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AN ETYMOLOGICAL WORDLIST FOR THE CANTIGAS DAMIGO
RIP COHEN
2012
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INTRODUCTORY NOTE
1. I began this etymological wordlist for the cantigas damigoin the 1990s for my own use,while preparing a critical edition of the 501 poems in this genre (and of the seven pastorelas).The list went through several stages: adding references to Wilhelm Meyer-Lbkes RomanischesEtymologisches Wrterbuch (REW);putting in Proto-Indo-European (PIE)roots from the Lexicon
der Indogermanischen Verben (LIV);and drafting annotations. Then I chopped it down to size.The notes were eliminated. Roots for Latin words were removed, leaving roots only for somewords from Germanic, Celtic and Semitic. The reasoning was that only roots with PIEprimarystem formations were given (thats what LIV furnishes), and students could consult etymologicaldictionaries of Latin. The roots that remain are in bold, e.g. (Indo-European) *sel-, (Semitic)*dwr. I hope that, with the collaboration of Michael Weiss, a jointly authored list can beprovided, with analysis of Proto-Indo-European roots and reconstructions of intermediate forms.Since this will take time, in the meanwhile I am posting the list as is. A number of words havebeen left without etymologies because proposals are problematic and such questions lie beyondthe scope of this list, which aims mainly to be an aid to students. On the other hand, I haveglossed most entries a step towards transforming the wordlist into a full-scale glossary (toreplace that of Nunes) with etymologies. Words that are too common (articles, pronouns,prepositions, conjunctions, multi-purpose verbs, words with many constructions and senses) or
too difficult have been simplified or, in a few cases, left blank. For individual constructions anddisputed passages, please see the notes in my 2003 critical edition of the corpus, as well as theglossary of Nunes (vol. 3, pp. 577703) and my translation.
Since the list depends on that edition, some words that occur in earlier editions are not tobe found here (since they were errors) and some new words have been added (either correctmanuscript readings that had wrongly been rejected or new emendations introduced into thetext; see Cohen, p. 34, n4). Proper names and place names are omitted. Only a few irregularverb forms are included (e.g. ste,dia) and some variants of individual words (e.g. oand a, tand at)are also registered.
For formsreal or reconstructedin Vulgar, Late and Medieval Latin (not always easy todistinguish), I put macra over long vowels, even though quanitaties were no longer observed(taking advantage of the possibilities of online posting I color these words lilac to mark themclearly). This is a tradition in Romance Philology and should help to distinguish the vowel classinto which the marked vowels fall. Hypothetical forms (marked with an asterisk), unlessotherwise noted, may be assumed to be Late or Medieval Latin. Tils have been restored wherewe would expect them as a question of historical phonology and regularly find them in thirteenthcentury manuscripts of Galician-Portuguese lyric. I stress that references to REW need notindicate agreement.
I am grateful to Michael Weiss, Stephen Parkinson and Federico Corriente for their help. Iam responsible for all errors, including excessive doubt or overconfidence. I welcome correctionsand suggestions (rip.cohen /at/ gmail.com).
2. This is not the place to study the vocabulary of the genre, but I would like to make onegeneral point. The lexicon supports the thesis of Henry R. Lang (1894) and Carolina Michalis deVasconcellos (1904), that the cantigas damigo were rooted (Langs expression) in a native
tradition of female-voiced songa thesis still being debated.The total lexicon of the 501 cantigas damigo (and sevenpastorelas, which add quite a
few words)consists of 900 some odd words, many of them used once or in a single poem. Inbroad terms, around 30 words come through Latin from Greek, 20 enter from Germanic, 50 areloanwords from Provenal, a dozen from Old French; a few entries come from other Ibero-Romance dialects, a handful are Celtic, and a dozen are borrowed from Andalusi Arabic. Anotherdozen are of uncertain etymology. So only 10% of the total roughly 100 wordsdo not comedirectly to Galician-Portuguese from Latin, and only a few dozen of those (under 5% of the total
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lexicon) are commonly used (e.g., Germ. guardar, OF quitar, Prov. cor, Cast. sobejo, Celt.camisa,AA at).Most of the lexicon derives from Latin according to regular sound changes.
An analysis of etymologies suggests that the language used by the female personae (thegirl, her mother and girlfriends) corresponds to what has historically been considered thenature of female speech: local, conservative and largely uninfluenced by the outside world asCicero says in a justly famous passage of De oratore.
Equidem cum audio socrum meam Laeliam facilius enim mulieres incorruptamantiquitatem conseruant, quod multorum sermonis expertes ea tenent semper, quaeprima didiceruntsed eam sic audio, ut Plautum mihi aut Naeuium uidear audire, sonoipso uocis ita recto et simplici est, ut nihil ostentationis aut imitationis adferre uideatur;ex quo sic locutum esse eius patrem iudico, sic maiores; non aspere ut ille, quem dixi,non uaste, non rustice, non hiulce, sed presse et aequabiliter et leniter.
For my own part when I hear my wifes mother Laelia since it is easier for women tokeep the old pronunciation unspoiled, as they do not converse with a number of peopleand so always retain the accents they first heardwell, I listen to her with the feelingthat I am listening to Plautus or Naevius: the actual sound of her voice is so unaffectedand natural that she seems to introduce no trace of display or affectation; and I
consequently infer that that was how her father and her ancestors used to speak notharsly, like the persons I mentioned, nor with a broad or countrified or jerkypronunciation, but neatly and evenly and smoothly.
(Cicero, De Oratore, Book III, De Fato, Paradoxa Stoicorum, De Partitione Oratoria, trans.H. Rackham, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA/London, pp. 3637).
