7 - 1Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Chpt 9: SolutionsChpt 9: Solutions
WaterWaterSolutionsSolutions
ElectrolytesElectrolytesEquivalentsEquivalents
SolubilitySolubilityPercent ConcentrationPercent Concentration
Colloids & SuspensionsColloids & SuspensionsOsmosisOsmosisDialysisDialysis
7 - 2Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Hydrogen Bonding of WaterHydrogen Bonding of Water
H
HOO
++
++--
H H
OO
++ ++
--
H
H
OO++
++
--
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen BondsH H
OO
++ ++
--
Polar AttractionPolar Attraction
7 - 3Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Hydrogen Bonding of WaterHydrogen Bonding of Water
Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds
Causes Surface TensionCauses Surface Tension
Surfactants reduce Surface Tension Surfactants reduce Surface Tension by disrupting H-bondingby disrupting H-bonding
(soaps, detergents etc.)(soaps, detergents etc.)
7 - 4Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Hydrogen Bonding of Water Hydrogen Bonding of Water
Frozen HFrozen H22O:O: Slow moving moleculesSlow moving moleculesH-BondH-Bond in patterns (Hexagonal Ring Crystals) in patterns (Hexagonal Ring Crystals)
7 - 5Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Hydrogen Bonding of Water Hydrogen Bonding of Water
Solute particles interfere, causing the water moleculesto slow down even more. This reduces the temperature.
7 - 6Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
SugarSugar in water
SalineSaline
OxygenOxygen in water
AirAir
Dental fillingsDental fillings
SugarSugar in water
SalineSaline
OxygenOxygen in water
AirAir
Dental fillingsDental fillings
SolutionsSolutions
A solutionA solution = A homogeneous mixture components.
7 - 7Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
SolutionsSolutions
Na+
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Na+
Cl-
SolventSolvent : component in greatergreater amount
(The dissolver)
•Water
•Alcohol
SoluteSolute: component in lesserlesser amount
(The dissolved)
•NaCl
•Sugar
7 - 8Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
SolutionsSolutions
•the solute can’t be filtered outcan’t be filtered out
•always stays mixedstays mixed
•particles are particles are always in motionalways in motion
•volumesvolumes not additivenot additive
•solute evenly dispersedevenly dispersed
7 - 9Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
SolutionsSolutions
Solid solutionsSolid solutionsdental fillingsdental fillings, , 14K gold 14K gold (58% Au ),(58% Au ),
Brass Brass (Zn in Cu),(Zn in Cu),
Steel Steel (C in Fe),(C in Fe),
Liquid solutionsLiquid solutions
Gaseous solutionsGaseous solutions AirAir,
Anesthesia gasesAnesthesia gases
Solid in Solid
Liquid in Solid (Hg in Ag)
Soda,Soda,
VodkaVodka,,
SalineSaline, ,
Gas in Liquid
Liquid in Liquid
Solid in Liquid
Gas in Gas
7 - 10Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
HydrationHydration
““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”
Polar water attracts toPolar water attracts to
NaNa++ and Cl and Cl-- ions ions
Polar water attracts toPolar water attracts to
NaNa++ and Cl and Cl-- ions ions
When an ionic soliddissolves in water, thepolar solvent removesions from the crystallattice.
7 - 11Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-
+
+
H HO-
+ +
HydrationHydration
7 - 12Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
7 - 13Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
7 - 14Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O- +
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
H
HO-
+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
7 - 15Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O-+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+ H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O- +
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
7 - 16Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+
H
HO-
+H
HO-
+H
HO-
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O- +
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
7 - 17Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
H
O-+H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+ H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+ H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+ H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O- +
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
7 - 18Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O- +
HH
O- +H
HO- +H
HO- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +
HH
O- +H
HO- +H
HO
-+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
7 - 19Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O-+
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+HH
O-+ HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
7 - 20Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
H
H
O-+
H
H
O- +
H-
HO
+
H
H
O-+
H
HO-
+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
H
H
O-+
HH
O-
+
HH
O-+
HydrationHydration
““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”
7 - 21Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
HydratesHydrates
Cu2+ SO42- • 5H2O (s)
Cu2+ SO42-
Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate
(Blue)
Copper (II) sulfate (White)
+ 2H2O
Cu2+ SO42- • ½ H2O (s)Copper (II) sulfate Copper (II) sulfate
hemihydratehemihydrate
(Plaster of Paris for (Plaster of Paris for casts)casts)
CaCl2 • 2H2O (s)CaCl2Calcium chlorideCalcium chloride (drying agent; attracts water)(drying agent; attracts water)
+ 5H2OWater
of Hydration
7 - 22Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Dissolving covalent Dissolving covalent compoundscompounds
Covalent compounds do not dissociate.
