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6 Perspectives
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Biological
• emphasizes the influence of Biology on our behavior and mental processes
• looks at the nervous system (especially the brain)
• hormones, genes (heredity)
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Cognitive
• Emphasize role played by thoughts in determining behavior
• Investigate the way people perceive information and make mental images of the world
• Socrates – know thyself• Piaget – a child’s mental
picture of the world grows more sophisticated over time
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Humanistic
• Stresses the human capacity for self fulfillment
• Self awareness and capacity for choices
• Through self awareness, experience and choices we invent ourselves
• Opposite of Behaviorists• People are basically good
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Maslow’s Hierarchy
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Psychoanalytic
• Stresses influence of unconscious forces on human behavior
• Dominated 1940’s-50’s thought
• Sigmund Freud• Defense mechanisms• Humans are basically
evil
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Learning• Emphasizes effects of experience on behavior
• Behaviorists – people do things because of their learning histories, not conscious choice– Learning happens through
repetition and reinforcement• Social Learning Theory –
people learn by observing others
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Sociocultural
• Addresses ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status
• These factors influence behavior and mental processes