Kurdistan Region- Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Salahaddin University- Erbil
A Comparative Study on the Parasitic Fauna of the Common
Carp Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa Fish Hatchery (Erbil) and
Lesser Zab River in Kurdistan Region, Iraq
A Thesis
Submitted to the Council of the College of Education- Scientific Departments in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in
Biology
By
KAMARAN SAADI MAMA B.Sc. Biology- University of Salahaddin- Erbil 1996
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. SHAMALL M. A. ABDULLAH
April 2012 A. D. Jamad Al- Awal 1433 Al- H. Nawroz 2712 K.
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مظي هللا الع ق د ص
سورة البقرة -٣٢-أية
Supervisorʼs Certification
I certify that this thesis was prepared under my supervision at the
Department of Biology, College of Education/ Scientific Departments,
University of Salahaddin-Erbil and hereby recommend it to be accepted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree of Science in
Biology/ Parasitology.
Signature:
Supervisor: Professor Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah
Date: / / 2012
Chairmanʼs Certification
In view of the available recommendation, I forward this thesis for debate by
the examining committee.
Signature:
Name: Asst. Professor Dr. Zeerak F. A. Abdulrahman
Head of Biology Department
Date: / / 2012
Examination Committee Certification
We (the examination committee) certify that we have read this thesis and as examining committee examined the student (Kamaran S. Mama) in its contents and what is related to it and our opinion it meets the standing of a thesis for the Master Degree of Science in Biology (Zoology/ Parasitology).
Signature: Signature:
Name: Dr. Zohair I. F. Rahemo Name: Dr. Wijdan M. S. Mero
Scientific grade: Professor Scientific grade: Professor
Date: / / 2012 Date: / / 2012
(Chairman) (Member)
Signature: Signature:
Name: Dr. Fatima S. Al-Nasiri Name: Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah
Scientific grade: Asst. Professor Scientific grade: Professor
Date: / / 2012 Date: / / 2012
(Member) (Member and Supervisor)
****************************************************************
Approved by the Council of the College of Education/ Scientific Departments
Signature:
Name: Asst. Professor Dr. Edrees M. T. Harki
Dean of the College of Education/ Scientific Departments
Date: / / 2012
DEDICATION
To my respectful parents, brothers and sister, lovable wife, daughters and sons, friends and to
whom who have a special place in my heart.
KAMARAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly, I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to the Lord of
universe (ALLAH), and our beloved prophet Mohammad (Allahʼs blessings
and piece be upon him).
Deepest gratitude with great respect is due to my supervisor Professor Dr.
Shamall M. A. Abdullah for his continuous encoragement, endless patience,
precious remarks and professional advices.
I am very thankful for the Ministry of Education for supporting and
facilitating everything related to the accomplishment of the thesis. Also, I am
deeply indebted to the Dean of College Education/ Scientific Departments (Asst.
Professor Dr. Edrees M. T. Harki) and a special thank to Asst. Professor Dr.
Zeerak F. A. Abdulrahman, the Head of Biology Department for their valuable
advices and guidance during the period of my study.
Special thanks are extended to Professor Dr. Furhan Thumad Mhaisen from
Katrineholm Sweden, for providing the checklist of some parasite species.
Thanks to all the staff members of the Ainkawa fish hatchery, especially
Mr. Mohammad J. Ali for assisting me in the discription of the study area and
giving me the fish samples. Special thanks are due to Dr. Luay A. Q. Ali for
designing the map of the study area.
I would like to record a word of gratitude and appreciation and thanks to
Dr. Fikry A. Qadir, Mr. Salahudin I. Mohammed, Mr. Karwan S. N. Al-Margan,
Mr. Samir J. Bilal, Mr. Shwan K. Rahman, Mr. Abdulkarim A. A. Shwani and
Mr. Zakaria A. Shekha for their help and support.
KAMARAN
I
SUMMARY
A total of 360 common carp Cyprinus carpio were collected from two
different environments: Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial environment)
northwest of Erbil city and Lesser Zab river (natural environment) near
Alton Kupri, south of Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq, during the period from
August 2010 until the end of May 2011.
The fishes were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. The study revealed
the existence of 28 species of parasites. These included six species of protozoans
(Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina acuta, T. nobilis,
T. reticulata and Apiosoma amoebae), 19 species of monogeneans
(Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri, D. deziensioides,
D. extensus, D. inexpectatus, D. minutus, D. molnari, D. sahuensis, D. vastator,
Gyrodactylus baikalensis, G. barbi, G. cyprini, G. elegans, G. gobioninum,
G. kherulensis, G. longoacuminatus, G. vicinus and Paradiplozoon cyprini), one
species of each of trematode (Diplostomum spathaceum), cestode
(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) and crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea).
Five species of these parasites (D. molnari, G. barbi, G. cyprini,
G. gobioninum and G. longoacuminatus) were recorded for the first time in Iraq,
and nine species (T. reticulata, D. achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri,
D. inexpectatus, D. sahuensis, G. baikalensis, G. kherulensis and P. cyprini)
were recorded in Kurdistan region. Also, C. carpio is regarded as a new host for
(T. reticulata, D. deziensioides and P. cyprini) in Iraq.
When comparing the parasitic infections of fishes from both locations in
the present study, it was found that C. carpio was infected with 19 species of
parasites, with an overall prevalence of infection of 83.8% and most of these
infections were with parasites with direct life cycles (protozoans, monogeneans
and crustaceans) in Ainkawa fish hatchery. However, in Lesser Zab river, the
fishes were infected with 16 species of parasites, with an overall prevalence of
infection of 80% and the infections varied between parasites with direct and
II
indirect life cycles (trematodes and cestodes). The statistical analysis indicated
that significant differences (P< 0.05) were noticed only in the infection with the
protozoans, trematodes and cestodes of fishes from both locations.
III
CONTENTS
Subject Page No.
Summary I
Contents III
List of Tables IV
List of Figures V
List of Abbreviations VI
Chapter One: Introduction 1
Chapter Two: Literature Review 4
Chapter Three: Materials and Methods 16
Description of the Sampling Area 16
Collection and Examination of Fishes 18
Fixation, Preservation and Staining of Parasites 18
Photos and Measurements 23
Parasitic Identification 23
Criteria of Infection 24
Chapter Four: Results and Discussion 25
Protozoa 30
Monogenea 37
Digenea 64
Cestoda 66
Crustacea 66 Comparison between the Parasitic Fauna of C. Carpio from Ainkawa Fish Hatchery and Lesser Zab River 68
Conclusions 73
Recommendations 74
References 75-89
Summary in Arabic A
Summary in Kurdish i-ii
IV
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.
1
Parasitic fauna recorded on/ in common carp C.
carpio in relation to their classification according
to Hoffman (1998). 26
2
The distributioin of parasites on/ in different sites
of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and
Lesser Zab passing Alton Kupri district. 28
3
Prevalence of infection of Cyprinus carpio from
Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with
the major groups of parasites. 69
V
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.
1 A- Map of Iraq showing the Kurdistan region B- Map of Kurdistan region showing Ainkawa town and Lesser Zab river (Nelson, 2003).
17
2 The morphometric parameters of Trichodina sp. to Lom (1958). 19
3 The morphometric parameters of Dactylogyrus sp. according to Gussev (1985) and Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004). 21
4 The morphometric parameters of Gyrodactylus sp. according to Galli et al. (2010). 22
5 Chilodonella cyprini. 316 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. 317 Trichodina acuta. 348 Trichodina nobilis. 349 Trichodina reticulata. 3610 Apiosoma amoebae. 3611 Dactylogyrus achmerowi. 3812 Dactylogyrus anchoratus. 4013 Dactylogyrus baueri. 4114 Dactylogyrus deziensioides. 4315 Dactylogyrus extensus. 4516 Dactylogyrus inexpectatus. 4617 Dactylogyrus minutus. 4818 Dactylogyrus molnari. 5019 Dactylogyrus sahuensis 5120 Dactylogyrus vastator. 5321 Gyrodactylus baikalensis. 5522 Gyrodactylus barbi. 5523 Gyrodactylus cyprini. 5724 Gyrodactylus elegans. 5925 Gyrodactylus gobioninum. 5926 Gyrodactylus kherulensis. 6027 Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus. 6228 Gyrodactylus vicinus. 6229 Paradiplozoon cyprini. 6530 Diplostomum spathaceum. 6531 Bothriocephalus acheilognathi. 6732 Lernaea cyprinacea. 67
VI
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
a anchor ad adhesive disc ap anterior part b blade bo bothria br brandesʼs organ c cytopharynx cad central of adhesive disc cb connective bar ci cilia cl clamp co copulatory organ cv contractile vacuole dad dimeter of adhesive disc db dorsal bar dd dimeter of denticulate ring dob dimeter of body dv digestive vacuole ed epistomal disc hl hooklet i intestine m membrane ma macronucleus mh median hook mi micronucleus o ovary of oral funnel os oral sucker p pharynx pl peristomal lip pp posterior part r ray s scolex sb supplementary bar su sucker t testis vb ventral bar vs ventral sucker
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 was introduced for the
first time into Iraq in 1955 from Holland and Indonesia into Al- Zaafaraniya fish
farm at Baghdad city (Hamed, 1960), and the carp cultured industry had
developed only during the last thirty years. Carp culture became the dominant
cultured fish species in most fish farms and common in most inland water
bodies of Iraq. Many fish ponds and farms had increasingly established mainly
in the middle and the northern part of south of Iraq (Mhaisen, 1993). In
Kurdistan region, the first batch of these fishes was cultured in Dokan lake in
1967. As recently as 2004, two million fingerlings of this species were
distributed by FAO to the Dokan hatchery to enhance production, and now
spread to many farms in the region (Coad, 2010).