7 - 23Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
ElectrolytesElectrolytes
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
IonicIonic CovalentCovalent
Dissolved Ions No Ions
NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl-
7 - 24Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
ElectrolytesElectrolytesIonicIonic
StrongStrong
Lots of Ions
WeakWeak
Only a few Ions
H+
HF
H+F1-
F1-
HF
HF
NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl- HF H+ + F-HF H+ + F-
7 - 27Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Electrolytes in BloodElectrolytes in BloodSerum Electrolytes Eq/mol Serum Electrolytes Eq/mol sodium Na1+ 1potassium K1+ 1calcium Ca2+ 2magnesium Mg2+ 2
chloride Cl1- 1 Sulfate SO4
2- 2Phosphate PO4
3- 3
Equivalent = mols of charge LiterEquivalent = mols of charge Liter
7 - 28Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Na+
Na+
Cl-
Cl-
Electrolytes in BloodElectrolytes in Blood
Equivalent = mols of charge LiterEquivalent = mols of charge Liter
How many Eq from 6.0 g of Ca2+?How many Eq from 6.0 g of Ca2+?
6.0g Ca2+ 1 mol Ca 2+
40.1g Ca 2+
6.0g Ca2+ 1 mol Ca 2+
40.1g Ca 2+
= 0.30 Eq Ca 2+
= 0.30 Eq Ca 2+
2 mol charge1 mol Ca 2+
2 mol charge1 mol Ca 2+
7 - 29Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Na+
NaCl
Na+ Cl-
Cl-
Electrolytes in BloodElectrolytes in BloodSerum Electrolytes meq/l Serum Electrolytes meq/l sodium Na1+ 135 - 145potassium K1+ 3.5 - 5.0calcium Ca2+ 4.5 - 5.5magnesium Mg2+ 1.5 - 2.5
chloride Cl1- 95 - 105bicarbonate, HCO3
1- venous 19 -
25 arterial 22 - 261000 mEq = 1 Eq1000 mEq = 1 Eq
7 - 30Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
SaturationSaturation
Unsaturated:Unsaturated: Can dissolve more.
SaturatedSaturated Have dissolved all possible
Undissolved Solids in equilibrium
w/ dissolved particles
Undissolved Solids in equilibrium
w/ dissolved particles
7 - 31Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
SaturationSaturation
Supersaturated:Supersaturated: Temporarily dissolves more than normal at given Temp.
PrecipitatePrecipitate Excess solute that falls out of solution
7 - 32Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
SolubilitySolubility
How muchHow much solutesolute will dissolve will dissolve inin a a solventsolvent
grams solutegrams solute mls solutionmls solutiongrams solutegrams solute mls solutionmls solution
Factors affecting solubilityFactors affecting solubility
•PolarityPolarity
•TemperatureTemperature
•PressurePressure
7 - 33Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
PolarityPolarity vs Solubilityvs Solubility
Like Dissolves LikeLike Dissolves Like
NaClNaCl dissolves in HH22OO
But not in CC66HH1414
NaClNaCl dissolves in HH22OO
But not in CC66HH1414
OilOil dissolves in CC66HH1414
But not in HH22OO
OilOil dissolves in CC66HH1414
But not in HH22OO
PolarPolar Attracts Attracts PolarPolar
NonpolarNonpolar Attracts Attracts NonpolarNonpolar
7 - 34Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Temperature vs SolubilityTemperature vs SolubilityS
olu
bili
ty(g
/100
ml w
ater
)
Temperature (oC)
GasGasGasGas
NaCl
7 - 35Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Gases & Gases & mostmost liquids liquids lessless soluble soluble
when
T increases
Solids Solids more solublemore soluble
SolSolTT
TT
SolSol
Temperature vs SolubilityTemperature vs Solubility
7 - 36Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
The solubility of a gassolubility of a gas in a liquid is inversely inversely related to the temperaturetemperature .
