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• 9/30 Focus: 9/30 Focus: – Pharaohs established governments in
Egypt where they had absolute power– The Nile River helped unite the upper
and lower kingdoms of Egypt
• Do Now:Do Now:– List geographic characteristics of the
Nile River Valley
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• 10/1 Focus:– The Egyptians viewed their
pharaohs as a living god–Historians divide the history of
ancient Egypt into three periods
• Do Now: –What effect did the desert and
cataracts on the Nile have on the development of Egyptian culture?
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Protected by natural barriers
Floods were predictable
Warm Climate
Long Growing Season
Unpredictable flooding
No natural barriers allows cultural diffusion
Rivers used for transportation
Fertile Soil
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Unification
• Early Egypt was divided into two kingdoms– Upper Egypt– Lower Egypt
• Egypt was united in 3100 BCE by Menes – Made Memphis the
capital – Established the first
dynasty
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Ancient Egyptian History
Ancient Egyptian HistoryPeriods Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
3900 B. C. E.
Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E.
Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E.
Greek Ptolemaic Era
332 – 30 B. C. E.
Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.
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• The Old Kingdom– Begins 2650 BCE– Time of Growth and
Prosperity – Pyramids constructed– Pharaohs with absolute
power establish strong governments
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Middle Kingdom• Difficult and
turbulent time• Pharaohs began to
lose power to local nobles
• Invasions, famines, civil wars
• Built fortress up and down the Nile
• Traded with Greeks, Phoenicians, and others around the Mediterranean
• Conquered by the Hyksos in 1650 BCE
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The New Kingdom
• Hyksos defeated • Egyptians realized they
needed a strong army• Took lands around
them to serve as a buffer from invasion
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The Pharaoh • The King • Had absolute power • Pharaohs established
dynasties– 31 dynasties
• Was believed to be a god in human form– Had to perform religious
rituals along with priests to ensure positive outcomes in daily life
• Gov’t in Egypt was a theocracy: – a state ruled by religious
figures
Flashback: Were Sumerian rulers seen As Gods? No, their power came from the gods
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Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
Thutmose III1504-1450 B. C.
E.
Thutmose III1504-1450 B. C.
E.Ramses II
1279-1212 B. C. E.
Ramses II1279-1212 B. C.
E.
Tutankhamon
1336-1327 B. C. E.
Tutankhamon
1336-1327 B. C. E.
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Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
• Hatshepsut • 1503-1482
BCE
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Egyptian Social ClassesEgyptian Social Classes
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• 10/3 Focus:10/3 Focus:– Ancient Egyptians believed in many
gods which they believed were responsible for the annual flooding and other natural events.
– The ancient Egyptians had a much more positive view of the afterlife then the civilizations in Mesopotamia
• Do Now:Do Now:– Explain how the Sumerians viewed
their gods and their view of the afterlife
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Egyptian Social ClassesEgyptian Social Classes
• Class system was hierarchal – People with
most power at the top
– Least power on the bottom Flashback:
Was the social structure in Mesopotamian civilizations such as Sumer organized in a similar manner ?Yes
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HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics• Used picture symbols
to represent objects, sounds, and ideas
• Wrote on papyrus– Plant that grew along
the Nile
• The Rosetta Stone– Discovered in 1799– Used to translate
hieroglyphics
Flashback: What was the Sumerian form of writing and what did they write on?Cuneiform was written on clay tablets
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Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols
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Egyptian ReligionEgyptian Religion
• Egyptians were polytheistic– Believed gods
controlled natural events
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Egyptian ReligionEgyptian Religion
• Built temples and obelisks to honor the gods– Tall, thin pillar with a
pyramid shaped top
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Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
Osiris Isis Horus Osiris Isis Horus
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The AfterlifeThe Afterlife
• Egyptians view of the afterlife was positive
• Believed that when someone died the Ka (spirit) escaped and journeyed to the land of the dead
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The AfterlifeThe Afterlife
• Egyptian Book of the Dead– Contained magic spells and rituals to
assist the dead enter the afterlife
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MummificationMummification
• Designed to protect the dead body from decay and keep the Ka alive
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Materials Used in Materials Used in MummificationMummification
Materials Used in Materials Used in MummificationMummification
1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense
1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. Frankinsense
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PyramidsPyramids
• Tombs built for Egyptian rulers
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Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
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Routes of the “Sea Peoples”
Routes of the “Sea Peoples”
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• Why did Egyptians have a positive view of the afterlife?
• What form of writing did the Egyptians use?