Download - 627 Ingestive Behav
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Chapter 12Ingestive Behavior
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Drinkinga. fluid compartmentsb osmometric thirstb. osmometric thirstc. volumetric thirst
Eatinga. energy sourcesb. starting a mealc. stopping a meald ti di dd. eating disorders
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Drinkinga. fluid compartmentsb osmometric thirstb. osmometric thirstc. volumetric thirst
Eatinga. energy sourcesb. starting a mealc. stopping a meald ti di dd. eating disorders
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• Intracellular fluid• Fluid contained within cells.
• Extracellular fluidExtracellular fluid• All body fluids outside cells: interstitial fluid, blood
plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.
• Interstitial fluidFl id th t fill th b t ll• Fluid that fills the space between cells.
• IsotonicIsotonic• Equal in osmotic pressure to the contents of a cell. A cell
placed in isotonic solution neither gains nor loses water.
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N ti f db k• Negative feedback• Process where the effect produced by an action
serves to terminate that action.
• Satiety mechanismB i h i th t ti f h• Brain mechanism that causes cessation of hunger or thirst, produced by adequate and available supplies of nutrients or water.
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Drinkinga. fluid compartmentsb osmometric thirstb. osmometric thirstc. volumetric thirst
Eatinga. energy sourcesb. starting a mealc. stopping a meald ti di dd. eating disorders
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• Osmometric thirst• Thirst produced by an increase in the osmotic
pressure of the interstitial fluid relative to the intracellular fluid thus producing cellular dehydrationintracellular fluid, thus producing cellular dehydration.
• Volumetric ThirstVolumetric Thirst• Thirst caused by hypovolemia; occurs when the
volume of the blood plasma decreases.
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OsmoreceptorNeuron that detects changes in the solute concentration of the interstitial fluid that surrounds it. Found primarily in hypothalamus, including subfornical organ.
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Drinkinga. fluid compartmentsb osmometric thirstb. osmometric thirstc. volumetric thirst
Eatinga. energy sourcesb. starting a mealc. stopping a meald ti di dd. eating disorders
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• Hypovolemia• Reduction in the volume of the intravascular fluid.
• Renin• Hormone secreted by the kidneys that causes the
i f i t i i th bl d i tconversion of angiotensinogen in the blood into angiotensin.
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• Subfornical organ (SFO)• Small organ located near lateral ventricles; contains
neurons that detect the presence of angiotensin in the blood and excites neural circuits that initiate drinkingblood and excites neural circuits that initiate drinking.
• Median preoptic nucleusMedian preoptic nucleus• A small nucleus near the anterior commissure; plays a
role in thirst stimulated by angiotensin.
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Drinkinga. fluid compartmentsb osmometric thirstb. osmometric thirstc. volumetric thirst
Eatinga. energy sourcesb. starting a mealc. stopping a meald ti di dd. eating disorders
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• Fasting phase• Phase in which nutrients are not available from the
digestive system; glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are derived from glycogen, protein, and adipose tissue.
• Absorptive phase• Absorptive phase• Phase in which nutrients are absorbed from the
digestive system; glucose and amino acids constitute the principal source of energy for cells during this phase, and excess nutrients are stored in adipose tissue in the form of triglycerides.
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• Triglyceride• Form of fat storage in adipose cells.
G• Glycerol• Substance derived from the breakdown of triglyceride;
can be converted by the liver into glucose.can be converted by the liver into glucose.
• Fatty acid• Substance derived from the breakdown of triglyceride;
can be metabolized by most cells of the body except for the brain.
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• Glycogen• Polysaccharide stored in liver and muscle; constitutes
the short-term store of nutrients.
• Insulin• Pancreatic hormone that facilitates entry of glucose
i t ll i f l i t l dinto cells, conversion of glucose into glycogen, and transport of fats into adipose tissue.
• Glucagon• Pancreatic hormone that promotes the conversion of
li l i t lliver glycogen into glucose.
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Drinkinga. fluid compartmentsb osmometric thirstb. osmometric thirstc. volumetric thirst
Eatinga. energy sourcesb. starting a mealc. stopping a meald ti di dd. eating disorders
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• What Starts a Meal?
• Site of food
• Social and conditioned factors
• Ghrelin• Peptide hormone released by the stomach that
i ti l d d b i b iincreases eating, also produced by neurons in brain.
• GlucoprivationGlucoprivation• Fall in level of glucose available to cells.
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• Arcuate nucleus• Nucleus in hypothalamus that controls secretions of• Nucleus in hypothalamus that controls secretions of
the anterior pituitary gland; contains neuropeptide Ysecreting neurons involved in feeding and control of metabolism.metabolism.
• Paraventricular nucleus• Nucleus in hypothalamus that contains neurons• Nucleus in hypothalamus that contains neurons
involved in control of the autonomic nervous system and the posterior pituitary gland.
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Neuropeptide Y (NPY)• Neurotransmitter found in neurons of arcuate nucleus
that stimulates feeding and insulin secretion.
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M l i t ti h (MCH)• Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)• Neurotransmitter found in lateral hypothalamic neurons
that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate.pp
• OrexinN t itt f d i l t l h th l i• Neurotransmitter found in lateral hypothalamic neurons that stimulate appetite and reduce metabolic rate.
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Drinkinga. fluid compartmentsb osmometric thirstb. osmometric thirstc. volumetric thirst
Eatinga. energy sourcesb. starting a mealc. stopping a meald ti di dd. eating disorders
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• What Stops a Meal?
Cholecystokinin• Hormone secreted by duodenum that regulates gastric
motility and causes the gallbladder to contract; appears tomotility and causes the gallbladder to contract; appears to provide a satiety signal transmitted to the brain through the vagus nerve.
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Ob mouseA strain of mice whose obesity and low metabolicrate is caused by a mutation that prevents therate is caused by a mutation that prevents theproduction of leptin.
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Leptin• Hormone secreted by adipose tissue; decreases
food intake and increases metabolic rate, primarilyby inhibiting NPY-secreting neurons in the arcuatenucleus.
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Drinkinga. fluid compartmentsb osmometric thirstb. osmometric thirstc. volumetric thirst
Eatinga. energy sourcesb. starting a mealc. stopping a meald ti di dd. eating disorders
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BMI = mass (kg)/[height (m)]2
BMI Cl ifi ti
BMI = mass (kg)/[height (m)]2
BMI Classification< 18.5 underweight
18.5–24.9 normal weight18.5 24.9 normal weight
25.0–29.9 overweight
30.0–34.9 class I obesity
35.0–39.9 class II obesity
≥ 40.0 class III obesity
BMI invented in 1850 by Belgian “social physicist” Adolphe Quetelet
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BMI of 47 kg/m2: weight 146 kg (322 lb), height 177 cm (5 ft 10 in)
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C i A i t Ob itCampaign Against Obesity
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• Anorexia nervosa• Disorder that most frequently afflicts young women;
exaggerated concern with being overweight that leads to excessive dieting and often compulsiveleads to excessive dieting and often compulsive exercising; can lead to starvation.
• Bulimia nervosa• Bouts of excessive hunger and eating; often followed
by forced vomiting or purging with laxatives; sometimes seen in people with anorexia nervosa.