If T goes upIf T goes upIf T goes upIf T goes up Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)
Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)
Temperature vs SolubilityTemperature vs Solubility
Gas SolubilityGas Solubility
TT
SS
TT SS
TT
SS
7 - 37Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Carbonated beverages bottled cold.
Temperature vs SolubilityTemperature vs Solubility
Divers with bends often packed in ice for transport
to hyperbaric chamber.
7 - 38Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Temperature vs SolubilityTemperature vs Solubility
Cold HCold H22O holds more gas than warm HO holds more gas than warm H22OO
If hot rivers lose too much dissolved OIf hot rivers lose too much dissolved O22
the fish can’t survive.the fish can’t survive.
7 - 39Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Gases Gases MoreMore soluble soluble
when when
P increasesP increases
Solids & Liquids Solids & Liquids unaffectedunaffected
SolSolPP
Pressure vs SolubilityPressure vs Solubility
P Sol
7 - 40Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
HENRY’S LAWHENRY’S LAWThe solubility of a gassolubility of a gas in a liquid is directly directly related to the pressurepressure on the liquid.
P SolTT
If P goes upIf P goes upIf P goes upIf P goes up Gas solubility goes upGas solubility goes up(more gas will dissolve)(more gas will dissolve)
Gas solubility goes upGas solubility goes up(more gas will dissolve)(more gas will dissolve)
7 - 41Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
If P goes downIf P goes downIf P goes downIf P goes down Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)
Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)
HENRY’S LAWHENRY’S LAW
P SolTT
Soda under high pressure
Soda under low pressure
Example: opening a sodaExample: opening a soda.
7 - 42Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
The “BendsThe “Bends””
Lots of Lots of dissolved Ndissolved N22
High PHigh P
Less dissolved Less dissolved gasesgases
Lower PLower P
Quick ascent Quick ascent Get bubbles in blood & Get bubbles in blood & joints joints extreme painextreme pain
7 - 43Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
The “BendsThe “Bends””
Lots of Lots of dissolved gasesdissolved gases
High PHigh P
Less Less dissolved dissolved
gasesgases
Lower PLower PNN22 accumulatesaccumulates in in
brainbrain, , spinal cordspinal cord, , and peripheral and peripheral
nerves. Bubbles here nerves. Bubbles here can can cause paralysis cause paralysis and convulsions.and convulsions.
Effects often Effects often irreversible.irreversible.
NN22 accumulatesaccumulates in in
brainbrain, , spinal cordspinal cord, , and peripheral and peripheral
nerves. Bubbles here nerves. Bubbles here can can cause paralysis cause paralysis and convulsions.and convulsions.
Effects often Effects often irreversible.irreversible.
7 - 44Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Li1+
Na1+
K1+
NH41+
SolubilitySolubility
Pb2+
Ag1+
Hg22+
Ca2+
Sr2+
Ba2+
NO31- Cl1- SO4
2-OH1- CO32-S2- PO4
3-
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
S
S
7 - 45Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
== # # mlml solute solute 100 100 mlml solution solution
mass mass percent = m/m % percent = m/m %mass mass
Concentration of solutionsConcentration of solutions
• Percent = %Percent = %• Percent = %Percent = %
•Molarity = MMolarity = M•Molarity = MMolarity = M
massmass percent = m/v % percent = m/v %volumevolume
How muchHow much solute solute is in ais in a solution solutionHow muchHow much solute solute is in ais in a solution solution
= = # # gg solute solute100 100 gg solution solution
VolumeVolume percent = v/v % percent = v/v %volumevolume
= = # # gg solute solute 100 100 mlml solution solution
7 - 46Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Mass/Volume %Mass/Volume %
Mass solute x 100 = m/v % TotalTotal Volume
5 g NaCl200 ml sln
If 5 grams5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?If 5 grams5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?
SalineSaline is a 0.9 0.9 m m % solution% solution of NaCl in water. vv
Part x 100 = % WholeWhole
= 2.5 m % v= 2.5 m % v
= = # g solute # g solute 100 ml solution100 ml solution
2.5x 100 100
7 - 49Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
% as Conversion Factor% as Conversion Factor
How many grams of glucose does it take to How many grams of glucose does it take to make 2.00 L of a make 2.00 L of a 5% m/v Glucose solution.5% m/v Glucose solution.
