• Murders 242
• Assaults and robberies 1340
• Riots 203
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Crime (1844-46)
Committals per 100,000 population
Ireland England
Violent crimes 76 27
Property crimes 141 158
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Some Government Interventions
• 1831 Board of Works
• 1833 Education: Public funding of elementary schools
• 1838 Poverty: Irish Poor Law
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Public Works
• Set up a number of commissions
• Discuss loans for railway construction
– Aim to provide employment
• 1831 Dunleary harbor - Kingstown
• 1834 Dublin – Kingstown Railway (William Dargan, James Pim)
– 3rd passenger line in UK
• Public buildings
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Education
• Hedge schools continue traditions
– 1824 11,000 schools with ~500,000 students
• Kildare Place Society
– Non-sectarian
– 1831 1,621 schools with 140,000 students
• 1831 National Schools
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Kildare Place Society HQ
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Ballydown National School, Co. Down 1865
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Carrying turf to school, 1870
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Census - Economy - Jobs
• 1821 census
– Ask name; age; occupation; relationship to the head of the household; acreage of land holding; number of storeys (stories) of house.
• Distribution of occupations ~50/50
– Chiefly employed in agriculture
– Chiefly employed in trades, manufactures and handicrafts
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Census 1831 & 1841
1831
• Ask about religion but not about housing
1841
• More complete - name; age; occupation; relationship to the head of the household; date of marriage; literacy; absent family members; family members who died since 1831;
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Occupations 1841
Male Female
Laborers, servants 55.4 33.7
Textile workers 7.1 59.9
Farmers 20.7 1.9
Artisans 10.5 0.7
White collar 4.9 3.4
Other 1.5 0.4
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Character of the Economy
• Rural - only 20% in areas over 20 houses
• Dispersed industry
– Rising competition from Lancashire and Scotland
• Cash exports
– Wheat – prices decrease after 1815
– Live cattle
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Exports
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Exports
• Linen – Dublin, Belfast
• Corn – Limerick, Waterford, Drogheda
• Cattle – Donaghadee
• Butter, pork, beef – Cork
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Regional differences
Linen
Tillage
Dairy
Cattle
Small farms
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Population change by baronie
1821-1841
Dublin
Belfast
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1841Migration of those who were less than 10 in 1821
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Migration: Regional differences
• Available wasteland in the West that was of little interest to large landlords
• Difficulty of obtaining land in the East
– Subletting Act of 1826
• Pre 1845 emigration does not seem related to famine or disease
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Factors
• Division of land
• Competition from English mills
• Changing land use
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Cycles of famine and disease
• Strong economy during Napoleonic wars
• Poor harvests 1815, 1816
– 1817 famine
• Poor harvest 1821
– Famine 1822
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Division of land - 1841
• 135,209 Irish tenants held an acre or less
• 306,915 held less than five acres
1793 Farm leased to one tenant for 54 years
– 1847 96 tenants (81 living on land)
– 48 cabins with under tenants
– Population ~700
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Assisted Emigration
• 1837 Colonial bounty system, NSW
• Agricultural laborers, shepherds, tradesmen, female domestics and farm servants– £38 as a bounty for any married man and his wife, if
under 40 year;
– £5 for each child between 1 and 7 years; £10 for each child between 7 and 15 years and £15 for each above 15 years;
– £19 for an unmarried female domestic or farm servant between 15 and 30
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Motives
• “eliminate paupers”
– Lower poor rates
• Converted by Priest Protection Society
• Enlarge farms and covert to pasturage
• Human “ballast”
– Timber from Canada
– Cotton from New Orleans to Liverpool
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1844 Emigration
DestinationBritish North America 22,924United States 43,660Australia and New Zealand 2,229All Other Places 1,873
70,686
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Emigration
1831-41 214,047 sailed directly from Ireland to America (2/3 from Ulster and Munster).
It is estimated that 152,738 more sailed via Liverpool
1841 419,256 Irish-born living in Great Britain
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Emigration - pull
• Land in America
• Towns in America
• Coalfields in England
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Decline in Irish Speakers
• 1800 Irish primary language of half of Irish people
• 1851 Irish speakers down to a quarter
– Only 1/5 of those were "monolingual Irish speakers"
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Reasons
• Social mobility
• Economic mobility
• School mobility
• State schools
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Illiteracy 1841
16-25 26-35 46-55 66-75
Leinster 29.5 33.5 45.3 51.8
Munster 48.5 57.1 64.0 67.6
Ulster 27.6 33.6 39.1 41.4
Connacht 62.5 67.4 73.8 77.7
Males 34.6 38.5 43.1 45.8
Females 45.4 54.7 63.6 65.8
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Poor Law 1838
• Set up poor unions to administer
• Poor tax levied on local landlords but passed on to their tenants.
– Burden on small land owners
– Resistance in some areas
– Resentment because imposed by England
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Workhouses
• 127 poor-law unions established by 1841
• Rapid expansion
– Not rapid enough
Workhouses Inmates
1841 4 5,468
1845 118 43,293
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Workhouses
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St. Ita’s Hospital
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Tipperary Workhouse dietChildren 5-9
• Indian meal, bread, milk, soup
Energy(kcal)
Protein(g)
Fat(g)
Vitamin A(units)
2007 55.5 23.8 131
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Problems in workhouses
• (Xer)ophthalmia
– WILLIAM R. WILDE, Esq., F.R.C.S.I., Surgeon to St. Mark's Ophthalmic Hospital, Dublin ; and Assistant Commissioner for taking the Census of Ireland in 1851, etc
• Scurvy
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Acts affecting Ireland
• 1838 Irish Poor Law Act
• 1840 Irish Municipal Corporations Act
– Does away with some boroughs
– Makes municipal government more representative
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Decline of Irish Speakers (from 1881 census)
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Kilmallock, Co. Limerick
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Average Daily Diet Of An IrishLabourer, 1839
Quant. Protein Fat Carbs
Energy Ca. Fe.
g/ml g g g kcal mg mgPotatoes 5113 72 Tr 1007 4090 220 24.5Buttermilk 1800 63.0 3.6 92 630 2178 TrTotal 135 3.6 1099 4720 2398 24.5