This general description has been verified by researchers in Iberian linguistic geography.The language of the cantigas damigo seems, then, a stylized representation of local,
traditional speech (with lexical archaisms: loir, ler, eire, gradoar, etc.; there are phonologicalarchaisms too, notably the preservation of intervocalic -n-,found almost exclusively in this genre,nearly always in the incipit or refrain and/or in rhyme-position). The lexicon is smaller than thatof the cantigas damor(Michalis glossary, covering c. 500 of 750 poems, has 1410 lemmata).And each of the other genres, the cantigas descarnho e maldizer (CEM) and the cantigas deSanta Maria (CSM), contains a lexicon incomparably richer than the cantigas damor. The lexiconof the cantigas damigo displays far fewer borrowings than its brethren (statistics are notavailable, since only Michalis provides etymologies in her glossary; neither Lapa [CEM] norMettmann[CSM]supplies them). This purity of diction, etymologically speaking, can hardly be acoincidence of stylistic choices made over the course of a century by 88 poetsmany of whomcomposed songs in one or both of the other two secular genres with a much broader lexicon. Itseems rather to reflect the song tradition from which the cantiga damigo sprang, a tradition thatboth trobadores and jograes evidently kept as part of their compositional procedures. So inaddition to the evidence provided by formal, rhetorical and pragmatic analysis, there is linguisticevidence to back up the thesis that the cantigas damigowere rooted in a native tradition, just asLang and Michalis said.
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SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
(Nota bene:words which are not Galician-Portuguese nor otherwise identified are Latin.)
1. The symbol < means derives from by regular sound change.2. The symbol meansderives from by regular processes of derivation or word formation(but
does not exclude direct phonological derivation)3. Only Latin long vowels are marked. Unmarked Latin vowels can be assumed to be short.4. An asterisk (*) precedes an unattested form. Except for roots, and unless otherwise specified,
forms with asterisk are from Late or Medieval Latin. 5. In references to REWthe plus symbol + means the Galego-Portuguese form is not cited in that
entry and should be added.6. [] means the word is classified as a Buchwort (learned word) in REW.7. Specific texts are cited in parentheses for words occurring only once in the corpus of cantigas
damigo(or in a pastorela).8. A question mark (?) indicates doubt (my own or others).
ABBREVIATIONS
Sigla: manuscripts containing cantigas damigo
B= cod. 10991, Bibloteca Nacional, LisbonN= ms. 979, Pierpont Morgan Library, New York
V= cod. lat. 4803, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome
Languages
AA = Andalusi ArabicArab. = (Classical) ArabicAv. = AvestanCast. = CastilianCat. = CatalanCelt. = CelticEng. = EnglishFrank. = FrankishGerm. = GermanicGoth. = GothicGP = Galician-PortugueseGrk. = Ancient GreekHisp. = HispanicHL = Hispanic LatinLat. = Classical LatinLL = Late LatinML = Medieval Latin (written and spoken).
LGrk. = Late GreekOE = Old EnglishOF = Old FrenchOLat. = Old LatinOSp = Old SpanishPGerm. = Proto-GermanicProv. = Old ProvenalSem. = SemiticVL = Vulgar Latin
Other abbreviations
acc. = accusativeact. = activeabl. = ablativeadj. = adjectiveAmigo= the cantigas damigoapp. = apparentlyap. crit. = apparatus criticusAp. Prob. = Appendix Probi (cited from ILV)art. = articlecf. = confer(compare)CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarumconj. = conjunctionconject. = conjecturedat. = dativedimin. = diminutiveesp. = especially
f. = femininefut. = futuregen. = genitiveGPL = Galician-Portuguese lyrichapax= hapax legomenon(found once)imperf. = imperfectindic. = indicativeinfin. = infinitiveinfl. = influenced
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intr. = instransitivem. = masculinen. = neuternom. = nominativepart. = participlepass. = passive
perf. = perfectpl. = pluralplup. = pluperfectpres. = present
prob. = probablypron. = pronounscil. = scilicet(understand)sing. = singularsubj. = subjunctivesubst. = substantive
s.v. = sub verbum (under the word)trans. = transitivevar. = variantvb. = verb
WORKS CITED
Cintra = Lus Felipe Lindley Cintra.A Linguagem dos Foros de Castelo Rodrigo, seu confronto com ados Foros de Alfaiates, Castelo Bom, Castelo Melhor, Coria, Cceres e Usagre: contribuio para oestudo do leons e do galego-portugus do sculo XIII. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional - Casa daMoeda, 1984 [1959].
Cohen = Rip Cohen,500 Cantigas dAmigo: Edio Crtica/Critical Edition. Porto: Campo das Letras,2003.
Cohen & Corriente = Rip Cohenand Federico Corriente. Lelia douraRevisited.La cornica 31.1(2002): 1940.
Corominas = Joan Corominas, Dicionrio Etimolgico-Crtico Castellano e Hispnico, con lacolaboracin de Jos A. Pascual. 5 vols. Madrid: Gredos, 198491.
Corriente= Federico Corriente, Diccionario de Arabismos e voces afines en iberorromance, 2nd ed.Madrid: Gredos, 1999.
Cronologia= Lorenzo, Ramn. Sobre la cronologia do vocabulrio galego-portugues. Vigo, EditorialGalaxia, 1968.
CSM= Walter Mettmann,Afonso X, o Sabio: Cantigas de Santa Maria. 4 vols [Glossrio in vol. 4].Coimbra: Universidade, 195972.
CIL = Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum(cited fromOLD).Cunha= Celso Cunha,Cancioneiros dos Trovadores do Mar. Edio preparada por Elsa Gonalves.
Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa de Moeda, 1999.Diez = Friedrich Diez. ber die erste portugiesische Kunst- und Hofpoesie. Bonn: Eduard Weber,
1863.DVPM= Dicionrio de Verbos do Portugus Medieval: sculos 12 e 13/14. Org. M. F. Xavier et al.
Lisbon: Universiade Nova de Lisbon/CLUNL, 2002.GED= Winfred P. Lehmann,A Gothic Etymological Dictionary. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1986.GHG= Manuel Ferreiro, Grmatica Histrica Galega. 4th ed. Vol. 1. Santiago: Laiovento, 1999.HALOT= Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament.5 vols. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 19942000.Huber= Josef Huber,Altportugiesisches Elementarbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1933 = Gramtica
do Portugus Antigo, trans. Maria Manuela Gouveia Delille. Lisbon: Fundao CalousteGulbenkian, 1986 [contains Lapas review on pp. 361378].
ILV= Veikko Vnnen, Introduccin al Latin Vulgar. Trans. Manuel Carrin. Madrid: Gredos, 1985.Kluge= Friedrich Kluge, Etymologisches Wrterbuch der Deutschen Sprache, bearbeitet von Elmar
Seebold. 24th
ed. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2002.Lang= Henry R. Lang. Das Liederbuch des Knigs Denis von Portugal, zum ersten mal vollstndig
herausgegeben und mit Einleitung, Anmerkungen und Glossar versehen. Halle a.S.: MaxNiemeyer, 1894(rpt Hildesheim-New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1972.)