Cyprinus carpio belong to Order Cypriniformes, Family Cyprinidae. This
family includes 356 genera. The genus Cyprinus includes 23 species in
freshwater fish in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia (Froese and Pauly,
2011). In Iraq, this species is now widespread found in all main rivers and
marshes. The common names of this fish are carp, karp and samti (Coad, 2010).
Common carp has a very important place among the fish species living in inland
waters of the country as regards to its economic value and breeding features, and
it has an important place among cultured species due to its omnivore nature,
rapid growth, ease of keeping in closed regions, live in a wider range of water
temperatures 3-35°C, considerable tolerance against the lack of oxygen, disease
resistant, high fertility, easy to reproduce and they reach to sexual maturity at 3-
4 years of age and it is relatively tasty meat (Gül et al., 2010).
Due to common carp's adaptation to a wide range of climatic and
geographical condition, many of parasites have been found in wild and domestic
carp. The most complete checklist of carp parasites recorded a total of 310
parasite species (Tekin-Özan et al., 2008). As a result of the development of fish
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
2
culture industry in the world, the parasites of pond fishes had a great deal and
much attracted the attention of biologists. The importance of fish parasites is
directly related to the importance of the fishes that they may infect and result in
different types of injuries and damages (Amlacher, 1970).
Most individual fish in wild or cultivated populations is infested with
parasites but in the great majority of cases no significant harm appears to ensue.
There are surprisingly few reports of parasites causing mortality or serious
damage to feral fish populations, but this may be largely because such effects go
unnoticed. Parasites in wild fish are usually only remarked upon when they are
so obvious as to lead to rejection of fish by fishermen or consumers (Barnham,
2011).
In cultured fish populations, on the other hand, parasites often cause serious
outbreaks of disease. The presence of dense populations of fish kept in particular
environmental conditions may favour certain parasite species, leading to
increase of the parasite population to a very high level. The number of parasites
necessary to cause harm to a fish varies considerably with the species and size of
the host and its health status (Bauer, 1961).
Many fishes disasters which occurred in fish farms were caused by
different parasites, i.e. Hines and Spira (1974) stated that the parasite
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis caused mortalities of common carp in hatcheries in
North American. Schmahl (1991) mentioned that the parasite Gyrodactylus
salaris causing loss evaluated about 300 ton in salomon cultures in Norway.
Hoffman (1998) reported that Dactylogyrus vastater caused very great damage
to the gill filaments and severe mortalities of carp and goldfish in California and
southern Ontario fish farm. The mention of the previous examples, does not
mean that disasters does not occur in nature, for example Rutilus rutilus from
Chew valley lake in England, infected with Ligula intestinalis, lost their total
numbers and their juvenile stages (Wilson, 1971).
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
3
The importance of fish parasites is related directly to the importance of the
fishes that may affect them. The study of fish parasites is necessary to increase
the productivity of pond farms, to improve the stocks of valuable commercial
fisheries in the natural waters and to the possibility of fish acclimatization in
new sites or localities (Shul′man, 1961). Moreover, some freshwater fishes are
known as intermediate hosts carrying the infective stages of some human
parasites (Roberts and Janovy, 2005).
The main objective of the present study was to know the parasites that
infect C. carpio in two different environments; Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial
environment) and Lesser Zab river (natural environment) in Kurdistan region,
and to make a comparison between their infections.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
4
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
The information's about parasitic fauna of the common carp, C. carpio very
tremendous in various parts of the world are very huge, and are out of the scope
of this study, therefore, the present review will be limited to cover some of
studies which done in the last ten years and is restricted to cover only the main
groups of parasites recorded on/ in this fish.
Aydogdu et al. (2001) recorded three species of parasites including
Dactylogyrus extensus (Monogenea), Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Cestoda) and
Ergasilus sieboldi (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Dalyan Lagoon in Turkey.
Cengizler et al. (2001) isolated Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina
nigra (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus vastator and Gyrodactylus elegans
(Monogenea), Caryophyllaeus sp. and Schistocephalus sp. (Cestoda) and
Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Seyhan river in Turkey.
Galli et al. (2002) found two species of monogenetic trematodes namely
Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus katharineri on C. carpio in Po river
basin, north of Italy.
Thilakaratne et al. (2003) recorded three species of protozoans
(Ichthyobodo necator, Piscinoodinium spp. and Tetrahymena corlissi), two
species of monogenean trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus
spp.), and two species of crustaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea
cyprinacea) from C. carpio in some farms in the western and north western of
Sri Lanka.
Vera et al. (2003) identified three species of protozoans (Trichodina acuta,
T. nigra and T. nobilis) from the skin and gills of C. carpio collected from Ečka
and Uzdin fish-ponds in Banat (Serbia).
Khan et al. (2003) recorded six species of parasites including Chilodonella
sp. and Trichodina sp. (Protozoans), Argulus sp., Ergasilus sp. and Lernaea
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
5
cyprinacea (Crustaceans), and Pisciocola sp. (Annelida) from C. carpio in
different freshwater habitats of Potohar region, Pakistan.
Dyková et al. (2003) studied the morphology of the spore of Myxobolus
longisporus on gills of C. carpio collected from Chinese lakes in the Hubei
province, China.
Kappe (2004) performed extensive study of the parasites of C. carpio
collected from two different farms in the south of Leipzing (Saxong) in
Germany. He recorded six species of the protozoans (Apiosoma piscicola,
Chilodonella cyprini, Epistylis lowoffi, Icthyobodo necator, Ichthyophthirius
multifiliis and Trichodina sp.), two species of monogenetic trematodes
(Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus sp.), two species of digenetic
trematodes (Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphys clavata), two species of
cestodes (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Khawia sinensis), one species of
nematode (Capillaria brerispicula) and one species of crustacean (Argulus
foliaceus).
Kir et al. (2004) recorded five parasite species which included one species
of monogenetic trematode (Dactylogyrus minutus), three species of cestodes
(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, Caryophyllaeus laticeps and Ligula
intestinalis) and one species of crustacean (Argulus foliaceus) from C. carpio
collected from Karacaören I Dam lake in Turkey.
Jalali and Barzegar (2005) recorded five species of monogenetic
trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus, D.
sahuensis and D. vastator on the gills of C. carpio in different localities from
fish ponds, hatcheries and natural lake in Iran.
Öztürk (2005) isolated Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus elegans
(Monogenea), Posthodiplostomum cuticola (Digenea), Bothriocephalus
acheilognathi (Cestoda) and Argulus foliaceus (Crustecea) from C. carpio from
Eber lake in Turkey.
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
6
Al-Samman et al. (2006) identified two species of monogenetic trematodes
namely: Dactylogyrus anchoratus and D. extensus on the gills of C. carpio from
fish farms of Orontes basin in Syrian.
Jalali and Barzegar (2006) reported the existence of Trichodina pediculus
(Protozoa), Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus stankovici (Monogenea),
Pseudocapillaria tomentosa (Nematoda), and Argulus sp. and Lernaea
cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Zarivar lake in Iran.
Uzunay and Soylu (2006) recorded three species of monogenetic
trematodes namely: Dactylogyrus phoxini, D. extensus and Gyrodactylus sp.,
one species of digenetic trematode: Diplostomum sp. and two species of
cestodes: Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Caryophyllaeus laticeps from C.
carpio in Sapanca lake in Turkey.
Kir and Tekin-Ӧzan (2007) isolated Dactylogyrus minutus (Monogenea),
Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Cestoda) from C.
carpio in Kovada Lake in Turkey.
Barzegar et al. (2008) recorded four species of parasites including one
species of monogenetic trematode (Gyrodactylus stankovici), two species of
digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum spathaceum and Tylodelphys clavata) and
one species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio in several areas
of three different zoogeographical regions (Sarmatian, Mesopotamian and
Oriental) of Iran.
Boane et al. (2008) detected nine species of parasites which included:
Clinostomum tilapiae (Digenea), Cyclustera sp. and Pavitaenia samfya
(Cestoda), Acanthogyrus tilapiae (Acanthocephala), Contracaecum sp. and
Procamallanus sp. (Nematoda) and Dolops ranarum, Lamproglena monodi and
Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Limpopo river and Chuẚli
Lagoon in Mozombique.
