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Electrical Fundamentals
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MATTER
Everything in the world is made of matter.Matter is anything that has mass (weight) andoccupies space.
Matter can be made up of a group or series of
different atoms to form a molecule. Thesegroups of atoms (molecules) are sometimescalled compounds. Some types of matter canbe broken down to a single atom while stillmaintaining the properties of the original
material. These types of material are calledelements.
Matter has three states: Solid, Liquid, andVapor.
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MOLECULE EXAMPLE
Imagine a lake. Nowimagine taking the
smallest particle orpiece of water fromthe lake. You wouldhave a singlemolecule of water,
H2O, which is madeup of two hydrogenatoms and oneoxygen atom.
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MOLECULE EXAMPLE
Not all materials aremade up of
molecules. Copper,for example, is madeup of a single copperatom. These arecalled elements. Each
element is a type of matter that hascertain individualcharacteristics.
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THE ATOM
One of the basicbuilding blocks in theuniverse for matteris the atom. Allmatter - gas, liquid,
or solid - is made upof molecules oratoms joinedtogether. Theseatoms are the
smallest particle intowhich an element orsubstance can bedivided withoutlosing its property.
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THE ATOM A single atom
consists of three
basiccomponents: aproton, aneutron, and an
electron.
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THE ATOM Within the atom
there is a
Nucleus. TheNucleus containsthe protons andneutrons. Orbiting
around thenucleus are theelectrons.
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THE ATOM An atom is similar to
a miniature solarsystem. As with the
sun in the center of the universe, thenucleus is in thecenter of the atom.Protons and
Neutrons arecontained inside thenucleus. Orbitingaround the nucleusare the electrons.
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ATOM CONSTRUCTION
An atom is similar to aminiature solar system.As the sun is in the centerof the solar system, so is
the nucleus is in thecenter of the atom.Protons and neutrons arecontained within thenucleus. Electrons orbit
around the nucleus,which would be similar toplanets orbiting aroundthe sun.
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NUCLEUS
The Nucleus islocated in the center
of the atom (shownin red).
The Nucleus containsthe protons andneutrons.
Orbiting around thenucleus are theelectrons.
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PROTONS
Protons arelocated within the
nucleus of theatom (shown inblue).
Protons are
positively (+)charged.
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NEUTRONS
Neutrons addatomic weight to
an atom (shownin green).
Neutrons have noelectrical charge.
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ELECTRONS
Electrons orbitaround the
nucleus of theatom (shown inyellow).
Electrons are
negatively (-)charged.
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ELECTRONS
Since electrons arelighter than protonsand are outside the
nucleus, they can beeasily moved fromatom to atom toform electrons.Normally electrons
are prevented frombeing pulled into theatom by the forwardmomentum of theirrotation.
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ELECTRONS
Electrons are alsoprevented from
flying away becauseof the magneticattraction of theprotons inside thenucleus, the same
type of force thatkeeps the planetsorbiting around thesun.
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ELECTRICAL CHARGES
Opposite electrical charges always attracteach other. So these particles with opposite
charges will tend to move toward each other.Like electrical charges always repel. Soparticles with like charges will move awayfrom each other.
Remember: Opposites charges attract, andlike charges repel.
Atoms always try to remain electricallybalanced.
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BALANCED ATOMS
Atoms normally have an equalnumber of electrons and protons.
Atoms have no electrical charge.They are neither positive nor
negative. They are electrically neutralor BALANCED.
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BALANCED ATOMS
The negative charge of the electrons
will cancel the positive charge of theprotons, thus balancing the charge of the atom.
This cancellation of charges creates a
natural attraction or bonding betweenthe positive proton and the negativeelectron.
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ION PARTICLES When an atom
loses or gains an
electron, animbalance occurs.
The atombecomes either a
positively ornegativelycharged particlecalled an ION.
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ION PARTICLES These unbalanced
charged ION
particles areresponsible forelectron flow(electricity).
IONs will take orrelease anelectron tobecome balancedagain.
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ION CHARGE A positive (+)
ION has one less
electron than ithas protons.
A negative (-)ION has one more
electron than ithas protons.
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ION CHARGE The positive ION
attracts a
negative ION tobecome balanced.This attraction ordifference in
electrical potentialcauses electronflow.
