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7
Changes in Word Meaning
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Changes in Word Meaning
Vocabulary: 1. most unstable element of a
language 2. undergoing constant changes
both in form and content 3. Comparatively, meaning even
more unstable
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Changes in Word Meaning
Quirk :‘...almost every word we use today has a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century ago, and a century ago it had a slightly different meaning from the one it had a century before that’ .
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Changes in Word Meaning
Shakespeare’s use: The rivals of my watch, bid them
make haste… rival = partner Thus twice before, and jump at
this dead hour… jump = just
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Changes in Word Meaning
How pregnant sometimes his replies are…
pregnant = meaningful
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7.1 Types of Change 1. Extension
extension= generalization: change from a specific meaning to a
more general one
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1. Extension
manuscript = hand + writing 1) first draft written by hand 2) writing by any means
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1. Extension
lady1) mistress 2) woman e.g. saleslady; lady novelist; ladies’ room=ladies salary: money given to Roman
soldiers to buy salt
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1. Extension
Holiday:1) Holy Day 2) any day or days without
work or study
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1. Extension
Technical terms used as common words:
feedback (computer) = response allergic (medicine) = averse to
anything
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2. Narrowing
Narrowing= specialization: change from a general meaning to a s
pecific meaning wife woman → a married woman e.g. The Merry Wives of Winsor 《温莎的风流娘儿们》 housewife; midwife
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2. Narrowing
actor doer memory memory in computer shroud cloth cloth for wrapping the corpse a private = a private soldier a gold = a gold medal
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3. Elevation
elevation=amelioration: change from negative to positive from derogatory to appreciative from neutral to appreciative from unimportant to important
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3. Elevation
governor pilot head of a state minister servant head of a ministry lord loaf giver
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4. Degradation
degradation=pejoration: change from appreciative to pejorative from positive to negative from important to unimportant from neutral to negative
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4. Degradation
criticizeappraise find fault with villain worker at a villa wicked person/ scoundrel cunning skillful sly queen homosexual wife
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5. Transfer/transference
Transfer = transference: meaning shift from one thing to
another
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5. Transfer/transference
Types of Transfer 1. Associated transfer the meaning is transferred
through association to dog 追踪 to monkey 戏弄
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5. Transfer/transference
to ape 模仿 to fox 欺骗 the teeth of a comb 梳齿 the tongues of fire 火舌 teeth and tongues semantically moti
vated
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5. Transfer/transference
2. Transfer between abstract and concrete meaning
aftermath second crop of grass after
mowing (concrete) result or consequence
(abstract)
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5. Transfer/transference
envy feeling of such (abstract) a person to be envied
(concrete) e.g. Mary is the envy of the
class. (concrete)
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5. Transfer/transference
3. Transfer between subjective and objective meaning
The old man is hateful. The old man is hated by people. The old man receives hate. (objective)
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5. Transfer/transference
The teacher was suspicious of the student’s excuse.
The teacher suspected the student’s excuse. (subjective)
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5. Transfer/transference
Characteristics of verbs: subjective: having showing full of objective: causing deserving bringing
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5. Transfer/transference
painful objective considerate subjective respectable objective respectful subjective
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5. Transfer/transference
courageous subjective dangerous objective suspicious subjective/objective fearful subjective/objective doubtful subjective/objective
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5. Transfer/transference
The man looks suspicious as his behavior is unusual.
(objective) The neighbours are suspicious of the
man as his behaviour is unusual. (subjective)
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5. Transfer/transference
The teacher was doubtful1 of the doubtful2 excuse of the student.
(1) subjective (2) objective
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5. Transfer/transference
4. Synesthesia a transfer of sensation from sense to an
other sense clear-sounding from sight to hearing loud colours from hearing to sight sweet music from taste to hearing
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7.2 Causes of Changes7.2.1 Extra-linguistic Factors
1. Historical reason sun the luminous heavenly body—
one of the seven planets revolving around the earth
The sun rises and sets.
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7.2.1 Extra-linguistic Factors
a star around which the earth and other planets revolve... (WNWD)
atom from atomos (Greek) any of the indivisible particles
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7.2.1 Extra-linguistic Factors
2. Class reason churl ‘peasant’ ‘free man’
‘uncultivated or mean person’
hussy ‘housewife’ ‘woman of low morals’ wench ‘country girl’ ‘prostitute’
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7.2.1 Extra-linguistic Factors
3. Psychological reason garbage collector sanitation engineer barber beautician policeman custodian of law poor people the unprivileged
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7.2.1 Extra-linguistic Factors
dog informer arse despised prisoner square-head honest man
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7.2.2 Linguistic Factors
1. Shortening gold gold medal bulb light bulb
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7.2.2 Linguistic Factors
2. Borrowing deer narrowed from ‘anim
al’ animal (L) keeping the same
meaning beast (F) changed in colour pig/pork
sheep/mutton
cattle/beef
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7.2.2 Linguistic Factors
3. Analogizing fruition (1) a pleasure obtained from
using or possessing something
(2) the bearing of fruit (visual similarity and association)
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END