Lapa = [review of Huber],Revista Lusitana 34 (1936): 30012.LF = Teresa Garca-Sabell Tormo, Lxico francs nos cancioneiros galego-portugueses. Vigo:
Galaxia, 1991.LIV= Helmut Rix et al. Lexicon der Indogermanischen Verben. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag,
1998.
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Lorenzo= Ramon Lorenzo, La traduccion gallego de la Crnica General y de la Crnica de Castilla:edicin crtica anotada, con introduccin, ndice onomstico e glosario. Vol. 2 Glosario. Orense:Instituto de Estudios Orensanos Padre Feijoo, 1977.
LSJ=A Greek-English Lexicon, with a revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.Machado = Jos Pedro Machado, Dicionrio Etimolgico da Lngua Portuguesa. 3rd. ed. 5 vols.
Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1977 [see also Cronologia].
Meier = Harri Meier, La etimologia iberroromance en el siglo XX. Boletim de Filologia31 (198687): 620.Michalis= Carolina Michalis de Vasconcellos, Cancioneiro da Ajuda. Edio critica e commentada.
2 vols. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional/Casa de Moeda, 1990 [with rpt. of Glossrio do Cancioneiroda Ajuda, Revista Lusitana XXIII (1920)].
MLLM = J. F. Niermeyer, Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus. Leiden: E. J. Brill 1993.Nunes= Nunes, Jos Joaquim. Cantigas damigo dos trovadores galego-portugueses. Edio crtica
acompanhada de introduo, comentrio, variantes, e glossrio. 3 vols. Coimbra: Imprensa daUniversidade, 192628 (rpt. Lisboa: Centro do Livro Brasileiro, 1973).
OED = The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Complete text reproducedmicrographically, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971.
OHCGL= Michael Weiss, Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin. Ann Arbor,MI/New York: Beechstave Press, 2009.
OLD= Oxford Latin Dictionary, ed. P.G.W.Glare. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983.Piel = Joseph-Maria Piel, Estudos de Lingustica Histrica Galego-Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa
Nacional/Casa de Moeda, 1989.Rei =Francisco Fernndez Rei, Francisco. Dialectoloxa da Lingua Galega. Santiago de Compostela:
Edicins Xerais de Galicia, 1991.Ramos = Maria Ana Ramos, Nota lingustica. In Elsa Gonalves & Maria Ana Ramos, A Lrica
Galego-Portuguesa. Lisbon: Editorial Comunicao, 1983, pp. 81118.REW = Wilhelm Meyer-Lbke, Romanisches Etymologisches Wrterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter
Universittsverlag, 1992 [1934].Sacks = Norman P. Sacks, The Latinity of Dated Documents in the Portuguese Territory.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1941.Williams= Edwin B. Williams, From Latin to Portuguese. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1938 [2nd ed. 1962]
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AN ETYMOLOGICAL WORDLIST FOR THE CANTIGAS DAMIGO
af.pron., art.< illam
a prep. (REW136) < ad
a-(VL, HL or GP formative prefix)< adac (REW3965)here < eccum hc (abl. s. ofhaec)
acabarfinish, get done a- + cabo
achar(REW261.2)find < afflread + flre
achegar(REW548.2)arrive < applicread + plicre(Johan Airas 46, pastorela)
acoomhar (REW 1527) punish < *accalumnire ad + *calumnire (for calumnir)
calumnia (Bolseiro 8)
acordar(REW71a)remember; realize; wake up < *accordread + *cordre(cf.recordre,
var. ofrecordr)cor, cordis, n.
acorrer(REW89)help, save < *accurrre< accurrere ad + currere (Vinhal 7)
adevinhar(REW2704)divine< *addunre(cf. devador [CSM])ad + *dunredunus
(Estevan Coelho 1)
adubar (REW 159) get done < OF adouber or Prov. adobar (equip) a- + *dubbre *apretar > apertar [Lorenzo]) formed
frompectus, ~oris, n. (Johan Airas 46, pastorela)
aper(REW551) [withculpa] assign [blame] < *appnre< appnere ad + pnere
aprazerpleasea- + prazer
aprender (REW 554) learn, find out about < *apprendre < apprendere (contraction of
apprehendere)ad + prendere (see prender)
aquel/aquele, aquela(REW4266)that < eccum + *illem, illam
aquenhence < eccum + hinc
aquendehence < eccum + hinc + d(from aquen de in phrases [Lorenzo])
aqueste(REW4553)this < eccum + iste
aqui(REW4129)here < eccum + hc
arparticleback, again; and moreover; on the other hand[etc] < ar- < ad- (-d- > -r-originallyin Latin in proclisis before labials [Cohen & Weiss; cf. OHCGL, 475-76]);with var. er
arco(REW 618) bow< arcum(Esquio 3)
armar(REW 651)equip, fit out[a ship] < armre arma (Zorro 8)
arte(REW679)trick, strategem < artem (Sevilha 9)
arder (REW620)burn < ardre (Treez 3)
arredor (REW 198+) around < ad + *retr (< *retr < retr [Corominas; see derredor])
(Johan Airas 46, pastorela)
asconder(REW41)hide < *abscondre< abscondere abs- + condere
ascuitar(REW802.2+) (elsewhereascoitar)listen to, hear < ascultre < auscultre
asevar. of assi
asperar? (REW8141+)wait for < *adsprre ad + sprre
assacar ? speak ill of [someone], speak a lie against [someone] Goth. *atsakan < at +
sakan [GED, S 13]speak against (Cohen & Weiss; see sacar); cf. Corriente, s.v.
achaque;Corominas, s.v.achacar (REW 7517c [Arab.a]) (Johan Airas 35)
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assanhar? (REW4445+)get angryat a- + *snire< *nsnire(fornsnre) nsnia
nsnus in + snus
assazadv.(REW199)very < viaProv. (or OF ) < ad + satis
assevar. of assi
assiso, thus < ad + scat(REW4077)until
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bando(REW929) de seu bando = on his side < MLbandum Goth.bandwa (uexillum quod
bandum appellant a flag which they call bandum in Paulus DiaconusGED, B 22)1.