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ELECTRON OR BITS Electrons rotate around
the atom at differentorbits called Rings, Orbits,or Shells.
BOUND ELECTRONS orbitthe nucleus on the innerrings. Bound electronshave a strong magneticattraction to the nucleus.
FREE ELECTRONS orbit onthe outermost ring whichis known as the VALANCERING.
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FREE ELECTRONS
Only the FREEELECTRONS in theoutermost shell
(Valance Ring) are freeto move from atom toatom. This movement iscalled ELECTRON FLOW.
These FREE ELECTRONS
are loosely held and caneasily be moved toanother atom or ion.
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FREE ELECTRONS
Because of theirdistance from thenucleus, free electrons
have a weak magneticattraction. Since thisattraction is not asstrong to the nucleus asthe bound electrons on
the inner orbits, theelectrons move easilyfrom atom to atom.
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INSULATORS An INSULATOR is
any material that
inhibits (stops) theflow of electrons(electricity).
An insulator is any
material with 5 to8 free electrons inthe outer ring.
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INSULATORS Because, atoms with 5
to 8 electrons in theouter ring are held
(bound) tightly to theatom, they CANNOT beeasily moved to anotheratom nor make room formore electrons.
Insulator materialincludes glass, rubber,and plastic.
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CONDUCTORS A CONDUCTOR is
any material that
easily allowselectrons(electricity) toflow.
A CONDUCTORhas 1 to 3 freeelectrons in theouter ring.
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CONDUCTORS Because atoms with
1 to 3 electrons inthe outer ring are
held (bound) looselyto the atom, theycan easily move toanother atom ormake room for more
electrons. Conductor material
includes copper andgold.
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SEMICONDUCTORS Any material with
exactly 4 free
flectrons in theouter orbit arecalledSEMICONDUCTORS.
A semiconductor isneither a conductoror insulator.
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SEMICONDUCTORS semiconductor
material includes
carbon, silicon,and germanium.
These materialsare used in themanufacturer of diodes,transistors, andintegrated circuitchips.
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ELECTRON THEOR The Electron Theory states that
current flows from NEGATIVE to
POSITIVE. Electrons move fromatom to atom as they move throughthe conductor towards positive.
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CONVENTIONAL
THEORY Conventional theory, also known as HOLE
THEORY, states that current flows from POSITIVEto NEGATIVE. Protons or the lack of electrons (the
holes) move towards the negative. (Current flowdirection in Hole Theory is the opposite of that inElectron Theory.)
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VOLTAGE Voltage is the electrical force that
moves electrons through a conductor.
Voltage is electrical pressure alsoknown as EMF (Electro Motive Force)that pushes electrons.
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VOLTAGE The greater the difference in electrical
potential push (difference between
positive and negative), the greater thevoltage force potential.
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MEASUREMENT A VOLTMETER
measures thevoltage potential
across or parallel tothe circuit.
The Voltmetermeasures theamount of electrical
pressure differencebetween two pointsbeing measured.
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MEASUREMENT Voltage can exist
between two
points withoutelectron flow.
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VOLTAGE UNITS Voltage is measured in units calledVOLTS.
Voltage measurements can use different
value prefixes such as millivolt, volt,Kilovolt, and Megavolt.
VOLTAGE LESS THANBASE UNIT
BASIC UNIT LARGER THANBASE UNIT
Symbol mV V kV
Pronounced millivolt Volt Kilovolt
Multiplier 0.001 1 1,000
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CURRENT (AMPERES)
CURRENT is the quantity or flow rate of electrons moving past a point within onesecond. Current flow is also known as
amperage, or amps for short. Higher voltage will produce higher current
flow, and lower voltage will produce lowercurrent flow.
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MEASUREMENT An AMMETER measures the quantity of
current flow. Ammeters are placed in
series (inline) to count the electronspassing through it.
Example: A water meter counts thegallons of water flowing through it.
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AMPERAGE UNITS Current flow is measured in unitscalled Amperes or AMPS.
Amperage measurements can use
different value prefixes, such asmicroamp, milliamp, and Amp.