Tekin-Özan et al. (2008) reported one species of monogenetic trematode
Dactylogyrus minutus, and two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
7
acheilognathiand and Caryophyllaeus laticeps) from C. carpio in Beyşehir lake
in Turkey.
Aydogdu et al. (2009) identified four species of parasites including
Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. extensus and Paradiplozoon homoion
(Monogenea), and Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea) from C. carpio collected from
fish farms in the north of lake Uluabat in Turkey.
Kartal and Öztürk (2009) reported two species of monogenetic trematodes
namely: Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus elegans on the gills of C.
carpio in Aksehir lake in Turkey.
Shamsi et al. (2009) recorded five species of monogenetic trematodes
namely: Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus, D. sahuensis,
and D. vastator on the gills of C. carpio in some fish farms in Guillan,
Mazandaran and Tehran in Iran.
Dzika et al. (2009) recorded three species of monogenetic trematodes
namely Dactylogyrus extensus, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus cyprini from
C. carpio from a private pond in Bavaria (Germany).
Han et al. (2010) studied the morphology of the scolex of Bothriocephalus
acheilognathi (Cestoda) which was isolated from the intestine of C. carpio in
north Chungcheong province of South Korea.
In Iraq, the first work on fish parasites was done by Herzog (1969) who
studied 16 different species of fishes collected from different location in Iraq.
He reported 16 species of parasites, one of them, the crustacean Argulus
foliaceus which recorded on the skin of common carp C. carpio from Al-
Zaafaranya fish farm in Baghdad city.
Below is an account on some important work limited to isolation and
identification of parasites of C. carpio from fish farms.
Ali (1985) stated that the fingerlings of C. carpio in Al-Zaafaranya
fisheries research centre ponds at Baghdad city were infected by Gyrodactylus
elegans and the juvenile and adult of Lernaea cyprinacea.
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
8
Kalifa (1985) isolated the leech Hemiclepsis marginata from the skin of C.
carpio in a pond near Baghdad city. Kalifa (1986) also found two species of
cestodes (Bothriocephalus gowkongensis and Proteocephalus turulosus) in the
intestine of C. carpio collected from several ponds near Baghdad city and
Samaraa city.
Ali et al. (1988c) recorded six species of parasites namely Apiosoma
piscicola, Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina
domerguei (Protozoa) and Ergasilus sieboldi and Lernaea cyprinacea
(Crustacea) on the skin and gills of C. carpio from fish ponds in Suwairah and
Latifiyah near Baghdad city.
Ali et al. (1988b) recorded the monogenetic trematode Gyrodactylus
kherulensis for the first time on the gills of common carp from Babylon fish
farm.
Mhaisen et al. (1988) described for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic
trematode Dactylogyrus achmerowi on the gills of C. carpio from Al- Wahda
fish hatchery at Suwaira, south west of Baghdad city and Babylon fish farm west
Hilla city.
Salih et al. (1988) recorded six species of monogenetic trematodes namely:
Dactylogyrus arquatus, D. extensus, D. solidus, D. vastator, Gyroductylus
baicalensis and G. elegans, one species of digenetic trematode
Apharyngostrigea cornu, and one species of cestode Bothriocephalus
opsariichthydis from the common carp which collected from fish ponds in
Suwairah and Latifiyah near Baghdad city.
Khalifa (1989) surveyed the parasites of four species of fish farm in
Baghdad region, Sammara and in Therthar chanal during this survey, he
recorded on C. carpio two species of both of protozoans (Ichthyophthirius
multifiliis and Trichodina sp.), monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus vastator
and Gyrodactylus elegans), cestodes (Bothriocephalus gowkongensis and
Caryophyllacus sp.), and cructaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
9
cyprinacea), and one species of both of digenetic trematode (Sanguinicola sp.)
and leech (Hemiclepsis marginata).
Mhaisen et al. (1993) found three species of ciliated protozoans
(Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei),
one species of sporozoan (Myxobolus preifferi), two species of monogenetic
trematodes (Dactylogyrus vastator and Gyrodactylus eleganus), one species of
cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi), and one species of crustacean
(Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio in three fish farms in Al-Latifiya near
Baghdad city.
Al-Zubaidy (1998) isolated 54 species of parasites from C. carpio in Al-
Furat fish farm includes: thirteen species of protozoans, twenty five species of
monogenetic trematodes, one species of each of digenetic trematode and
molluscan , five species of cestodes, two species of each of nematodes and
acanthocephalans and five species of crustaceans.
Sadek (1999) recorded 21 species of ectoparasites from the fingerlings of
C. carpio in Al- Zaafaraniya fish farm south of Baghdad, including one species
of both of flagellated protozoan, sporozoan and copepod crustacean, six species
of ciliated protozoans and 12 species of monogenetic trematodes.
Mohammad-Ali et al. (1999) stated five species of protozoans, ten species
of monogenetic trematodes, one species of both digenetic trematode and
cestode, and two species of crustaceans of C. carpio collected from Al-
Zaafaraniya fish farm south of Baghdad.
Al-Aubaidi et al. (1999) reported that the common carp from Al-
Zaafaraniya fish farm in Baghdad city were infested by three species of
protozoans (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Glossatella amoebae and Trichodina
domerguei), nine species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi,
D. anchoratus, D. arcuatus, D. baueri, D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus
baicalensis, G. elegans and G. kherulensis), and one species of crustacean
(Lernaea cyprinacea).
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
10
Muhammed (2000) studied the parasitic fauna of three species of fishes,
collected from Al-Shark Al-Aosat fish farm in Al-Eskandariya (Babylon), and
recorded three species of protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius
multifiliis and Trichodina domergnei), four species of monogenetic trematodes
(Dactylogyrus extensus, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans and Diplozoon sp.),
two species of digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum paraspathaceum and D.
spathaceum), and one species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea) from C.
carpio.
Salih et al. (2000) recorded three species of protozoans (Ichthyophthirius
multifiliis, Trichodina domerguei and Myxobolus rhodei), seven species of
monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. arcuatus,
D. baueri, D. minutus, D. solidus and Gyrodactylus elegans), two species of
digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum coleostoma and D. spathaceum), one
species of each of cestode (Bothriocephalus archilognathi) and crustacean
(Lernaea cyprinacea) from common carp collected from Al-Zaafaraniya fish
farm in Baghdad city.
Al-Nasiri et al. (2002) revealed the occurrence of two species of protozoans
(Trichodina domerguei and T. nigra), three species of monogenetic trematodes
(Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. extensus and D. minutus), one species of
nematode larva (Contracaecum sp.), two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus
sieboldi and Lernaea cyprinacea), and one species of molluscan Unio pictorum
of C. carpio collected from a man-made lake in north of Baghdad city.
Al-Jadoaa (2002) observed five species of protozoans, six species of
monogenetic trematodes, one species of both of digenetic trematode,
acanthocephalan and molluscan, and two species of both of nematodes and
crustaceans from C. carpio collected from Al-Furat fish farm in Babylon
province.
Abdul-Ameer (2004) recorded for the first time in Iraq the ciliated
protozoan Trichodina cottidarum from the gills of C. carpio from a man-mad
lake in Al-Zawraa park in Baghdad city.
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
11
Hussain (2005) reported that the juvenile of C. carpio in Al-Shark Al-
Awsat fish farm at Babylon province, was infected with five species of ciliated
protozoans (Apiosoma minuta, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina
cattidarum, T. gracilis and Tripartiella amurensis) and 12 species of
monogentic trematodes (Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. crassus, D. extensus,
D. gobii, D. hypophthalmichthys, D. jamansajensis, D. lopuchinae, D. minutus,
D. phoxini, D. skrjabini, Gyrodactylus markewitschi and Psudocolpenteron
pavlovaskii).
Jassim (2007) studied the parasites of three species of fishes from three
stations in Basrah city, and recorded ten species of parasites from C. carpio
namely: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei (Protozoa),
Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus and D. vastator
(Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Nippotaenia sp. (Cestoda),
Proleptinae gen. sp. (Nematoda) and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustecea).
In addition to the mentioned reports, there were some studies concerned
with the parasites of C. carpio from natural water bodies of Iraq, among them
are those of: Ali et al. (1988a) they recorded three species of protozoans
(Apiosoma piscicola, Chilodonella cyprini and Trichodina domergnei), two
species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus
baicalensis), two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis and
Valipora campylancristrota), and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi
and Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio collected from Habbaniyah lake.
Rasheed (1989) found for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic trematode
Diplozoon barbi on the gills of C. carpio collected from Tigris river in Baghdad
city.
Balasem et al. (1993) observed two species of protozoans namely:
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei on C. carpio which was
collected from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya region, south of Baghdad city.
