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6.Benign Lesions of the Jaw Bones
Group 26
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Types of Lesions
• Tumors affecting the Jaw Bones, which can be
broadly classified into
• Benign - odontogenic Tumors from epithelial,
mesenchymal and ectomesenchymal origin
• Benign - non - odontogenic Tumors from
Mesenchymal Origin
• Cysts of the Jaws
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General information
These lesions can vary greatly in size and
severity, and the growths are usually
noncancerous (benign), but they can be
aggressive and invade the surrounding bone and
tissue and may displace teeth.
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- Non‐odontogenic tumors include connective‐tissue tumors,
vascular lesions, reactive lesions, and neurogenic tumors.
The clinical presentation and treatment of these lesions vary.
- Osteomas are benign tumors of bone. They are commonly
found within the skull, jaws, and sinuses. These lesions are
typically present as an asymptomatic mass, which can
produce asymmetry of the jaw bones.
- Odontogenic tumors arise from structures involved with
tooth formation.
- Many odontogenic tumors are true benign neoplasms,
whereas others are extremely aggressive, locally destructive
lesions.
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Neoplasms from Epithelial
and Mesenchymal Origin
• Ectodermal (Epithelium) from -
• Dental lamina + Epithelial Rests of Serres
• Enamel Organ + Reduced enamel epithelium
• Epithelial Hertwig´s root sheath (Epithelial
Rests of Malassez)
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Neoplasms from Epithelial
and Mesenchymal Origin
• Mesenchymal from -
• Dental Papilla
• Dental Sac
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Classification
• Benign - odontogenic Tumors from
Epithelial origin:
• (I).Adamantinoma (Ameloblastoma)
• (II).Squamous odontogenic tumor
• (III).Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor
(Pindborg´s Tumor)
• (IV).Clear cell odontogenic Tumor
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Classification
• Benign - odontogenic Tumors from
Mesenchymal Origin
• (I).Odontogenic fibroma
• (II).Myxoma / odontogenic myxofibroma
• (IV).Cementoma (True Cementoblastoma)
• (V).Dentinoma
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Classification
• Benign - odontogenic - Tumors from
Ectodermal Origin
• Enameloma
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Classification
• Benign - odontogenic Tumors from Mixed
(Ectomesenchymal) origin
• (I).Odontoma (Complex, Compound)
• (II).Ameloblastofibroma
• (III).Ameloblastic fibrodentinoma and ameloblastic
fibroodontoma
• (IV).Odontoameloblastoma
• (V).Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor
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Classification
• Benign - non - odontogenic Tumors from
Mesenchymal origin - Connective Tissue origin
• Fibrous tissue - fibroma
• Fat tissue - lipoma
• Bone tissue - osteoma
(Peripheral - Periosteal Osteoma,Central - Endosteal
Osteoma - Enostoses, located in medullary bone )
• Cartilage tissue - chondroma
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Classification
• Benign - non - odontogenic Tumors from
Muscular Tissue
• Striated muscular tissue - Rhabdomyoma
• Smooth muscular tissue - Leyomyoma
• Note, these are just benign mesenchymal
tumors but not affecting the Jaws, its an
additional information.
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Classification
• Benign - non - odontogenic Tumors from
Vascular endothelium
• Blood vessels tissue - Haemangioma
• Lymph endothelium tissue - Lymphangioma
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Classification
• Benign - non- odontogenic Tumors from
peripheral nerves
• Neurinoma
• Schwann´s cell Tumor
• Neurofibroma
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Clinical Features
• Ameloblastoma - Odontogenic Epithelium
• Most common benign tumor from epithelial origin, which
can affect jaw bones with clinical significance
• local aggressive growth
• True Neoplasm
• local invasive growth - Mandibular angle most commonly
affected, then the Ramus mandibulae, and the posterior
part of the Corpus mandibulae in 70% of the cases.