AMPERAGE LESS THANBASE UNIT
LESS THANBASE UNIT
BASICUNIT
Symbol µA mA A
Pronounced
Microamp milliamp Amp
Multiplier 0.000001 0.001 1
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AFFECTS OF CURRENT
FLOW
Two common effects of current flow are
Heat Generation and Electromagnetism. HEAT: When current flows, heat will be
generated. The higher the current flow thegreater the heat generated. An example
would be a light bulb. If enough currentflows across the filament, it will glow whitehot and illuminate to produce light.
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AFFECTS OF CURRENT
FLOW
ELECTROMAGNETISM: When currentflows, a small magnetic field iscreated. The higher the currentflow, the stronger the magneticfield. An example:Electromagnetism principles areused in alternators, ignitionsystems, and other electronicdevices.
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RESISTANCE Resistance is the force that reduces orstops the flow of electrons. It opposesvoltage.
Resistance is the force that reduces orstops the flow of electrons. It opposesvoltage.
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MEASUREMENT Example: Water
flows through agarden hose, andsomeone steps onthe hose. Thegreater thepressure placed on
the hose, thegreater the hoserestriction and theless water flows.
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RESISTANCE UNITS
Resistance is measured in unitscalled OHMS.
Resistance measurements can use
different value prefixes, such as Kiloohm and Megaohms.
AMPERAGE BASIC UNIT MORE THANBASE UNIT
MORE THANBASE UNIT
Symbol K M
Pronounced Ohm Kilo ohm Megaohm
Multiplier 1 1,000 1,000,000
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RESISTANCEF
ACTORS Various factors can affect the
resistance. These include:
LENGTH of the conductor. The longerthe conductor, the higher theresistance.
LENGTH of the conductor. The longer
the conductor, the higher theresistance.
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RESISTANCE FACTORS
TEMPERATURE of the material.Depending on the material, most willincrease resistance as temperatureincreases.
PHYSICAL CONDITION (DAMAGE) to thematerial. Any damage will increaseresistance.
TYPE of MATERIAL used. Variousmaterials have a wide range of resistances.
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TYPES OF ELECTRICITYTwo basic types of Electricity classifications:
STATIC ELECTRICITY is electricity
that is standing still. Voltage potentialwith NO electron flow.
DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY is electricitythat is in motion. Voltage potential
WITH electron flow. Two types of Dynamic electricity exist:
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TYPES OF ELECTRICITYTwo basic types of Electricity classifications:
Direct Current (DC) Electron Flow is
in only one direction.
Alternating Current (AC) Electronflow alternates and flows in bothdirections (back and forth).
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STATIC ELECTRICITY
Voltage potential with NO electronflow.
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STATIC ELECTRICITY
Example: By rubbing a silk cloth on aglass rod, you physically removeelectrons from the glass rod and place
them on the cloth. The cloth now has asurplus of electrons (negatively charged),and the rod now has a deficiency of electrons (positively charged).
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STATIC ELECTRICITY
Another example: Rub your shoes on arug and then touch a metal table or
chair .... Zap!! The shock you felt wasthe static electricity dissipating throughyour body.
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DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY
Is electricity in motion, meaning youhave electrons flowing, in other words
voltage potential WITH electron flow.
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DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY
Two types of dynamic electricity
exists:± Direct Current (DC)
± Alternating Current (AC)
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DIRECT CURRENT (DC)
Electricity with electrons flowing in onlyone direction is called Direct Current or
DC. DC electrical systems are used in cars.
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ALTERNATING
CURRENT (AC) Electricity with electrons flowing back
and forth, negative - positive- negative,is called Alternating Current, or AC.
The electrical appliances in your homeuse AC power.
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SOURCES OF
ELECTRICITY
Electricity can be created by several
means: Friction, Heat, Light, Pressure,Chemical Action, or Magnetic Action.
Only a few of these sources of energyare used in the automobile. The battery
produces electricity through chemicalaction, and the alternator produceselectricity through magnetic action.
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SOURCES OF
ELECTRICITY Friction creates static electricity.
Heat can act upon a device called athermo couple to create DC.
Light applied to photoelectric materialswill produce DC electricity.
Pressure applied to a piezoelectricmaterial will produce DC electricity.
Chemical Action of certain chemicalswill create electricity.