Asmar et al. (1999) performed a survey for parasites which infect C. carpio
from Al-Qadisiya Dam lake, and found that the common carp was infected by
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
12
nine species of parasites including: one species of ciliated protozoan (Trichodina
domerguei), five species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi,
D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus baicalensis and G. elegans), one species
of nematode (Rhabdochona mesopotamica) and two species of crustaceans
(Argulus foliaceus and Ergasilus sieboldi).
Mhaisen et al. (1999) isolated for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic
trematode Dactylogyrus anchoratus from the gills of C. carpio collected from
Habbaniya lake.
Balasem et al. (2000) recorded one species of ciliated protozoan
(Trichodina domerguei), and three species of monogenetic trematodes namely
Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus elegans from C. carpio
collected from Hemrin Dam lake in Diyala province.
Al-Salim and Al-Ali (2000) found the metacercaria of Ascocotyle
coleostoma on the gills of common carp collected from Garmat-Ali river near
Busrah University in Garma.
Balasem et al. (2001) surveyed the parasites of eight species of freshwater
fishes from two stations Diyala river namely Al-Fudalia and Al-Sudoor .They
recorded from the common carp two species of monogenetic trematodes
(Dactylogyrus sp. and Gyrodactylus elegans) and one species of cestode
(Bothirocephalus gowkongensis).
Al-Jadoaa (2002) recorded three species of protozoans (Chilodonella
cyprini, T. domerguei and T. nigra), two species of monogenetic trematodes
(Dactylogyrus achmerowi and D. extensus), one species of both of digenetic
trematode (Diplostomum spathaceum) and acanthocephalan
(Neoechinorhynchus rutili) and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi
and Lernaea cyprinacea) from common carp collected from Diwania river in
Al-Qadisiya province.
Mhaisen et al. (2003a) studied the parasitic fauna of seven species of fish
collected from the drainage network at Al-Madaen region south of Baghdad and
recorded five species of parasites including Trichodina domerguei,
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
13
Dactylogyrus vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans, Diplostomum sp. and Lernaea
cyprinacea from C. carpio. Mhaisen et al. (2003b) also recorded two species of
monogenetic trematodes namely Dactylogyrus anchoratus and D. minutus on
the gills of C. carpio which was collected from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya
and Euphrates river at Al-Qadisiya Dam lake.
Al-Saadi (2007) recorded five species of parasites including Trichodina
domerguei (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus extensus and Diplozoon barbi
(Monogenea) and Ergasilus barbi and Ergasilus sieboldi (Crustacea) from C.
carpio from Al-Husainia creek in Karbala province.
Al-Sa′adi (2007) studied the parasitic fauna of 24 species of fish, collected
from Euphrates river at Al-Musaib city, and recorded six species of monogenetic
trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. markewitschi,
Diplozoon paradoxum, Eudiplozoon nipponieum and Paradiplozoon homoion)
and two species of digenetic trematodes (Aspidogaster limacoides and
Asymphlodora macracetabulum) from C. carpio.
Al-Nasiri and Mhaisen (2009a) recorded Trichodina cottidarum (Protozoa),
and Dactylogyrus vastator (Monogenea) on the gills of C. carpio from Tigris
river through Tikreet city in Salah Al-Deen province.
Al-Nasiri (2009) recorded three species of monogenetic trematodes namely
Diplozoon barbi, Paradiplozoon bliccae and P. pavlovskii on the gills of C.
carpio collected from Tigris river passing through Tikreet city, Salah Al-Deen
province.
In Kurdistan region, despite to the establishment of numerous fish farms
in the region so, far only three studies on fish parasites were carried out. These
studies are those of Abdullah (2004), who surveyed the parasites of four species
of fishes (C. carpio and three species of exotic fish) from two farms in south of
Erbil city, and found unknown species of sporozoan (Myxobolus sp.), three
species of monogenetic trematodes (D. extensus, D. minutus and G. elegans),
two species of crustacean (E. barbi and Lernaea cyprinacea) and one species of
cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) from C. carpio.
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
14
Al-Margan (2007) made a wide study of the parasites of C. carpio collected
from Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil city, and recorded 15 species of parasites
included nine specie of protozoa (Apiosoma amoebae, Chilodonella cyprini,
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Trichodina acuta, T.
domerguei, T. heterodentate, T. mutabilis and T. nobilis), four species of
monogenea (Dactylogyrus arcuatus, D. extensus, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus
elegans) and two species of crustaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea
cyprinacea). After that, he published three research papers draw from his M. Sc.
thesis (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2007; 2008; 2009).
Al-Marjan and Abdullah (2010) recorded for the first time in Iraq, the
ciliated protozoan Balantidium polyvacuolum in the intestine of C. carpio from
three fish farms located southern of Erbil provinces.
Regarding natural water bodies of Kurdistan region, there are some studies
on the parasites of C. carpio performed by Abdullah (1997) recorded for the first
time two species of sporozoans nemaly: Myxobolus cyprinicola and M. parvus
on the gills of C. carpio from Dokan lake in Sulaimaniya provinces. Abdullah
(2002) also did an extensive study of the parasites of fish collected in Lesser Zab
river in near Alton-Kuprri town, south of Erbil city, and recorded 12 species of
parasites from C. carpio including: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina
mutabilis, Myxobolus cyprinicola and M. parvus (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus
charbinensis, D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. medius and G.
vicinus (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda), and
Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda). After that, he published three research papers
draw from his Ph. D. thesis (Abdullah and Mhaisen 2004; 2005; 2006).
Abdullah and Rasheed (2004a; b) isolated four species of parasites
including Dactylogyrus charbinensis (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus
achielongnathi (Cestoda), Pseudolamproglena annulata and Lernaea
cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Dokan lake.
Abdullah (2005) surveyed the parasites of 16 species of fishes from
Darbandikhan lake, and recorded Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa),
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
15
Dactylogyrus extensus, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. paralatus
(Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi(Cestoda) and Lernaea cyprinacea
(Crustacea) from C. carpio.
The development of acquaculture in Kurdistan region-Iraq is very
important in the country's development. Although one of the most important
freshwater fish species culture in the country is the common carp (C. carpio)
some are known about their parasites, also it is noted that knowledge concerning
parasites of fish farms of Kurdistan is very scarce. In order to contribute to this
knowledge study was conducted on the parasites of common carp from Erbil
fish farms and Lesser Zab river near Alton-Kupri town in Kurdistan region-Iraq
and the results obtained are presented in this research.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
16
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the Sampling Area In this study, fish samples were collected from two different locations,
Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial environment) and Lesser Zab river (natural
environment).
A- Ainkawa fish hatchery is located northwest of Erbil city, Kurdistan region,
Iraq (Fig. 1) between latitudes 36º-37º south to north and longitude 46º. This
project was built in 2000 on 27 hectare, it started working in 2005.
In that region there are 18 ponds of different sizes, among these we have
selected, pond number two for this study. In this pond fishes of various sizes
were stocked for greater growth and for artificial reproduction.
There were some aquatic plants spread on the edges of the pond, like Typha
sp. and Phragmites sp., in addition to various types of Algae. Also, there were
many types of vertebrates such as frogs.
B- Lesser Zab river near Alton Kupri town in the north-east of Iraq, between
latitudes 34º-36º south to north and longitude 43º-46º west to the east, 45 km
south of Erbil city. This is a largest tributary of the Tigris river with a length of
400 km (Sosa, 1960).
Number of plants such as Typha sp., Phragmites sp., Schoenoplcctus sp.
and Sparganium sp., in addition to some of pine shrubs are distributed on the
bank of the river. Also, variety of the invertebrates found in the site of sampling
in the river, such as snails, crustaceans and aquatic insects, in addition to
different kinds of vertebrates like some amphibians such as frogs, some reptiles
like turtles, a number of aquatic birds like gulls, herons, ducks and swans. In
addition to some domestic animals of the villagers like sheep, cows and dogs.
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
17
Fig. (1): A- Map of Iraq showing Kurdistan region. B- Map of Kurdistan region showing Ainkawa town and Lesser
Zab river (Nelson, 2003).
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CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
18
Collection and Examination of Fishes A total of 360 C. carpio (210 from Ainkawa fish hatchery and 150 from the
Lesser Zab river) were collected by fishermen by using cast net and gill nets,
during the period from August, 2010 until the end of June 2011.
Fish were transported a live in a cool box with pond or local river water to
the laboratory of parasitology, College of Education/ Scientific Departments, of
Biology, University of Salahaddin. The fishes were identified according to
Froese and Pauly (2011).
In the laboratory, the fishes were measured (total length and standard
length) and examined externally and internally for parasites. Skin, fins and
buccal cavity smear were prepared by slight scraping and examined under a light
compound microscope.
The gill arches from both sides were separated, placed in Petri dish
containing tap water then examined for ectoparasite under dissecting
microscope. Whole eyes were removed then the lens was dissected and removed
from each eye then inspected under dissecting microscope for parasites, the
study of the internal parasites, the fishes were dissected from the ventral side.