How many grams of glucose does it take to How many grams of glucose does it take to make 2.00 L of a make 2.00 L of a 5% m/v Glucose solution.5% m/v Glucose solution.
2.00 L sln 2.00 L sln
1000 mL sln1000 mL sln 1 L sln1 L sln
5 g Glc5 g Glc100 mL sln100 mL sln
= g Glu= g Glu100100
5 g Glu
100 mL sln
5 g Glu
100 mL sln
100 mL sln
5 g Glu
100 mL sln
5 g Glu
or
7 - 51Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Concentration of solutionsConcentration of solutions
• Percent = %Percent = %• Percent = %Percent = %
•MolarityMolarity = M = M•MolarityMolarity = M = M
How muchHow much solute solute is in ais in a solution solutionHow muchHow much solute solute is in ais in a solution solution
# mol solute # mol solute = M = M 1 L solution1 L solution
7 - 52Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
MolarityMolarity
M = M =
moles solutemoles solute = molliters of solutionliters of solution Lmoles solutemoles solute = molliters of solutionliters of solution L
A A 1 M1 M glucose solutionglucose solutioncontains the same # contains the same #
molecules molecules as as 1 M ethanol.1 M ethanol.
[ ] = special symbol which means mols L
[ ] = special symbol which means mols L
7 - 53Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
MolarityMolarity
Calculate the molarity of a 2.0 L solution that contains 10 moles of NaOH.
Calculate the molarity of a 2.0 L solution that contains 10 moles of NaOH.
MNaOH = 10 mol NaOH
2.0 L= 5 M NaOH5 M NaOH
M = M =
moles solutemoles solute = molliters of solutionliters of solution Lmoles solutemoles solute = molliters of solutionliters of solution L
7 - 54Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
1 mol HCl 1 mol HCl
g HClg HCl= 0.25 M= 0.25 M
What’s the molaritymolarity of a solution that has 18.23 g HCl18.23 g HCl in 2 liters2 liters?What’s the molaritymolarity of a solution that has 18.23 g HCl18.23 g HCl in 2 liters2 liters?
MolarityMolarity
18.23 g HCl18.23 g HCl
2 L sln2 L sln 36.4636.46
FWFW of HCl HCl = 1 H1 H x 1.0081.008+ 1 Cl1 Cl x 35.4535.45 36.46
g/mol
FWFW of HCl HCl = 1 H1 H x 1.0081.008+ 1 Cl1 Cl x 35.4535.45 36.46
g/mol
= = # mol solute# mol solute liters of slnliters of sln= = # mol solute# mol solute liters of slnliters of sln
0.250.25
7 - 55Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Solution preparationSolution preparationSolutions are typically prepared in 2 ways:
mixingmixing the proper amount of solute and solventsolute and solvent.
dilutiondilution of a concentrated concentrated solutionsolution.
7 - 56Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
100 ml sln100 ml sln 1 L sln1 L sln1000 ml sln1000 ml sln
0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln1 L sln
58.44 g NaCl58.44 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl1 mol NaCl
Making a solutionMaking a solution
How many g’sHow many g’s of NaCl do you need to weigh out?
= grams NaCl= grams NaCl
Prepare 100 ml100 ml of a 0.5 M0.5 M solution of sodium sodium chloridechloride. Prepare 100 ml100 ml of a 0.5 M0.5 M solution of sodium sodium chloridechloride.
2.9222.922
0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln1 L sln0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln1 L sln
1 L sln1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl1 L sln1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl
or
7 - 57Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Making a solutionMaking a solution
To make the solution:Weigh out 2.922 grams2.922 grams NaClNaCl and transfer to a
volumetric flaskvolumetric flask.
Fill flask about 1/3Fill flask about 1/3 of the way with waterwater and gently swirl until the salt dissolves.
Dilute exactly to theDilute exactly to themarkmark, cap and mix.
Prepare 100 ml100 ml of a 0.5 M0.5 M solution of sodium sodium chloridechloride. Prepare 100 ml100 ml of a 0.5 M0.5 M solution of sodium sodium chloridechloride.
