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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 1
KM3NeT, a deep sea neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea
KM3NeT objectives
The KM3NeT Design Study
Outlook
Anastasios Belias for the KM3NeT Consortium
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 2
A -telescope in the Mediterranean sea
Complementarity with Ice Cube coverage
We need Northern -telescope to cover the Galactic Plane
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 3
The KM3NeT Consortium
• Consists of 40 Institutes of 10 European States• Includes expertise from all three precursor projects,
ANTARES, NEMO, NESTOR• Objectives
– Build and operate an extensible km3-scale water Cherenkov neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea
– Sustain a deep-sea research infrastructure for earth and marine sciences
• KM3NeT, a multidisciplinary research infrastructure– Synergetic with European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory
(EMSO)
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 4
KM3NeT Objectives• Astroparticle physics with neutrinos
– “Point sources”: Galactic and extragalactic sources of high-energy neutrinos
– The diffuse neutrino flux– Neutrinos from Dark Matter annihilation
• Search for exotics– Magnetic monopoles– Nuclearites, strangelets, …
• Neutrino cross sections at high(est) energies• The unexpected
• Earth and marine sciences– Long-term, continuous measurements in deep-sea– Marine biology, oceanography, geology/geophysics, …
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 5
The KM3NeT Design Study• Supported by the European Union in FP6 with ~9M€,
tot. value ~20M€.• Timeline:
• Started on Feb. 1, 2006 and will end on Oct. 31, 2009• Conceptual Design Report published, April 2008• Technical Design Report by end of 2009
• Detector Target Specifications:• Effective volume ≥ 1km3 • 0.1o angular resolution for muons (E ≥ 10TeV)• Energy threshold few 100 GeV• Field of view close to 4π for high energies
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 6
Deep-sea -Telescope at work• Upward-going neutrinos
interact in rock or sea water.
• Emerging charged particles (in particular muons) produce Cherenkov light in water.
• Detection by array of photomultipliers.
• Focus of scientific interest: Neutrino astronomy in the energy range 1 to 100 TeV.
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 7
• A standard optical module, as used in ANTARES, NEMO, NESTOR
• Typically a single largediameter (10’’) PMT
in a 17’’ glass sphere
Optical Module: standard...
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 8
… or many small PMTs
• Use up to 31 small (3’’) PMTs in a standard 17’’ glass sphere– very high QE PMTs
• Advantages: – increased photocathode
area– significant improved TTS– directionality– improved 1-vs-2 photo-
electron separation better sensitivity to coincidences
• Prototype tests underway
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 9
Electronics & Data Readout Concepts• Front-end options studies• New improved front-end chip in the deep-sea
– New FPGA/CPU
• Minimize active electronics in deep-sea– Reflective optical
modulator – on-shore timestamp
• Both options use fibers, Wavelength Division Multiplexing and Point-to-point networks
• “ALL DATA TO SHORE”
Interlink cables
SubmarineTelecom cable
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 10
Shore station real-time processing
• ALL digitized PMT data are sent to shore
• Expected rate of ~ 100Gb/s cannot be stored
• Perform time - position correlations of photomultiplier hits
• Correlations in real-time for the whole telescope
• Data reduction factor: ~10000
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 11
Configuration studies• Various geometries and OM configurations have been
studied• None is optimal for all energies and directions• Local coincidence requirement poses important
constraints on OM pattern
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 12
Mechanical structures
- Flexible tower structure:
Tower deployed in compactified “package” and unfurls thereafter
- String structure:
Compactified string at deployment, unfolding on sea bed
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 13
Deployment & Sea Operations• Deployment with ships
or dedicated platforms.• Ships:
Buy, charter or use
ships of opportunity.• Platform:
Delta-Berenike, under construction in Greece• Deep-sea submersibles
– Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)– Autonomous Undersea Vehicles (AUVs) under study
Delta-Berenike: triangularplatform, central well with crane,
water jet propulsion
All deployment options require ships or platforms with GPS and DP
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 14
Earth and Marine Sciences• Associated science
devices will be installed at variousdistances aroundneutrino telescope
• Issues addressed:– operation without
mutual interference– interfaces– stability of operation
and data sharing
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 15
The candidate sites• Important Criteria• Bioluminescence rate• Biofouling• Sedimentation• Sea Currents• Absorption length• Depth• Distance from Shore• Access to shore facilities• Long-term site
measurementsperformed and ongoing
• Site decision requiresscientific, technologicaland political input
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 16
NESTOR 4.5 D Site36O 31.336’ N / 21O 25.635’ E
Site characterisation: Example
Transmission lengthvs
wavelength
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 17
KM3NeT Roadmap • Design study Feb. 1, 2006 – Oct. 31, 2009
– Produced Conceptual Design Report– Will produce Technical Design Report (by end. 2009)
• “Preparatory Phase” EU funded ~5M€, tot. ~10M€ 3/2008 – 2/2011– Initiate political process towards convergence and legal
structure– Prepare operation organisation & user communities– System prototypes– Commitment of funding agencies
• Site selection around 2010 ?• Construction Phase 2011+
– Start on extendable km3–scale neutrino telescope
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 18
KM3NeT Technical Design Report will address key issues
• Maximize physics output for given budget:• Which architecture and structure to use?
– String vs Tower concept• How to get the data to shore?
– Electronics off-shore or on-shore• How to calibrate the detector?
– Separate calibration and detection units• Design of photo-detection units?
– Large vs several small PMTs• Deployment technology?
– Dry vs wet ROV/AUV vs hybrid
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 19
Outlook• Joint efforts of ANTARES, NEMO, NESTOR to build a
km3-scale neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea
• The Technical Design Report will be ready by end 2009
• The Preparatory Phase started
• Towards construction to start in 2011+
• The km3-scale neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea will complement IceCube in its field of view
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 20
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 21
Backup slides
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 22
Simulations of reference detector• Sensitivity studies with a common detector layout • Geometry:
– 15 x 15 vertical detection units on rectangular grid,horizontal distances 95 m
– each carries 37 OMs, vertical distances 15.5 m
– each OM with21 3’’ PMTs
This is NOT the final
KM3NeT design!
Effective areaof reference
detector
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 23
Point source sensitivity
• Based on muon detection
• Why factor ~3 more sensitive than IceCube?– larger photo-
cathode area– better direction
resolution• Study still needs
refinements
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A. BELIAS, NESTOR Institute, Pylos, Greece
TeVPA 2009, July 13-17, SLAC 24
Diffuse fluxes
• Assuming E-2
neutrino energy spectrum
• Only muonsstudied
• Energy reconstruction not yet included