The body cavity, stomach, intestine, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, muscles, swim
bladder and gonads were separated and examined carefully under a dissecting
microscope for the presence of parasites or cysts (Amlacher, 1970).
Fixation, Preservation and Staining of Parasites
Protozoa For the study of the protozoan, most of them were identified in a direct way
without any technique, by preparing smears of mucus which was scraped from
the skin, fins and gills, onto a slide and spreaded carefully with a cover slip and
examined, then important measurement were taken for each protozoan.
If trichodinids were presente, smears were prepared and then the slides
were fixed with absolute methyl alcohol for about 1-2 minutes, and then stained
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
19
with Giemsa's stain (1:10 dilution) for 30-40 minutes, washed and dried again
and mounted with Canada balsam (Amlacher, 1970).
Methods and terminology for measurements of the components of the
adhesive disc, denticle (Fig. 2) and the position of the micronucleus in relation
to the macronucleus were performed according to Lom (1958).
Fig. (2): The morphometric parameters of Trichodina sp. to Lom (1958): A- Diagnostically important features in the adhesive disc. B- The denticle measurements. dad= dimeter of adhesive disc; dob= dimeter of body; dd= dimeter of denticulate ring.
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
20
Monogenetic Trematodes A- Gills were placed in a Petri dish. Only a very small amount of water was
added to the gills. Pieces of gill filaments were tiered by needle. Worms (after
leaving the gills) were removed from the water by a small pipette and placed on
a slide, with a very small amount of water. They were covered with a cover slip
with glycerin-gelatin. A piece of melted glycerin-gelatin was dropped with
cover slip onto the worms. The cover slip was dried by a blotting paper
carefully, and the worms in glycerin-gelatin are cautiously thickened (Kritsky et
al., 2004).
The measurement of Dactylogyrus was achieved by ocular micrometer and
the terms in Fig. (3) were used as recommended by Gussev (1985) and
Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004).
B- For skin examination, smears were taken by slide scraping, then examined
directly under microscope, if monogeneans (Gyrodactylus) were present, the
same procedure mentioned in part (A) used for preservation.
The measurement of Gyrodactylus was achieved by ocular micrometer and
the terms Fig. (4) were used as recommended by Galli et al. (2010).
C- Large monogeneans were preserved in 5% formalin and stained with
acetocarmine, dehydrated in series of ethanol concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%,
80%, 90%, and100%), cleared in xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Vidal-
Martinez et al., 2001).
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
21
Fig. (3): The morphometric parameters of Dactylogyrus sp. according to
Gussev (1985) and Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004): A- Dactylogyrus overall view. B- Metric parameters of the Dactylogyrus attachment apparatus
and copulatory organ. 1- total length of median hook (anchor); 2- main of median hook; 3- inner root of median hook; 4- outer root of median hook; 5- point of median hook; 6- length of hooklet (marginal hook); 7- length of connective bar; 8- width of connective bar; 9- length of supplementary bar; 10- width of supplementary bar; 11- total length of copulatory organ.
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CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
23
Digenetic Trematodes Metacercariae of digenetic trematodes were removed from the eyes of the
infected fish, then fixed in 4% hot formalin (60Cº), stained with acetocarmine,
dehydrated in concentration series of ethanol, cleared in xylene and mounted in
Canada balsam (Soylu, 2005).
Cestoda Live cestodes were removed from intestinal tract washed in saline solution
then fixed in 4% hot formalin and subsequently stored in 70% ethanol. Stained
with acetocarmine, dehydrated in series of ethanol concentrations, cleared in
xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Scholz, 1989).
Crustacea The crustaceans were killed and fixed with 5% formalin for one hour and
transferred to 80% alcohol. Specimen was cleared with lactic acid and stained
with neutral red then mounted by using jelly glycerin (Kim, 2004).
Photos and Measurements Photos were taken with Sony Syber Shot Digital camera model DSC-T9,
7.2 mega pixels. The figures were drawn by using a Camera Lucida (Drawing
tube). Measurements of parasite were made with an Olympus ocular
micrometer.
Parasitic Identification The detected parasites were identified according to their morphology.
Parasites were identified according to Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962),
Gussev (1985) and Galli et al. (2010).
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
24
Criteria of Infection The ecological terms (prevalence and mean intensity of infection) were
used here based on terminology of Margolis et al. (1982):
Prevalence of infection: The percentage of number of individual of a host
species infected with particular parasite species per number of host examined.
Mean intensity of infection: Mean number of particular parasite species per
infected host in a sample.
For testing the differences in prevalence and intensity of infection of
parasites C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river, t-test was
conducted (Campbell, 1976).
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
25
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 360 common carp C. carpio were collected and inspected for
parasites from Ainkawa fish hatchery (210) and from Lesser Zab river (150).
The present study showed the existence of 28 species of parasites including
six species of protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,
Trichodina acuta, T. nobilis, T. reticulata and Apiosoma amoebae), 19 species
of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri,
D. deziensioides, D. extensus, D. inexpectatus, D. minutus, D. molnari,
D. sahuensis, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus baikalensis, G. barbi, G. cyprini,
G. elegans, G. gobioninum, G. kherulensis, G. longoacuminatus, G. vicinus and
Paradiplozoon cyprini), one species of digenetic trematode (Diplostomum
spathaceum), one species of cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi), and one
species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea). The classification of these parasites
is shown in Table (1).
The distribution of the parasites, their location on or in the fish host body,
the prevalence and mean intensity of infection are summarized in Table (2). The
following is an account on the description and measurements of these parasites,
especially those which were recorded for the first time in Kurdistan region and
in Iraq.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
26
Table (1): Parasitic fauna recorded on/ in common carp C. carpio in relation
to their classification according to Hoffman (1998).
Kingdom: Protista Subkingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Ciliophora Class: Ciliata Order: Phyllopharyngia Family: Chlamydodontidae
Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902) Order: Holotrichia Family: Ophryoglenidae
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fauquet, 1876 Order: Peritricha Family: Urceolariidae
Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961 Trichodina nobilis Chen, 1963 Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955
Family: Scyphidiidae Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887)
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Platyhelminthes Class: Monogenea Subclass: Monopisthocothlea Order: Dactylogyrida Family: Dactylogyridae
Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 Dactylogyrus anchoratus (Dujardin, 1845) Dactylogyrus baueri Gussev, 1955 Dactylogyrus deziensioides Gussev, Jalali et Molnár, 1993 Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller et Van Cleave, 1932 Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Iziumova, 1955 Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927 Dactylogyrus molnari Ergens et Dulmaa, 1969 Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling, 1965 Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
27
Order: Gyrodactylidea Family: Gyrodactylidae
Gyrodactylus baikalensis Bogolepova, 1950 Gyrodactylus barbi Ergens, 1976 Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964 Gyrodactylus elegans Nordmann, 1832 Gyrodactylus gobioninum Gussev, 1955 Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974 Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus Zitnan, 1964 Gyrodactylus vicinus Bykhovskii, 1957
Order: Mazocraeidea Suborder: Ployoisthocotylea Family: Diplozooidae
Paradiplozoon cyprini Khotenovsky, 1982 Class: Trematoda Subclass: Digenea Order: Strigeidida Family: Diplostomatidae
Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud., 1819) Class: cestoidean Subclass: Eucestoda Order: Pseudophyllidea Family: Bothriocephalidae
Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Crustacea Order: Copepoda Family: Lernaeidae
Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
28
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
29
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
30
Protozoa Chilodonella cyprini (Moroff, 1902) (Fig. 5)
This parasite was found on the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish
hatchery with a prevalence of 6.19% (Table 2).
The body length 35-70 µm, width 20-35 µm. Body foliate, dorsoventraly
depressed, dorsal side convex, ventral concave. Cilia present only ventrally in
the form of several lateral parallel arched rows and large adoral band consisting
of several larger cilia lying anteriorly to cytostome. Round macronucleus lies
nearer to posterior end. Micronucleus lies adjacent to macronucleus. Two
contractile vacuoles lie on diagonal line.
The present specimens show a great similarity with the specimens of Ali
et al. (1988c), who reported it for the first time in Iraq on the skin and gills of
Mystus pelusius from Tigris river in Baghdad. After that it was reported on C.
carpio in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm, Baghdad (Sadek, 1999), also, it was reported
in Kurdistan region on the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatechery in
Erbil city (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009).
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fauquet, 1876 (Fig. 6)
This ciliated protozoan was found on the skin, fins and gills of C. carpio
from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 8.09% and
2.66%, respectively (Table 2).
Body oval to round, 0.5-1.2 mm in diameter, ciliation uniform pellicle
longitudinally striated. Horseshoe- shaped macronucleus visible without
staining, micronucleus adhering to it in larger specimens.