*bheh2- (LIV)(Redondo 1)
banhar(REW913)bathe < banere < LLbalnerebalneum/balineum < Grk.balaneon (cf.
Cunha)baraa?lace, strap (see Corriente, s.v. barao;Corominas, s.v. embarazar)(Guilhade 4)
baralhar ? (REW9150)quarrel (see Corominas, s.v.baraja)
baratar? (REW943a baratta[Old Norse])bargain,handle ones self(Diez derives from Grk.
prattein)
barca(REW952)boat < LLbarcam < *bricabris, ~idos < Grk. (a flat bottomed boat,
used in Egypt[LSJ])Copticbar(OLD)
barco var. of barca
barqueiroboatman < *barcriumbarca (Meendinho 1)
beenon(cf.REW1029, 1030)blessing < benedictinem bene + dicti, ~nis, f. dcere
(Dinis 10)
bel apocopated form ofbelo in proclisis (Dinis 18)
[belo], bela(REW1027)lovely, beautiful < bellum, bellam
benadv.(REW1028)well < bene
bensubst. happiness, joy, pleasure
bendizer (REW1029)bless < bene + dcere
bever(REW1074)drink < *bibre< bibere(Torneol 1)
bogia (REW 1375) lume de bogia = ordinary candles < AA Bujyya < Bijyah city in Algeria(Corriente, s.v. bugia) (Treez 3)
bon, ba(REW1208)good, fine < bonum, bonam
bravo ?rough (none of theexplanations are satisfactory; Skeat) (REW945) (Dinis 33)
brial(REW1169 +)tunic, dress< Prov. blialt (cf. OFbliaut) < ? (Meogo 8)
brioso?fluttering [?] brio < *bulluum(Meier)bullre bulla (bubble)+ -oso (REW
1297 *brigos [Celtic])(Charinho 1)
buscar ? seek, followperhaps< *bsequre bsequa, ~ae f. cow-herd (Apuleius, 2nd
cent. CE); cf. Schuchardt apud Corominas(REW1420)
ca(REW6928)than< quam
ca(REW6954.2)because, since < quia
cabea(REW1637)head < capitia formed fromcaput, capitis, n.
cabelo(REW1628)hair < capillum
caber(REW1625)listen to < *capre< capere (Solaz 3)
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caboprep. (REW1668)near, next to < *capum < caput, capitis, n.
cada(REW1755)each, every < Grk.kata
caer (REW1451.2)fall < *cadre< cadere
afarbe gone, be overAA (a)z
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1. ceo(REW1466)sky, heaven < caelum
2.ceo(REW9614)jealousy < LLzlum< Grk.zlos(Sevilha 9)
cercar(REW1938)surround < circrecircus < Grk.krkos(Meendinho 1)
certa(REW1839+)certain < *certnamcertus (see certo) (Redondo 1)
certo(REW1841)certain < certum (cf. cernere)cerva(REW1850)doe < ceruam
cervo(REW1850)stag < ceruum
chaga(REW6562a)wound < plgam (seechagado)(Guilhade 1)
chagadowounded perf. part. of chagar (REW 6563) < plgre (plgtus hapax [OLD])
plga1(cf. plangere) (Guilhade 1)
chamar(REW1961)call < clmre
chegar (REW6601)arrive < plicre
chorar(REW6606)cry, weep < plrre
chufar? (REW 7890.4)bluff, boast Corominas sees cross between onomatopoeic*chuff- and
*sufilreforsibilre (Guilhade 20)chus(REW6618+)more < pls(Guilhade 14)
cima(REW2438) fazer cima = make an end[Guilhade 16]; na cima da razon at the end of
the argument [of the song][Guilhade 19]< cyma (cyma, ~atis, n.) pl. or collective sg.
the spring shoots of a cabbage or similar vegetable (OLD) < Grk. kyma
cinger(REW1924)tie [a belt] < *cingre< cingere
cinta(REW1921+)belt < cnctam perf. part. ofcingere
co(var. ofcon) < cum (REW2385)cobradorecovered perf. part. of cobrar
cobrar(REW7136)recover formed (with loss of prefix) from recobrar < recuperre(var. of
reciperre) recipere (seereceber)
cofondervar. ofconfonder (but the expected outcome ofconf-)
coidarvar. ofcuidar
coita (REW 2015 +) love-sorrow, suffering, yearning < *coctam for coactam perf. part. of
cgereco- + -igere agere
coitadowretched; eager perf. part. of coitar coita
colher(REW2048)reap < *colligre < colligere con- + legere (Dinis 43)
color(REW2056)color < colrem (learned) (Dinis 23)
coma(REW6972+)just like < qumodo ac (Guilhade 16, v. 10)
come(REW6972)just as, like < qumodo et (seecomo)
comear(REW 2079)begin < *cominitirecum + *initireinitium inre in + re
comer(REW2077)eat < *comedre< comedere (var. of comsse) (Estevan Coelho 1)
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cometer(REW2086)take on [someone in a contest] < *committre< committere con- +
mittere (Loureno 4)
como(REW6972)just as, like < qumo< qumodo < qu + mod abl. s. ofqu modus
como querin any wayseecomo andquerer
companha(REW2092)company < *companiam com + *pania formed frompaniscompridoperfect; full of perf. part. ofcomprir
comprir(REW2101)complete, fulfill < *complre< complre con- + plre
con< cum (REW2385)
confonder/cofonder(REW2141+)confound, damn < *confundre< confundere con- +
fundere
conhocer(REW2031)know, recognize < *cognscre< cognscere con- + (g)nscere
connoscowith uscon- + uoscum (seevosco)
conorto (REW 2147) comfort, solace, pleasure < Prov.conort conortar < *conhortre
con- + hortr (Ponte 4)
conselhadoperf. part. ofconselhar
conselhar(REW2163)advise, counsel < *cnsilirecnsilium (seeconselho)
conselho(REW2164)counsel, plan < cnsiliumcnsulere
consentirconsent, say yes to < cnsentre con- + sentre
contar(REW2108)tell < computrecom- + putre (Codax 7)
contecer (REW 2184.2) happen < *contigescre*contigere var. ofcontingere con- +
tangere (Baveca 12)
conto(REW2109) sen conto = numberless < *comp(u)tum (cf. contandus CIL) computre
(seecontar) (Dinis 26)
contra(REW2187)towards < contr
convir(REW2192)behoove, be fitting < conuenrecon- + uenre
convoscowith you con- + uoscum (seevosco)
cor(REW2217)heart < Prov.cor < cor, cordis, n.
