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Support Systems in
Animals
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Learning outcomes:
A student is able to :
explain the support systems in
vertebrates and invertebrates
compare and contrast the support
systems between land and aquatic
vertebrates
compare and contrast the support
systems between land and aquatic
invertebratesTuesday, July 26, 2011
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An organism is made up of varioustissues which are soft and delicate.
A support system is needed to protectand support these tissues. This support
system is called the skeleton.
The size and habitat of organismsdetermine their support system.
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The skeleton of organism can bedivided into three types :
a) endoskeleton
b) exoskeleton
c) hydrostatic skeleton
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The endoskeleton has the followingfunctions:
a) supports the body
b) Protects the internal organs like thebrain, heart, lungs and spinal cord.
c) maintain the shape of the body.
d) enables movement
e) the bone marrow produces bloodcells.
f) stores minerals such as calcium and
phophorusTuesday, July 26, 2011
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Exoskeleton
Exoskeleton is the external skeleton ofan organism.
Invertebrates like insects, spiders,centipedes, prawns and crab have
exoskeletons that are called cuticles.
The cuticles are hard, waterproofcoverings made of chitin. Chitin is a
glossy, waxy multi-layered structure.
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Oth i t b t lik il d
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Other invertebrates like snails andshellfish have very hard shells made of
calcium carbonate.
Since the exoskeleton is located on theoutside of the body, it limits the growth
of the body.
Invertebrates with cuticles will shedtheir exoskeletons and form new ones
several times before they reach adult
stage.
The process in which the exoskeleton isshed after a new one has been formed
underneath is called ecdysis or
moulting.Tuesday, July 26, 2011
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Chitin is waterproof and preventswater escaping from the body.
The functions of exoskeleton are:(a) To give body shape and maintain
rigidity of the body against the
atmospheric pressure.(b) To protect internal organs, like
lungs and brains from injuries
(c) Muscles are attached to the
skeleton. Contractions and relaxationof muscles allow movement of the
organism
(d) To support the body weight
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The hydrostatic skeleton is also knownas hydroskeleton
It consist fluid-filled body body cavitieseach of which is surrounded by a
muscular wall.
Contraction of the muscular wallcreates a fluid pressure that can force
the fluid in any direction, resulting
movement.
Hydrostatic Skeleton
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Hydrostatic skeletons are found in soft-bodied invertebrates such as the
earthworm, caterpillar, slug, hydra,
sea anemone , jellyfish and octopus.
The hydrostatic skeleton has thefollowing functions:
a) supports the body
b) protects the soft body parts
c) maintains the shape of the body
d) enables movement
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Slug
Jelly fish
caterpillar
Tuesday July 26 2011