This parasite has been reported for the first time in Iraq from Mugil
dussmien (Herzog, 1969). After that, it was reported from 23 different fish hosts
including C. carpio (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, it was reported from
different species from Darbandikhan lake, Lesser Zab river, Greater Zab river
and Ainkawa fish hatchery (Abdullah, 2005; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2006;
Al-Marjan and Abdullah 2009).
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
31
Fig. (5): Chilodonella cyprini.
A- Photomicrograph (650X). B- Camera lucida drawing.
c= cytopharynx; cv= contractile vacuole; dv= digestive vacuole; ma= macronucleus; mi= micronucleus.
Fig. (6): Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.
A- Photomicrograph (50X). B- Camera lucida drawing.
dv= digestive vacuole; ma= macronucleus; mi= micronucleus.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
32
Genus: Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1831
This genus is characterized by having circular- shape as seen from lower
view, and bell-shaped as seen from the side view. Posterior end expanded and
saucers-shaped to form adhesive disc or apparatus, with denticular ring which
contain the teeth. The teeth constitute corona with manifest blades (or external
processes) and rays (or internal processes). Blades are straight or curved,
internal rod like, in the form of spines or needles of varied length. Central
conical parts of teeth lacking anteriorly directed shoots. A dorsal spiral winds
through are of varying length. Macronucleus and micronucleus difficulty visible
(Hoffman, 1998). Three species of this genus were recorded in the present study:
1- Trichodina acuta Lom, 1961 (Fig. 7)
This ciliated protozoan was recorded on the skin of C. carpio from
Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 4.76% (Table 2).
This trichodinid with flattened and disc-shaped body falls within the range
of the highest dimensions as a medium-sized species. Diameter of body 54-65
µm. Concave adhesive disc 44-55 µm in diameter surrounded by a finely striated
distinct and broad band-like border membrane. The center of adhesive disc bears
a clear area containing some darker spots, especially at periphery, and encircled
by a heavily impregnated and wrinkled ring of central area. The denticulate ring
composed of 20-23 denticles, 28-32 µm in diameter. The blade of denticle
relatively short and blunt like a wide sickle and the ray of denticle thorn like.
Central portion of blade broad, while ray of denticle thread like and pointed.
Both blade and ray of denticle arranged at the same level. Length of blade 5-6
µm, length of ray 5-7 µm and length of span 13-15 µm.
The description and measurements of the present specimen are similar to
those referred to by Al-Marjan and Abdullah (2007), which isolated from the
skin, fins and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
33
2- Trichodina nobilis Chen, 1963 (Fig. 8)
This trichodinid was found on the skin and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa
fish hatchery with a prevalence of 5.71% (Table 2).
Large trichodinid 65-85 µm in diameter. Adhesive disc 55-74 µm in
diameter surrounded by finely striated border membranes. Diameter of denticle
ring 35-49 µm. The center of the adhesive disc without granule. Number of
denticles 23-28. The blade of denticle narrowed at the base, while flattened at
the apical, length of blade 7-10 µm. The ray thread like and pointed end, length
of ray 8-13 µm. Both blade and ray arranged at the same level. Length of span
18-25 µm.
This parasite was report for the first time in Iraq from the skin, fins and gills
of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province (Al-Marjan and
Abdullah, 2007).
3- Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955 ( Fig. 9)
This species was isolated from the skin and fins of C. carpio from Ainkawa
fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 3.33% and 3.33%,
respectively (Table 2).
Medium to large disc-shaped trichodinid diameter of body 55-70 µm,
adhesive disc 48-55 µm in diameter, denticle ring 30-38 µm. Number of
denticles 22-26 denticles. Inner margin of denticle blade curved and roughly
angular on outside margin, with squared distal end, length of blade 6-7 µm.
Central part oblong, with oblong to rounded overlapping end. Projection of
central part is invisible. Ray with little taper, tip blunt to square; length of ray 5-
7 µm. Length of span 14-16 µm.
This parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq by Jori (2006) on the
gills of Silurus triostegus from Al-Hammar marshes in Basrah city. No more
hosts are known for this species in Iraq. So, C. carpio is now considered a new
host for this ciliated protozoan in Iraq and the present study represents the first
record of T. reticulata in Kurdistan region.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
34
Fig. (7): Trichodina acuta.
A- Photomicrograph (600X). B- Camera lucida drawing.
ad= adhesive disc; b= blade; cad= central of adhesive disc; ci= cilia; r= ray.
Fig. (8): Trichodina nobilis.
A- Photomicrograph (550X). B- Camera lucida drawing.
ad= adhesive disc; b= blade; cad= central of adhesive disc; ci= cilia; r= ray.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
35
In addition to the three species of Trichodina mentioned above, 14 other
species of this genus were reported in the Iraqi fishes namely: T. domerguei on
eight species brought from different fish markets in Baghdad city (Shamsuddin
et al., 1971), T. nigra from the gills of C. carpio and Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix from Al-Furat fish farm in Babylon province (Al-Zubaidy, 1998), T.
cottidarum from the gills of C. carpio cultured in a man-made lake in Al-Zawraa
park in Baghdad city (Abdul-Ameer, 2004), T. gracilis from the gills of C.
carpio in Al-Shark Al-Awsat fish farm in Babylon province (Hussain, 2005), T.
mulabilis from the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river (Abdullah and
Mhaisen, 2006), T. prowazeki from the gills of S. triostegus from Al-Hammar
marshes in Basrah city (Jori, 2006), T. heterodentata from the skin, fins and gills
of C. carpio collected from Ainkawa fish hatchery, Erbil province (Al-Marjan
and Abdullah, 2007), T. borealis from the gills of Gambasia affinis in Al-Hilla
river, Babylon province (Hussain, 2008), T. elegini and T. murmanica from the
skin Liza abu from Tigris river, Salah Al-Deen province (Al-Nasiri and
Mhaisen, 2009a), T. ranae from the skin, fins and gills of S. triostegus from
Greater Zab river (Abdullah and Shwani, 2010), T. pediculus from the skin of
Mastacembelus mastacembelus from Greater Zab river (Bashé and Abdullah
2010) and T. erbilensis and T. kurdistani from the skin, fins and gills of Silurus
triostegus from Greater Zab river (Shwani et al., 2010).
Apiosoma amoebae (Grenfell, 1887) (Fig. 10)
This parasite was obtained from the skin of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish
hatchery with a prevalence of 3.80% (Table 2).
Peritrich with elongated conical body, with only anterior end contractile,
size of body 18-65 X 15-30 µm. Macronucleus conical or round, micronucleus
polymorphic. The body bears two rows of cilia one at the apical end, other at the
mid of the body.
This species was recorded for the first time in Iraq from
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix in Babylon fish farm, near Hilla city (Ali et al.,
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
36
Fig. (9): Trichodina reticulata.
A- Photomicrograph (500X). B- Camera lucida drawing.
ad= adhesive disc; b= blade; cad= central of adhesive disc; ci= cilia; r= ray.
Fig. (10): Apiosoma amoebae.
A- Photomicrograph (900X). B- Camera lucida drawing.
cv= contractile vacuole; dv= digestive vacuole; ed= epistomal disc; ma= macronucleus; mi= micronucleus; of= oral funnel; pl= peristomal lip.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
37
1989). Later, it was recorded from C. carpio in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm,
Baghdad (Sadek, 1999). In Kurdistan region reported from C. carpio in
Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil city (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009).
According to Mhaisen (2012) five species of Apiosoma were known in
different freshwater fishes in Iraq namely: A. amoeba, A. cylindriformis, A.
minuta, A. piscicola and A. poteriformis.
Monogenea Genus: Dactyogyrus Diesing, 1850
Members of this genus are small in size (in most cases less than 2.0 mm
long). The body at the anterior end is flattened and has two pairs of elongations.
The majority of species has two pairs of eyes. The adhesive armament of the
haptor at the posterior end of their bodies consists of 14 hooklets, one or two
connecting and supplementary bar and one pair of median hooks. Intestinal
trunks lack diverticula and mostly are confluent at the posterior end. The ovary
is rounded in most cases, but it can be elongated and it is situated between the
intestinal trunks. The single testis is situated behind the ovary or lies over it. The
chitinod copulatory organ consists of a tube and an accessory piece and two
prostatic glands lie near it (Price, 1967). Ten species of this genus were recorded
in the present study:
1- Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 11)
This trematode was recorded on the gills of C. carpio from both Ainkawa
fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 24.28% and 2%,
respectively (Table 2).
Small worms, body length 0.38 mm, width 0.10 mm. Length of hooklets
0.023-0.028 mm. The total length of median hooks 0.045-0.056 mm, main part
0.045-0.049 mm, inner root 0.012-0.016 mm and outer root 0.004-0.005 mm.
Total length of connecting bar 0.004-0.006 X 0.030-0.032 mm. The tube of
copulatory organ is narrow and wavy with thick walls. Overall length of
copulatory organ 0.054-0.056 mm. Vaginal armament present.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
38
Fig. (11): Dactylogyrus achmerowi.