coraon(REW2217)heart < *cortinemcor (see cor)
corda(REW1881)string, lace < chordam Grk.khordon
corduraprudenceGPcordo; cf. cordtum (REW2248) (Guilhade 16)
corpo(REW2248)body < *corpum corpus, ~oris, n.
corte(REW2032)court < cohortem co- + *hors (cf. hortus) (Johan Airas 4)
cos(REW2248) en cos = scantily clad < Prov. (or OF) cors< corpus (> *corps > cors > cos)
cousa(REW1781)thing < causam
cousecerconsider cousir
cousir(REW4685)consider < Prov.cauzir Goth.kausjan (GED, K 25)*eus- (LIV)
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cras(REW2296)tomorrow < crs (Caldas 3)
crecer(REW2317)grow < *crscre< crscere
creente [see note]< crdentem, pres. part. ofcrdere (Sevilha 9)
creer(REW2307)believe < *crdre< crdere
cruamenteharshly < crd (REW2342) + mente (Johan Soarez Coelho 1)cruz(REW2348 [])cross< crx, crucis, f. (learned; should have given o [cf.Italiancroce])
cuidadosubst.sorrow, pain, suffering < cogittum (see cuidar)
cuidar/coidar(REW2027)think, believe < cogitre co- + agitre agere
cujo, cuja(REW2371)whose < cuium, cuiam
culpa(REW2379 [])blame < culpam
culpadablamed perf. part. of culpar < culpre culpa (Dinis 22)
curar(REW2412)care [about someone] < crrecra (Dinis 55, pastorela)
dano(REW 2468)harm < damnum
dar(REW 2476)give < dare
de(REW 2488)of, from < d
defender(REW 2517)forbid < *dfendre< dfendere d + *fendere
defensonprohibition < dfnsinemdfnsum perf. part. ofdfendere
deitar (REW 4568.2) lay down; set down; put on top of < *deiectred + iectre -
iectum perf. part. in compounds of iacere
delgada adj. (Torneol 2) slender and subst. (Dinis 17)delicate clothes (REW 2538) ed oi[Cohen & Corriente]) (Solaz 2)
eire(REW 4115a)yesterday< her(Bolseiro 2)
el/ele, eles(REW 4266)he, they < ille, *illes(Williams 140.1)
ela, elas(REW 4266)she, they < illa, ills (Williams 140.1)
elos(REW 4266) < ills
empararvar. ofamparar
emperoalthough en + pero
enprep. (REW 4328)in < in
nadv. (REW 4368) allomorph ofende
enartadafooled, taken by surprise (with non-native intervocalic -n- [see Corominas s.v.arte])
perf. part. of enartar in + artre (REW 684) in +art- (cf. ars, artis, f.) (Garcia
Soares 2)
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encobertasubst. por encoberta = to dissemble (see encoberto) (Dinis 11)
encobertoconcealed, hidden perf. part. of encobrir
encobrircover up, conceal< in + cooperre (REW2205) (var. coperre) co- + operre
endeadv.(REW 4368)about that; because of that; of that; for that reason; from there < inde
endadofor no reason < *indntum (seedado)endurar(REW4386)put up with, endure < indrre in + drre drus
enfenger/enfengir(REW4402a+)boast < *infingre/*-fingrein + fingere
enfintaboast < in + *fincta var. officta perf. part. offingere
enganar(REW 4416)trick, deceive < *ingannregannre (see Corominas, s.v.engaar)
enganotrickery enganar
engenartrick var. ofenganar (Reimon Gonalvez 1)
enmentarmention, name < in + *mentre(REW5505) mns, mentis, f.
eno, enos; ena, enas< in + o, os, a, as
ensandecergo crazyformed as if from *insandiscrebased on sandeu, sandia
ensanhar(Cast.)get angry < in +*(in)snire(seeassanhar)(Vinhal 2)
ensinadaben ensinada = discerning < *nsigntumperf. part. of *nsignre(REW4462+)
in + signre signum (cf. nsigntus) (Sevilha 12, pastorela)
entenar [engage in anentenon] entenon(Loureno 4)
entenonpoetic contest < intentinem,infl. by Prov. tens(Loureno 4)
entendedorsuitor, lover < Prov.entend- (seeentender)
entendentefazer entendente = make [somone]believe entender + -ente (Johan Airas 41)
entender(REW 4483)understand, learn of < intendre< intendere in + tendere
enton(REW 4518)then, at that time < in + tunc
entrar(REW 4511)enter < intrre
entre (REW 4485a)between, among < *intre < inter (cf. intr)
enveja(REW 4534)envy < inuidiam (Dinis 41)
enviar (REW 9295) envy < *inuireformed fromin + uia + -are
ervar. of ar (with weakening of a-in proclisis?)
ergasexcept < erg (see GHG234b on analogical-s)
erger(REW 2899.2+)lift up [ones eyes]; get up < *ergre< rigere + regere
ergoexcept < erg (Piel)(REW2892)
ermida (REW 2890) [rural] shrine < LL ermita Grk. ermits ermia (desert)
ermos (deserted, desolate)
erradoperf. part. of errar
errar(REW 2904)make a mistake, do [someone] wrong; be unfaithful < errre
escaecer(REW 2944)be forgotten by;forget < *excadescreex + *cadescere cadere
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escolher(REW 2048)choose < *excolgreex + colligere (seecolher) (Bolseiro 14)
escontra prep.towards< ex + contr
escudeiro(REW 7755+)squire < MLsctriussctum(Ponte 1)
escusardo without< excusre ex + *csrecausa (Ponte 1)
esforarrely on < LLexfortireex + *fortire(REW3456) fortisesforoself-confidence< MLexfortium ex + fortis (Sevilha 8)
esmorecerfaint, swoon < *exmoriscre *exmorre ex + *morre (REW 5681.2) (see
morrer)
espantofright espantar < expa(u)entre (REW 3035) expauns, ~entis pres. part. of
expaureex + paure paure
espedirsay goodbye, take ones leave < *expetreex + petere
espelho(REW 8133)mirror < speclum (Ap. Prob. 2) < speculum
espertar (REW 3043) wake up < *expertre*expert- (forexperrectus perf. part. of intr.
