6G: Connecting the Unconnected –
Non-Terrestrial Networks
1
Marco Giordani, Mohamed-Slim Alouini, HaiboZhou, Yunfei Chen, Wei Feng, and Xiangling Li
CONNECTIVITY DIVIDE
World Wide BS Distribution
LTE (4G)
We are suffering from serious gaps in
global internet connectivity.
E. Yaacoub and M.-S. Alouini, “A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey
on Rural Connectivity,” Proceedings of IEEE, April 2020. Available on arxiv.
GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY
HOLY GRAIL
“A telephone subscriber here may call up and talk to
any other subscriber on the Globe. An inexpensive
receiver, not bigger than a watch, will enable him to
listen anywhere, on land or sea, to a speech delivered
or music played in some other place, however distant.”
― Nikola Tesla 1919
Qu
alit
y o
f Exp
erie
nc
e(H
igh
Da
ta R
ate
+ L
ow
La
ten
cy)
Cost per User in Remote Low Population Density Areas
Global Connectivity
Holy Grail Optic Fiber Cables
Microwave
Wireless Links
Classic
GEO Satellite
Low
High
High
Global Connectivity
Satellite Communication
UAV Communication
INTEGRATED SPACE-AIR-GROUND NETWORKS
Digital Divide: Rural Connectivity
Low Altitude Platform
Mega-Constellation
High Altitude Platform
5
Backhaul
6
Satellite Constellations Backhaul
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellite• Fixed position in the sky at ~35,000 km
• Relatively large delay
• ViaSat 1, 2, 3
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellite• 2,000~35,000 km
• Position and tracking
• O3B, SES Networks
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite• 160~2,000 km
• Hand-Over
• OneWeb, Starlink, TeleSat
LEO, Kuiper
Manufacturing Cost Down => Mass Production
7
Hybrid VHT Satellite with Site Diversity
Conceptual Design for hybrid RF
(Ka band) and optical feeder
OGS
Weather
Conditions
OGS
RF service region
Site diversity to avoid the
atmospheric effect
RF GS
Satellite
RF GS
E. Zedini, A. Kammoun, and M. –S. Alouini, “Performance of multibeam very high throughput satellite systems based on FSO feeder links with HPA nonlinearity, IEEE Trans. On Wireless Communications, 2020
8
Access
9
Existing TV Infrastructure
• TV White Space (TVWS)
– Reusing TVWS unless harming TV channels
by interference
– VHF/UHF Band (i.e. 470~700 MHz )
– Ultra-wide coverage
TV Tower
M. Kishk, A.Bader, and M. –S. Alouini, “Capacity and coverage enhancement using long-endurancetethered airborne base stations” IEEE VT Magazine 2020
Tethered UAV/Balloon
Advantages• Unlimited flight time
• Supports heavier payload
• Wired/reliable backhaul link
• Mobility and relocation flexibility: Track the time-varying traffic
demand spatial distribution
• Line-of-sight with ground users: Probability increases with altitude
Tethered Balloons/Airships/Aerostats
11
T. Staedter, “Soaring ‘Super Towers’ Aim to Bring Mobile Broadband to Rural Areas,” IEEE. Spectrum, April 2018.
B.E.Y. Belmekki and M.-S. Alouini, “Unleashing the Potential of Tethered Networked Flying Platforms: Prospects,
Challenges, and Applications,” Under review.
12
High Altitude Platform (HAP)
balloon
Flight equipment
Mobile network provider
AQUILA
LOON
“Tower-in-the-air”• Solar-powered swarm of HAPs in the backbone network at
a height of 18-28 km
Y. Lee, K. -H. Park, Y. -C. Ko, and M. -S. Alouini, "A UAV-mounted free space optical communication: Trajectory optimization for flight time maximization", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 1610-1621, March 2020.
Thank You ctl.kaust.edu.sa
Nikola Tesla(10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943)
“When wireless is perfectly applied, the whole earth will be converted into a huge brain, which in fact it is, all things being particles of a real and rhythmic whole. We shall be able to communicate with one another instantly, irrespective of distance.” Nikola Tesla (1925)