A- Photomicrograph of the worm (470X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (600X). C- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (800X). D- A camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.
D
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
39
D. achmerowi has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio
from Al-Wahda fish hatchery at Suwaira and Babylon fish farm (Mhaisen et al.,
1988). After that, it was reported from 11 different fish hosts in the middle and
south of Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012). Therefore this is the first record of D. achmerowi
in Kurdistan region.
2- Dactylogyrus anchoratus ( Dujardin, 1845) (Fig. 12)
This parasite was detected on the gills of C. carpio from both Ainkawa fish
hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 1.42% and 1.33%, respectively
(Table 2).
Small to medium size worms. Body length up to 0.5 mm, width 0.10 mm.
Length of hooklets 0.015-0.034 mm. Median hooks long and thin, the total
length of median hooks 0.094-0.128 mm, length of main part 0.059-0.074 mm,
with no outer root, but with long inner root reaching about 0.045-0.078 mm, in
form of continuation of somewhat curved base portion and the length of pointed
part is 0.025-0.031 mm. One small but dense connecting bar present, about
0.005-0.008 X 0.018-0.029 mm. The copulatory organ almost straight
cylindrical, with total length 0.022-0.034 mm. Vaginal chitinoid armor absent.
D. anchoratus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio
from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya (Mhaisent et al., 2003b). After that, it was
reported from Aspius vorax and Carassius carassius in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm
(Mohammad-Ali et al., 1999) and from Carassius auratus in the same fish farm
(Salih et al., 2000). So, the present record of D. anchoratus could be considered
as the first one in Kurdistan region.
3- Dactylogyrus baueri Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 13)
This species was obtained from the gills of C. carpio in Lesser Zab river
with a prevalence of 7.33%, (Table 2).
Small worms. Body length up to 0.35 mm, width 0.07 mm. Length of
hooklet 0.014-0.024 mm. Median hook long and slender with a poorly-
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
40
Fig. (12): Dactylogyrus anchoratus.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (900X). C- A camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
41
Fig. (13): Dactylogyrus baueri.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (800X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1000X). C- A camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
42
developed outer edge. Inner root long and flows as a continuation of the slightly
curved main portion of the hook. The total length of median hooks 0.043-0.052
mm, main part 0.020-0.026 mm, inner root 0.022-0.028 mm and point 0.022-
0.027 mm. The total length of connecting bar 0.002-0.004 X 0.028-0.034 mm.
The accessory piece of copulatory organ has three pointed projection, two of
them beak-shaped and bent toward each other, the total length of copulatory
organ 0.032-0.046 mm
D. baueri has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from
Zaafaraniya fish farm (Al-Aubaidi, 1999). After that, it was reported from
Carassius carassius from Al-Zaffaranya fish farm (Salih et al., 2000) and from
C. auratus from three fish farms, south of Baghdad (Asmar et al., 2004).
Therefore the revealing of D. baueri could be considered as the first in
Kurdistan region.
4- Dactylogyrus deziensioides Gussev, Jalali et Molnar 1993 (Fig. 14)
This parasite was found on the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river with
a prevalence of 1.33% (Table 2).
Small worms. Body length up to 0.47 mm and width 0.12 mm. Total length
of hooklets 0.030-0.032 mm. The total length of median hooks 0.041-0.045 mm,
main part 0.035-0.037 mm, inner root 0.014-0.017 mm, outer root 0.004-0.007
mm and point part 0.010-0.012 mm. Size of connecting bar 0.004-0.005 X
0.031-0.036 mm. The supplementary bar five- rayed, 0.034-0.045 X 0.035-0.040
mm in size. The copulatory organ composed of a tube and a complicated
accessory piece, the total length 0.032-0.035 mm.
D. deziensioides has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from Barbus
barbulus and Barbus xanthopterus from Lesser Zab river (Abdullah, 2002).
After that, it was reported on the gills of B. kersin from Bahdinan river (Bilal
and Abdullah, 2009). So, C. carpio of the present study representes a new host
for this parasite in Iraq.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
43
Fig. (14): Dactylogyrus deziensioides.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (600X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1100X). C- A camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook; sb= supplementary bar.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
44
5- Dactylogyrus extensus Mueller et Van Cleave, 1932 (Fig. 15) This monogenean trematode was obtained from the gills of C. carpio
collected from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 29.52% (Table 2).
Large worm. Body length 1.33-1.50 mm, width 0.28-0.38 mm. Length of
the hooklets 0.24-0.36 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.064-0.087 mm,
main part 0.056-0.078 mm, inner root 0.022-0.030 mm, outer root 0.011-0.019
mm and point part 0.017-0.020 mm. Length of connecting bar 0.008- 0.018 X
0.042-0.057 mm. The tube of the copulatory organ L-shaped the accessory piece
like a simple straight plate with a spade-shaped, total length of copulatory organ
0.069-0.084 mm.
D. extensus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from
fish ponds in Suwairah and Latifiyah in Baghdad (Salih et al., 1988). After that,
it was reported from 16 different fish hosts (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan
region, D. extensus was reported on the gills of C. carpio from Dokan lake,
Lesser and Greater Zab rivers, Darbandikhan lake and Ainkawa fish hatchery
(Abdullah, 1990; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Abdullah, 2005; Al-Marjan and
Abdullah, 2009) respectively.
6- Dactylogyrus inexpectatus Iziumova, 1955 (Fig. 16)
This species was recovered from the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab
river with a prevalence of 2% (Table 2).
Small worm. Body length up to 0.34 mm, width 0.08 mm. Length of
hooklets 0.014-0.027 mm.Total length of median hooks 0.039-0.051 mm, main
part 0.025-0.028 mm, inner root 0.018-0.027 mm and point part 0.016-0.020
mm. The size of connecting bar 0.002-0.003 X 0.026- 0.034 mm. The tube of
copulatory organ has thick walls and undulates, the end of the accessory piece
spanner-like. The length of copulatory organ 0.031-0.047 mm.
D. inexpectatus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from
Ctenopharyngodon idella from Suwairah and Latifiyah fish farm (Salih et al.,
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
45
Fig. (15): Dactylogyrus extensus.
A- Photomicrograph of the worm (100X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). C- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (500X). D- A camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
46
Fig. (16): Dactylogyrus inexpectatus.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (900X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (900X). C- A camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
47
1988). After that, it was reported from three different fish hosts Carassius
carassius, C. carpio and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Mhaisen, 2012). The
present monogenean trematode shows a great similarity to the specimens which
were recorded previously in Iraq. Since, there is no any previous report about
recording this monogenetic trematode in Kurdistan region, the present record
represents the first record of D. inexpectatus in this region.
7- Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwiec, 1927 (Fig. 17)
This parasite was found on the gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish
hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 2.85% and 5.33%, respectively
(Table 2).
Small worms. Body Length up to 0.48 mm and width to 0.010 mm. Length
of hooklets 0.018- 0.026 mm. Median hooks relatively short, with well
developed outer root and inner root recurring from base. The total length of
median hooks 0.039-0.052 mm, main part 0.035-0.038 mm, inner root 0.013-
0.017 mm, outer root 0.004-0.006 mm and point part 0.012-0.015 mm. One
large connecting bar present almost straight with rounded and enlarged ends
about 0.003-0.006 X 0.026-0.030 mm. The tube of the copulatory organ has a
lateral thickening on the expanded initial part, total length of copulatory organ
0.031-0.043 mm.
D. minutus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio from
Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya (Mhaisen et al., 2003b). After that, it was reported
from 12 different fish hosts (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, D. minutus
was reported on the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river and Ainkawa fish
hatchery (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009)
respectively.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
48
Fig. (17): Dactylogyrus minutus.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (750X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1000X). C- A camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.
C
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
49
8- Dactylogyrus molnari Ergens et Dulmaa, 1969 (Fig. 18)
This monogenetic trematode was obtained from the gills of C. carpio from
both Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 2.38% and
1.33%, respectively (Table 2).
Small worms. Body length up to 0.52 mm and width 0.13 mm. Length of
hooklets 0.024-0.031 mm. The total length of median hooks 0.045-0.055 mm,
main part 0.038- 0.047 mm, inner root 0.015- 0.020 mm, outer root 0.003- 0.007
mm and point part 0.014-0.016 mm. Size of connecting bar 0.005-0.007 X
0.030-0.034 mm. The accessory piece of the copulatory organ is L-shaped, the
total length of copulatory organ 0.027-0.033 mm.
The description and measurement of the present specimen are similar to
those reported by Galli et al. (2010) for D. molnari found on gill filaments of C.
carpio from Kevulen and Anur river near Khabarovsk (Russia). This parasite
has never been reported from any fish species in Iraq before. Therefore, the
present recording considered to be the first in Iraq.
9- Dactylogyrus sahuensis Ling, 1965 (Fig. 19)
This monodenetic trematode was found on the gills of C. carpio from
Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 0.95% (Table 2).