expergiscwake up; cf. trans. expergere, expergitum awaken [see Corominas, s.v.
despierto])
esquivo?repulsive (REW8002+) Germ.*skiuh- (see Kluge, s.v.scheu; cf. OEscoh, Eng.
shy); possible cross with *skibu- Germ. *skiuban (Goth. af-skiuban, reject [GED, A
27], OEscufan thrust away with violence[OED, s.v. shove])*skeubh- (LIV) (Dinis
33)
esse, essa, esso(REW 4541)that, that one < *ipsem, ipsam, ipsum
estadal(REW 8237)candle < *sttulem(scil. cram) (cf. sttuere, sttus2stre (Treez 3)
estar (REW 8231)stand; be < stre
steis < est 3rd sing. pres. act. indic. ofsum, esse
este, esta, esto (REW 4553)this, this one< iste, ista, istud
estorninho(REW8339)starlingsturnus with dimin. suffix (Airas Nunes 4, pastorela)
estrado (REW 8292) [a raised platform in the main room of a dwelling, used as womens
quarters] < strtum perf. part. ofsternere (Guilhade 10)
estragar(REW 8282)destroy formed fromestrago strgs(Dinis 42)
estranhar (REW 3098) find strange; reproach [someone for something] < MLextrnere
extrneusextr (Dinis 45)
eu(REW 2830)I < ego
falatalk, conversation < *falla < fabla (cf. OSp. fabla, favla) < fbula fr (REW 3124)
falar(REW 3125)talk, converse (amorously) < *fallre < *fblre< *fbulre(forfbulr )
fr
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falha (REW 3168) sen falha = without fail; meter en falha = stand [someone] up (Roi
Fernandiz 2) < *fallia prob. via Prov. (LF)fallere
falidoperf. part. offalir
falir (REW 3167)fail < *fallre< fallere
falsidade(learned word with hypercorrect-i-)falsity, treachery < MLfalsittem falsus (seefalso) (Dinis 43)
falso(REW 3171)false, untruthful, unfaithful < falsus perf. part. offallere
fazenda(REW 3129.2)doings, affairs < faciendaacc. pl. neut. gerundive of facere
fazer(REW 3128)do, make < *facre< facere
fe(REW 3285)faith < fidem
feito subst.(REW 3135)fact, deed; situation, matter < factum perf. part. offacere
fera(REW 3264)extreme, intense < feram
feramentethoroughly < fer + mente(Guilhade 9)
feridobeaten < *fertumperf. part. offerre (cf. MLferta)
feridosubst.military service
ferir(REW 3253)strike, beat < ferre
fiar(REW 3282)trust, believe in < *fdre(cf. MLfdntia) var. of fdere
ficar(REW 3290)remain, stay* < *fgicre(cf. fgere)
filha(REW 3303)daughter < fliam
filhar? (REW 6503)take, choose; steal
filho(REW 3303)son; in phrasefilho dalgo = nobleman < flium(Calheiros 7)
finend < fnem(Servando 15)fis(REW 3287+) fazer fiz = make [someone] believe < Prov.fis < fdus
fivela(REW 3278+)buckle < *fbellamvar. of fbulam (Porto Carreiro 1)
flor(REW 3382 [])(see frol)either learned form or borrowed fromProv. (Dinis 16)
fogir (REW 3550.2)run away, flee < *fugre< fugere (Guilhade 20)
folgar (REW 3417)rest < follicre(hang loosely, sag [OLD])follis bag
folia(REW3422 follis)madness, folly < Prov. folia(cf. MLfollia) MLfollis/follus (crazy)
fontana(REW 3426)spring, fountain < MLfontnam(aquam) fns, fontis, m.
fonte(REW3425)spring, fountain < fontem
fora(REW 3455) a fora [here]= against my will < fortianom. pl. offorte (Vinhal 2)
forar(REW 3456)force < MLfortirefortia (seefora)
forte(REW 3457)strong, poweful < fortem
fossado (REW 3461) military service < ML fosstumperf. part. ofML fossre fossa perf.
part. offodere
frances(via Prov. or OF)French < *frankinsemGerm.franko(a Frank)(Avoin 11)
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fria(REW 3512.1)cold, chilly < frgidamfrgor (cf. frgre) (Torneol 1)
fremoso(REW 3450)lovely, handsome < formsum(by dissimilation)forma + -oso
frolflower < flrem
frolida(REW 3380+)flowering, in bloom < *flrtaperf. part. ofML*flrrevar. offlrre
fronteira (REW 3533) frontier, border < ML frontria (cf. frontlis frns, frontis, f.)(Charinho 2)
frorvar. offlor
fustan(REW 3618)fustian[skirt?] < ML(pannum) fustneum?
gar ? (REW 3637a) gain Goth. *gainon (confused with guaanhar; see Corominas, s.v.
gana)
gabar(REW 3626)boast < Prov.gabar < Germ.*gabb?(imitative) (Guilhade 12)
galardon? (REW 9529)reward, recompense < MLwiderdonum Germ. wider + Lat. dnum,
semi-translation of OHG *widarlon wider (back, again) + lon (reward,
recompense; cf. Goth. laun [GED, L 21]); but Corominas (s.v. galardn) posits:
*gwedarlaun > *gwelardaun > galardon; perhaps via Prov. or OF.