7 - 58Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
DilutionDilution
moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2 moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2
CC11VV11 = C = C22VV22
7 - 60Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
DilutionDilution
CC11 = 1.5 M = 1.5 M CC22 = ? = ?VV11 = 100.0 ml = 100.0 ml VV22 = 2000 ml = 2000 mlCC11 = 1.5 M = 1.5 M CC22 = ? = ?VV11 = 100.0 ml = 100.0 ml VV22 = 2000 ml = 2000 ml
What is the concentration of a solution produced by diluting 100.0 ml100.0 ml of 1.5 M 1.5 M NaOHNaOH to 2.000 liters2.000 liters?
What is the concentration of a solution produced by diluting 100.0 ml100.0 ml of 1.5 M 1.5 M NaOHNaOH to 2.000 liters2.000 liters?
CC11VV11 = C = C22VV22
CC22 = = CC11VV11
VV22
C2 = (1.5 M) (100.0 ml) = 0.075 M (2000. ml)
C2 = (1.5 M) (100.0 ml) = 0.075 M (2000. ml)
7 - 61Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Colloids & SuspensionsColloids & SuspensionsColloid: Homogeneous mixColloid: Homogeneous mix
But not a solutionnot a solution.Particles larger (1010-7-7 to 10 to 10-5-5 cm) cm)
than in a sln (<1010-7 -7 cm)cm). But still don’t settle out.
Suspension:Suspension: Heterogeneous mixHeterogeneous mix
Large particles may settle out & can be filtered.
7 - 63Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
ColloidsColloids
Solid MediumSolid MediumStyrofoamStyrofoamJellyJelly,,OpalsOpals PearlsPearls,,Concrete Concrete
Liquid MediumLiquid Medium
Gaseous MediumGaseous MediumFog,Fog,
SmokeSmoke
Solid in Solid = solid solsolid sol
Liquid in Solid = GelGel
Cool whip,Cool whip,
milkmilk,,
paintpaint,,bloodblood
Gas in Liq = foamfoamLiquid in Liquid = emulsionemulsionSolid in Liquid = solsol
Gas in Solid = foamfoam
Liquid dispersed in Gas = AerosolAerosol
Solid in Gas = AerosolAerosol
7 - 65Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
Tyndal effectTyndal effect
Unlike solutions, colloidal suspensions exhibit light scattering.
1 2 3
1. 1. purple gold solpurple gold sol
2. 2. copper sulfatecopper sulfate solutionsolution
3. 3. iron(III) hydroxideiron(III) hydroxide colloidcolloid
7 - 66Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9
OsmosisOsmosis
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Cl-
Cl-
Semipermeable membraneSemipermeable membrane
Concentrated SlnConcentrated Sln Dilute SlnDilute Sln
Solvent & small particles moveSolvent & small particles move
Solvent Tries to dilute the Concentrated slnSolvent Tries to dilute the Concentrated sln
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OsmosisOsmosisApply P
To return To original level
Hydrostatic PHydrostatic POn membrane
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Osmotic pressure (Osmotic pressure ())
n R TV
PP required to stop osmosis.