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Features
• Can be
• Unicystic
• Multicystic
• Peripheral
• Luminal, Intraluminal and Mural
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Histologic types
• Basal cell type
• Follicular cell type - most aggressive
• Acanthomatous
• Plexiform
• Desmoplastic
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Clinical features
• Early stages - asymptomatic
• Slow growing, painless, hard, non-tender, ovoid swelling
• Paraesthesia
• Exophtalmus - Unilateral
• Pathological fracture
• Exapansion of the cortical plate
• Honey comb appearance
• Resorption of root
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Diagnostic Method
• Recently diagnosed by:
• MRI
• CT
• 1cm - Unicystic
• 1.5cm - Multicystic
• The biological character gives the answer for treatment
• Peripheral ameloblastoma seen in younger patients and most commonly
in the premolar region
• Honneycomb appearance - Multcolar radiolucency, Well defined
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Differential Diagnosis
• Odontogenic Keratocyst - initial Diagnosis is
confirmed by histopathological examination -
Aspirational Biopsy
• Central Giant-Cell Granuloma
• Herobism - Eosinophilic granuloma, which
mimics odontogenic tumor
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Treatment
• Curettage - should never be considered,
because of higher recurrence-rate, especially in
multi cystic forms
• Conservative local resection - low recurrence-
rate
• Tumor confined to the Maxilla with Orbital floor
involvement - Treatment of Choice is
Maxillectomy
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Adenomatoid odontogenic Tumor
- Pseudo - Ameloblastoma
• Originating from reduced enamel Epithelium
• Not aggressive
• Slow growing
• Not invasive
• Two-third Tumor - Occurs in maxilla, canine, impacted teeth
• Cortical Plate expansion, especially vestibular thinner
• Treatment includes Enucleation
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Forms
• 3 Variants are observed:
• Follicular,
• Extrafollicular
• Peripheral - Extra-osseus
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Squamous odontogenic
Tumor
• Involving the Anterior Alveolar processes
• Mimic parodontal cyst
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Mesenchymal
• Ameloblastic fibroma - 70% mandible involvement, in the posterior region
• Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma
• Odontoma - Complex - Represented in a disoriented pattern, it has no
clinical significance
• Odontogenic Myxoma - Honeycomb appearance involving the alveolar
process
• Cementoblastoma - Tumor of connective tissue - opaque rounded mass
with thin Radiolucent margins
• Biopsy - Aspirational Biopsy/ Incisional Biopsy/ Exfoliative cytology
• Treatment - Enucleation with peripheral Osteotomy
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Cysts of The Jaws
• Cysts of the Jaws -
• A. Epithelial-linded origin
• (I).Developmental origin -
• a.Odontogenic - Gingival cyst of infants, Odontogenic keratocyst, dentigerous cyst,
eruption cyst, developmental lateral periodontal cyst, botryoid odontogenic cyst,
glandular odontogenic cyst, calcifying odontogenic cyst
• b.Non - odontogenic - Midpalatal raphé cyst of infants, nasopalatine duct cyst,
nasolabial cyst
• (II).Inflammatory origin - Radicular Cyst, apical and lateral, Residular cyst,
Paradental cyst and juvenile paradental cyst, Inflammatory collateral cyst
• B. Non-epthelial-lined cyst - Solitary bone cyst, Aneurysm bone cyst
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General Clinical Features
• Often asymptomatic, cysts are usually an
incidental finding on imaging taken for another
purpose
• They are generally benign, slow and expansively-
growing and may reach large sizes before they
give rise to symptoms or signs
• Symptoms include: swelling, displacement or
loosening of teeth - depending on the site of cyst
location, pain - if infected or if the jaw fractures
pathologically
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Clinical Features
• The most important clinical sign initially is the expansion of
bone - smooth bony hard lump with normal mucosa. As
bone thins, it may crackle on palpation like an egg shell,
giving rise to the clinical sign of `eggshell cracking`
• The cyst may resorb bone and show as a bluish fluctuant
swelling, then the sign of fluctuance may be elicited by
palpating with fingertips on each side of the swelling in two
positions at right angles to each other.
• If the cyst becomes infected, the clinical presentation may
be that of an abscess, the underlying cystic lesion only
becoming apparent on radiographic examination.
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Radiological Signs
• Classically, cysts appear as well-defined round or ovoid radiolucencies, surrounded by a well-
defined margin
• Margins. Peripheral cortication (radio-opaque margin) is usual. ´Scalloped`margins are seen in larger
lesions, particularly keratocysts. Infection of a cyst tends to cause loss of the well-defined margin
• Shape. Most cysts grow by hydrostatic mechanisms, resulting in the round shape. Odontogenic
keratocysts and solitary cysts do not grow in this manner and have a tendency to grow through
medullary bone rather than to expand the jaw.
• Locularity. The locularity (multiple cavities) is seen occasionally in odontogenic keratocysts. However,
larger cysts of most types may have a multilocular appearance because of ridges in the bony wall.
• Effect upon adjacent structures.Where a lesion abuts another structure, such as a tooth or the inferior
mandibular canal, it may cause displacement. Roots of teeth may be resorbed. When a cyst reaches
a certain size, the cortex of the bone often becomes thinned and expanded. In posterior maxillary
lesions the astral floor may be raised. Perforation of the cortical plates may be recognized as a
localized area of greater radiolucency overlying the lesion.
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Diagnosis
• Most Cysts are discovered on radiography. In the mandible they, by definition, arise above the inferior alveolar canal.
• MRI, MDCT or CBCT can help distinguish solid and cystic lesions.
• Other investigations may include pulp vitality testing, aspiration and analysis of cystic fluids, and histopathology. Microscopic
examination of the cyst wall provides the clear diagnosis that is important to the management of the lesions, and submission of all
excised tissue (including fragments scraped off from the wall of the jaw cyst and peripheral tissues curetted at the time of dental
extraction or apiectomy) for histopathologic examination is strongly urged.
• Thank You for Your Trust - Group 26
• Omid Araghchi
• Regina Boxhorn
• Giulia Benedetti
• Linda Tariq
• Arwin Shakibapour
• Alessandro Mollica Collela
• Andrea Casarella
• Franceso Casarella, Antonio Rizzo