garceta? (REW 619)tress, lock [of hair]
garda var. ofguarda
garrida(REW 3691)frivolous, flirtatious < *garrtamperf. part. ofgarrre, intr.chatter(Dinis
40)
gasalhadosubst.comfort perf. part. of*gasalhar (REW 3697+) Goth. *ga-saljan saljan
(stay, be a guest [GED, S 18])2. *sel-
gonela(REW 3919) tunic [orcape] < Prov. gonela (cf. MLgunella/gonella dim. of MLgunna
fur cloak) < ? (Sevilha 12, pastorela)
graa(REW 3847a+)blessing < grtiamgrtus(Bolseiro 7)
gracir(REW3848)thank, be grateful for < Prov. grazir < *grtre (infl. by grtia) grtus
gradecer(REW 3848)thank, be grateful forgradoas if< *grtescre
grado(REW 3848)thanks, gratitude[sen meu grado =against my will, etc.] < grtum
gradoarbe happy, feel joy < *grtulre (forgrtulr)grtus
granallomorph of grande (in proclisis, with apocope)
granada(REW3846) [of hazelnut trees] laden [with nuts] < *grntam(cf. MLgrntrius,
grnrium) grnum(Johan Zorro 10)
grande(REW 3842)big < grandem (cf. gran)
grave(REW 3855.1)grave, painful < grauem
greu (REW 3855.2) e non vos seja greu = if you dont mind < Prov. greu (for graue-) by
antonymic contamination with leue- (Coton 1)
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groriosaglorious < glrisamglria
guaanhar(w. var.gaanhar), (REW 9483) win Germ. *waidanjan (to pasture)< *waidja
(OEw, OHGweida)
guarda/garda(REW 9502) guard, guardian< Germ. warda < PGerm. *warda- (GED, W 33)
(Corominas says formed fromguardar) 3. *uer- (LIV)guardar(REW 9502)watch over, guardGerm. wardn
guarecerlive, be healthy, get wellguarir
guaridacure, remedy subst. formed from perf. part. of guarir
guarir(REW 9504)live, be healthy, get well, recover, survive < *warir Goth. warjan (GED,
W 35) 1. *uer- (LIV)
guerra(REW 9524a frank.) fazer guerra = take revenge < Germ. werra *uers- (LIV)
guirlanda? (REW 9524)garland (see Corominas, s.v.grinalda) (Airas Nunes 4, pastorela)
guisa(REW 9555)way, manner; condition< Germ. *wsa- (GED, G 78)*ueid- (LIV)
guisadofitting, correct, right perf. part. of guisar
guisar(REW 9555)arrange, work outguisa
i(REW 4252)there, then < ib
idasubst.departure, leaving < ta perf. part. ofre
igreja(REW 2823)church < LLec(c)lsia< Grk.ekklsia ekkltosekkale ek + kale
iguar(REW 237+)be equal to, match < *qulre(cf. aequlis) aequus (Dinis 1)
inda? (REW 4368) var. ofainda
ir(REW 4545)go < re
ira(REW 4542)anger, wrath < ram
irado(REW 4544a)angry < rtum perf. part. of rsc ra
irmana, irma(REW 3742)sister, girlfriend < germnam germen, ~inis, n. ggnere
ja(REW 4572)already, now < iam
ja-quandosometime < iam + quand
ja-quesomething < iam + quid
jazer(REW 4562)lie, lie down < iacre
jogadores(cf. REW 4585, 4586)gamesters, jokers jogar or < *iocultrem(Guilhade 16)
jogar(REW4586)play < ioculre< ioculr ioculus iocus(Charinho 2)
juiz(REW 4599)judge < idicemis + dcere(Johan Airas 11)
julgar(REW 4600)judge (Leonese [Cintra]) < idicre idex (cf. juiz)
juraoath jurar
jurar(REW 4630)swear < irreis, iris, n.
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jusoprep.(REW 2567.2) down by < LL isum< deorsum (bisyllabic in Lat.)< d + uorsum
(diosum also documented; infl. by ssum < sursum sub + uorsum perf. part. of
uortere [var. ofuertere]) (Zorro 8)
lado(REW 4935)side < *latum (forlatus, ~eris, n.) (Solaz 2)lago(REW 4836)lake
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loadoperf. part. of loar
loar(REW 4938)praise < laudrelaus, laudis, f.
logar(REW 5093)place < loclemlocus
logo(REW 5096)then, later; soon < loc abl. sing. oflocus
lograr(REW 5145)complete < lucrre (forlucrr) lucrum(Lopo 3)loir(hapax) subst. (REW 5153a)playing < *ldre< ldere (Meogo 8)
longe, longiadv.far [from]; [from] afar < long longus
longo(REW 5119)long < longum
louano (REW 4949) lovely, handsome < *lautinum (cf. lautiusculus, with base*lauti-)
lautus perf. part. of laure
louco? (REW9038a)mad, crazy (see Corriente, s.v.loco)
loucuramadnesslouco
louvarvar. of loar
lume(REW 5161)light [often used as term of endearment] < lmen
luz(REW 5190)light; sunlight < lcem
ma= mha (seemeu)
macaralthough
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mandar(REW 5286)send < mandre
maneira(REW 5332)way, manner < manuriamanus
manha(REW 5330.2)mood, temperment < LL*maniam formed frommanus
manhana(REW 5295)morning < *manenammne (Torneol 1)
mano(REW 5339)hand < manummanselinhoadv.softly dimin.ofmanso mnsus, ~tis (var. acc.mnsuem) (REW 5322)
manu- + sus- (related tosuscere)
manto(REW 5328)cloak, mantel < MLmantum(cf. mantellum) (Estevan Coelho 2)
mao, maa(REW 5273)bad, evil < malum, malam
mar/mare(REW 5349)sea < mare
maravilha(REW 5601 [])amazing thing < *marblia< mrblia mrr
maravilhadoamazed perf. part. of maravilhar
maravilharbe amazedmaravilha
marteirosuffering < LLmartyrium < Grk. martyrion
matar? (REW 5401)kill
me(REW 5449)me < m
medes (REW 5551) herself < (ego)metipse = (ego +) -met (enclitic particle attached for
emphasis to certain pronouns [OLD]) + ipse (see esse); cf. Prov. medeis, whence
medes may be borrowed(Dinis 53, pastorela)
medo(REW 5555)fear < metum
meio(REW 5462)half < medium (Johan Airas 22)
melhor(REW 5479)better < melirem
melhorar(REW 5480+)make better < melirremelior
menage(REW4170) pledge of loyalty [to a lord] < Prov. omenatge[LF] < MLhomenagium
(homenaticium) formed from stem ofhom, ~inis, m.
meninhagirl dimin. of *mana < (ger)mna ? (seeirmana)
mente(adverbial suffix)(REW 5496) < mente abl. s. ofmns, mentis, f.
mentesin phrase meter mentes =pay attention, take to heart< ments (acc. pl. ofmns)
mentidorliarmentir as if < *menttrem(Giinzo 6)
mentir(REW 5510)not keep ones word, swear falsely, lie < *mentre< mentr
mentiralie mentir
mentiralliar via Prov.mentir (Dinis 9)
mentreconj.(REW 2794+)while, as long as< dum interim
mosconj.(REW5594)except < minus neut. of minor
mercee(REW 5517)mercy, compassion < mercdemmerx, mercis, f.