P =
Remember Ideal Gas EqnPV=nRT
Modified form:
nMR T =
Mols of particlesMols of particlesmolmol
Gas ConstantGas Constant
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nnMMRRTT
Osmotic pressure (Osmotic pressure ())
=
Mols of particlesMols of particlesmolmol
Mols of particles Liter Sln
MR T =
molmolLL
= = osmolarity (osmol)
L atmL atmMol KMol K
KK
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Solution TypesSolution TypesIsotonicIsotonic• Concentration is Concentration is same on same on
both sidesboth sides..Red blood cell & plasma
IsotonicIsotonic• Concentration is Concentration is same on same on
both sidesboth sides..Red blood cell & plasma
HypertonicHypertonic• Concentration Concentration greater outsidegreater outside
• crenationcrenation - water leaves cell
HypertonicHypertonic• Concentration Concentration greater outsidegreater outside
• crenationcrenation - water leaves cell
HypotonicHypotonic• Concentration Concentration greater insidegreater inside • hemolysishemolysis - cell swells &
ruptures
HypotonicHypotonic• Concentration Concentration greater insidegreater inside • hemolysishemolysis - cell swells &
ruptures
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Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic
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IsotonicIsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl Normal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose Sln5% Glucose SlnUsed to replace body fluids
IsotonicIsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl Normal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose Sln5% Glucose SlnUsed to replace body fluids
HypertonicHypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt Hsalt H22OO, Sitz bathsSitz baths with epsom salts
HypertonicHypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt Hsalt H22OO, Sitz bathsSitz baths with epsom salts
HypotonicHypotonicUsed to rehydraterehydrate tissueHypotonicHypotonicUsed to rehydraterehydrate tissue
Osmosis and IV solutionsOsmosis and IV solutions
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DialysisDialysis
Na+
Cl-
Na+
Na+
Cl-
Cl-
Membrane w/ bigger holes than osmosisMembrane w/ bigger holes than osmosisConcentrated SlnConcentrated Sln Dilute SlnDilute Sln
Solvent & small particles moveSolvent & small particles move
The process where The process where solventsolvent and and other small other small moleculesmolecules can can pass pass through a membranethrough a membrane..
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water, ions and small molecule
out
DialysisDialysis
By passing large amounts of a pure solvent past the membrane, we can flush out all but the largest components.
purewater in
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Remember earlier stoichiometry problems.Remember earlier stoichiometry problems.
For Example:NaOH + HCl NaOH + HCl NaCl + HOH NaCl + HOH
Remember stoichiometryRemember stoichiometry
200g NaOH
1
1 mol NaOH 40g NaOH
1 mol HCl =1 mol NaOH
5 mol HCl5 mol HCl
How many moles of HCl are needed to react with 200 g NaOH?
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Now Solution StoichiometryNow Solution Stoichiometry
NaOH + HCl NaOH + HCl NaCl + HOH NaCl + HOH
250mL NaOH sln
1
2.5 mol NaOH = 1 L NaOH sln
0.625 mol NaOH0.625 mol NaOH
1 L NaOH sln1000 mL NaOH sln
0.625 mol NaOH
1
1 L HCl = 0.100 mol HCl
1 mol HCl1 mol NaOH
6.25 L of 0.100 M HCl sln6.25 L of 0.100 M HCl sln
How many L of 0.100 M HCl0.100 M HCl are needed to react with 250 ml of 2.5 M NaOH2.5 M NaOH?
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Colligative propertiesColligative properties
“Bulk” properties that change when you add a solute to make a solution.
• Based on how much you add but not what the solute is.
• Effect of ionic materials is based on number of ions produced.
Colligative propertiesColligative properties• vapor pressure lowering• freezing point depression• boiling point elevation• osmotic pressure
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Boiling point elevationBoiling point elevation
When you add a solute to a solvent, the boiling point will go up.
BP elevation = Kb x molalityt = n x Kb x m
The more you add, the higher it goes.It will only work until you reach saturation.
ExamplesExamples Cooking pasta Antifreeze
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Ionic vs. covalentIonic vs. covalentsubstancessubstances
Ionic substances have a greater effect per mole than covalent.
1 mole / kg of water for glucose = 1 molal1 molal
1 mole / kg of water for NaCl = 2 molal ions2 molal ions
1 mole / kg of water for CaCl2 = 3 molal ions3 molal ionsEffects are based on the number of particles!Effects are based on the number of particles!This is the “n” we referred to earlierThis is the “n” we referred to earlier..
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Liquid water: Liquid water: Held by Held by HydrogenHydrogen bonds bonds
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Freezing point depressionFreezing point depressionWhen you add a solute to a solvent, the freezing point goes down.
FP depression = Kf x molalityt = n x Kf x m
(where n is # particles per formulan is # particles per formula.)
The more you add, the lower it gets.This will only work until you reach saturation.ExamplesExamples “Salting” roads in winter
Making ice cream
How does this happen???How does this happen???
molkg
molkg
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Frozen HFrozen H22O:O: slow moving molecules form slow moving molecules form
hexagonal rings resulting in crystals.hexagonal rings resulting in crystals.
Solute particles interfere, causing the water moleculesto slow down even more. This reduces the temperature.