merecedordeserving [of]merecer
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merecer(REW 5522)deserve < *merescremerre
mesela(REW 5607)poor girl! < misellam dimin. ofmisera (Porto Carreiro 1)
mester(REW 5589)need < ministerium (perhaps viaProv. or OF) minister1
mesura(REW 5502)goodness, courtesy < mnsrammnsus perf. part. ofmetr
mesurada(REW 5503)courteous < LLmnsrtamperf. part. ofmnsrremnsra(seemesura)
meter(REW 5616 )put, add; meter mentes = pay attention < *mittre< mittere
meu, mha/ma(REW 5556)my < meum, meam
mito me, for me < m < mih
miaused as bisyllabic form ofmha
migo(REW 5450+)with me < mcum (= m + cum) by analogy withm < mih (or < *mcum
[Cunha])
mil(REW 5573)a thousand < mlle
milgranada(REW 5575*)pomegranate tree < mlle + grnta (see granado) (Airas Nunes 3)
milho(REW 5572)millet < milium (Johan Soarez Coelho 5)
minguado(REW 5593)defective, bad < MLminutumperf. part. ofminurevar. ofminuere
minor
mirar(REW 5603.2)gaze < *mrre(formrr)mrus
mizcrar (REW 5606) try to break up [lovers] (not from Cat. [Corominas, s.v. mecer]) < ML
misculremiscre (Johan Airas 35)
moa(REW 5779)girl < musteam (OLD, s.v.musteus, 1:fresh, juicy)< mustum
mocelinhadimin. of moa (Guilhade 9)
molher(REW 5730.2)woman < mulierem
montar(REW 5668) < LLmontre(Dinis 9, v. 9:it doesnt matter to me one way or the other)
monte(REW 5664)mountain, hill < montem (Roi Fernandiz2)
monteiro(REW 5664)mountaineer < montriummontnus mns, montis, m.) (Meogo
3)
morada subst.delay < morta perf. part. of*morre(seemorar) (Froiaz 1)
morar(REW 5674)live, stay < *morre(formorr)mora
morrer(REW 5681die < *morrre(formor)
mortal(REW 5691a)mortal, deadly < mortlemmors, mortis, f.
morte(REW 5688)death < mortem mor
morto(REW 5695)dead < mortuum
mostrar(REW 5665)show < mstrre (var. of mnstrre [OLD])mnstrum
mover(REW 5703) preito mover = raise a question < moure(Sevilha 11)
muiproclitic form of muito with apocope
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mudar(REW 5785)change < mtre(Johan Airas 0)
muitoadv.very < multum
muito, muita(REW 5740)much, great; many, < multum, multam
mundo(REW 5749)world < mundum
nacer(REW 5832)be born < *nscre(fornsc)
nada(REW 5851)born < nta (scil. rs) perf. part. ofnsc
namoradain love < *inamrtumperf. part. of *inamrre (see namorar)
namorado subst. boyfriend
namorarwoo(in perf.: m el namorada he wooed me [Servando 1])< *inamrreformed
from in + amor + -re
naturalnative [du so natural = where Im from]< ntrlem (non-native word)ntus
(seenada) (Sevilha 12, pastorela)
navio(REW 5862)boat, ship < nuigiumnuigre nuis + agere
negar(REW 5876) hide < negre
nembrar(REW 5489)come to mind < memorrememoria memor
nemiga (REW 5885+) nothing at all, a slander < ne(c) + mca (not from inimca; see
nemigalha) (Johan Airas 32)
nemigalha(REW 5885;cf. 5559)[not] at all < ne(c) + *mcculammca (Briteiros 3)
nen (REW 5868) nor < necne < nec + ne (usually derived from nec with loss of -c and
assimilated final nasal; Williams 66b)
nenun, nena(REW 5875 nec nus) none, not one, no < necne num, necne na (seenenand un)
no, nos; na, nas< in + illum, ills; illam, ills
nobresnoble < nbils(nscere) (Johan Airas 4)
noite(REW 5973)night < noctem
nojar(REW4448) annoy from Prov. enojar < inodire in + *odire(REW 9701) (forod)
(Airas Nunes 4, pastorela)
nojoei noj n = it annoys me < in odio (seenojar) (Dinis 55, pastorela)
non(REW 5951)not < nn
nosco< noscumwith us (Ap. Prob. 220)by analogy, fornbiscum nbis + cum
nosso, nossa (REW5961)our, ours< nostrum, nostram ns
nostro(REW 5961)our learned word< nostrum ns
novo(REW 5972)new < nouum
novasnews < nous
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nulho, nulha? adj.(REW 5992)no; nulha ren = nothing; nulha sazon = at no time; nulh
ome = no man, nobody < *nlliam var. stem ofnllus (gen. nllus/nllius) ne +
llus (Leite de Vasconcellos derives from Prov., Nobiling from Cast.;see Michalis, s.v.
nulha)
nunca(REW 5995)never < numqua (Ap. Prob. 219),var. ofnunquam < ne + umquam
o,osart. and pron.< illu(m), ills
cajon(REW 6029+)disgrace < occsinem occidere ob + cadere (conject. in Dinis
31, v. 31)
ogano(REW 4161)this year, not long ago < hc ann (abl. ofhic annus) (Garcia Soarez 2)
oi(REW 4163) (via Cast.?)today< hodi hc di
oimais(REW 4163)from now on < hodi + magis (see oi and mais)
oir(REW 779)hear, listen to < audre
oje(REW 4163)today, now < hodihc + di (see dia)
olho(REW 6038)eye < oclum(cf. Ap. Prob. 111)< oculus
ome, omen(REW 4170)man; one [a person] < hominem
omildoso(REW 4235+)humble GP omilde humilis (humus) + osowith-d-prob. from
stem of humilittem(Dinis 50)
onda(REW 9059)wave < undam
onde(REW 9062)whence < unde
oraadv.(REW 4176)now < hram < Grk.hra (Cornu derives fromad hram)
oraonprayer < oratinemorre
orar(REW 6081)pray < orre
osmar? (REW6112) imagine < LL(Grk.) *osmre(cf. REW 246 esmar [not in Amigo]