Small worm, body length up to 0.44 mm long and width 0.14 mm. Length
of hooklets 0.026-0.034 mm. The total length of median hooks 0.050-0.054 mm,
main part 0.041 mm, inner root 0.018-0.021 mm, outer root 0.003-0.004 mm
and point part 0.019-0.021 mm. Size of connecting bar 0.005 X 0.037-0.052
mm. The copulatory tube straight with a posterior outgrowth on the initial part,
the length of copulatory organ 0.048-0.057 mm.
The present parasite in all characters and measurement resembles D.
sahuensis, which was recorded by Al-Zubaidy (1998) for the first time in Iraq
from C. carpio in Al-Furat fish farms, Babylon province. No further record was
reported for D. sahuensis. So, this is first record of this parasite in Kurdistan
region.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
50
Fig. (18): Dactylogyrus molnari.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (800X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1000X). C- A camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.
A B
C
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
51
Fig. (19): Dactylogyrus sahuensis.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (1000X). C- Camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
52
10- Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924 (Fig. 20)
This parasite was recorded in the present study from the gills of C. carpio
from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 1.42% (Table 2).
Large worms. Body length up to 1.25 mm and width 0.25 mm. Length of
hooklets 0.027-0.043 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.036-0.045 mm, inner
root 0.017-0.025 mm and outer root 0.009-0.015 mm. The total length of
connecting bar 0.006-0.012 X 0.036-0.043 mm, the bar slightly thickened at
ends. The copulatory tube has a small posterior projection, the length of
copulatory organ 0.042-0.067 mm.
D. vastator has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from Cyprinion
macrostomus from Tigris river at Baghdad city (Ali et al., 1987). After that, it
was reported from 32 different fish hosts including C. carpio (Mhaisen, 2012).
In Kurdistan region, it was reported from ten different species of fishes from
Greater Zab river and Darbandikhan lake (Ali, 1989; Abdullah, 2005)
respectively.
In Iraq, a total of 72 species of Dactylogyrus (exclusive of D. molnari)
were previously recorded from different species of fishes, 33 species in
Kurdistan region, most of them are found on the gills of Cyprinid fishes
(Mhaisen, 2012)..
Genus: Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832
These small, elongated worms are viviparous. The anterior end of the body
bilobed and each lobe has a head organ. Eye spots are absent. The haptor
armament consists of 16 hooklets (marginal hooks) and two median hooks
(anchor) without outer roots but with two bars: a ventral bar with a membrane
and a dorsal bar. The intestine bifurcate and lacks diverticula and the two caeca
do not unite posteriorly. The copulatory organ is armed with arrow of minute
spines. Ovary V-shaped or lobed, posterior or ventral to testis. Vitellaria absent
or united with ovary, vagina absent. Median hooks of embryo usually visible
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
53
Fig. (20): Dactylogyrus vastator.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). B- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (900X). C- Camera lucida drawing.
cb= connective bar; co= copulatory organ; hl= hooklet; mh= median hook.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
54
about midway in parent worm (Galli et al., 2010). Eight species of this genus
were recorded in the present study.
1- Gyrodactylus baikalensis Bogolepova, 1950 (Fig. 21)
This species was recovered from the skin of C. carpio in Lesser Zab river
with a prevalence of 3.33%, (Table 2).
Small worms. Body length 0.40-0.62 mm and width 0.13-0.20 mm. Total
length of hooklets 0.028-0.032 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.06-0.07
mm, main part 0.047 mm, point 0.032 mm. Size of ventral bar 0.006-0.008 X
0.025-0.028 mm, membrane 0.005-0.008 mm. Size of dorsal bar 0.002 X0.015-
0.018 mm.
The parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq from the same host from
Suwairah and Latifiyah (Salih et al., 1988). After that, it was reported from eight
different fish hosts (Mhaisen, 2012), but there are no any previous records for G.
baikalensis in Kurdistan region.
2- Gyrodactylus barbi Ergens, 1976 (Fig. 22)
This monogenean trematode was found on the skin of C. carpio from
Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 0.9% (Table 2). Body length 0.30-0.58 mm and width 0.16-0.19 mm. Total length of
hooklets 0.028-0.032 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.066-0.067 mm, main
part 0.046-0.052 mm, point 0.029-0.033 mm, inner root 0.020-0.024 mm. Size
of ventral bar 0.006-0.008 X 0.027-0.034 mm, membrane 0.014-0.018 mm. Size
of dorsal bar 0.002-0.004 X 0.019-0.024 mm.
The present species appeared to closely resemble G. barbi, which was reported
by Galli et al. (2010) in the shape and measurement of the contents of haptor,
but the total length of the present species is shorter than that reported by Galli et
al. (2010). The possible explanation for this difference could be due to the
different host, as Galli et al. (2010) recorded it on the fins of Barbus barbus, B.
petenyi and B. lacerta in basins of the Black and Caspian Seas. Since no
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
55
Fig. (21): Gyrodactylus baikalensis. A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor.
db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar.
Fig. (22): Gyrodactylus barbi.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor.
db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
56
previous report about recording this species is available in Iraq, the present
record represents the first record of G. barbi in Iraq.
3- Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964 (Fig. 23)
This parasite was recorded in the present study from the skin of C. carpio
from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 2.38% (Table 2). Body length 0.55-0.80 mm and width 0.16-0.21 mm. Total length of
hooklets 0.027-0.038 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.085-0.14 mm, main
part 0.070-0.082 mm, point 0.036-0.051 mm, inner root 0.056-0.060 mm. Size
of ventral bar 0.008-0.018 X 0.030-0.040 mm, membrane 0.028-0.041 mm. Size
of dorsal bar 0.004-0.006 X 0.012-0.020 mm.
The morphological data of the present specimen fall within the size range
given by Galli et al. (2010) for G. cyprini found on the skin and gills of C.
carpio in the Palaearctic. The present finding of G. cyprini represents the first
record of this species in Iraq.
4- Gyrodactylus elegans Nordmann, 1832 (Fig. 24)
This trematode was found on skin and gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab
river with a prevalence of 2%, (Table 2).
Small worms. Body length 0.45-0.63 mm and width 0.18-0.20 mm. Total
length of hooklets 0.021-0.028 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.045-0.062
mm, main part 0.036-0.048 mm, point 0.018-0.023 mm, inner root 0.018-0.024
mm. Size of ventral bar 0.004-0.008 X 0.014-0.019 mm, membrane 0.008-0.017
mm. Size of dorsal bar 0.001-0.003 X 0.009-0.010 mm.
This species was reported for the first time in Iraq on the skin C. carpio and
Liza abu from Al-Zaafaranya fish farm (Ali and Shaaban, 1984). After that, it
was reported on 22 fish species in Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012). Also, it was reported on
C. carpio from Lesser Zab river, Darbandikhan lake and Ainkawa fish hatchery
in Kurdistan region (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Abdullah, 2005; Al-Marjan
and Abdullah, 2009) respectively.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
57
Fig. (23): Gyrodactylus cyprini.
A- Photomicrograph of the worm (150X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). C- Camera lucida of the haptor.
db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
58
5- Gyrodactylus gobioninum Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 25)
This parasite was found on the skin of C. carpio from Lesser Zab river with
a prevalence of 1.33% (Table 2).
Small worms. Body length 0.30-0.35 mm and width 0.05-0.09 mm. Length
of hooklets 0.022-0.025 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.047-0.050 mm,
main part 0.037 mm, point 0.026 mm, inner root 0.016 mm. Size of ventral bar
0.005-0.006 X 0.015-0.017 mm, membrane 0.009-0.014 mm. Size of dorsal bar
0.002 X 0.015-0.017 mm.
The present specimen agreed very well with Galli at el. (2010) specimens
except that the present parasite is larger, besides it was detected from a different
fish host (C. carpio). While, Galli et al. (2010) found it on the fins of Gobio
gobio, Romanogobio albipinnatus and Abbottina rivularis in the Danube, Elbe,
Older rivers and lake Khanka. Since no previous report about recording of this
species is available in Iraq, the present record represents the first record of
G. gobioninum in Iraq.
6- Gyrodactylus kherulensis Ergens, 1974 (Fig. 26)
This monogenean trematode was obtained from the skin of C. carpio from
Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 1.4% (Table 2). Body length 0.35-0.42 mm and width 0.08-0.11 mm. Total length of
hooklets 0.025-0.032 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.060-0.076 mm, main
part 0.047-0.055 mm, point 0.029-0.033 mm, inner root 0.020-0.0287
mm. Size of ventral bar 0.006-0.009 X 0.020-0.025 mm, membrane 0.016-0.023
mm. Size of dorsal bar 0.003 X 0.011-0.017 mm.
G. kherulensis has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from C. carpio in
Babylon fish farm (Ali et al., 1988b). After that, it was found on the skin and
gills of Ctenopharyngodon idella in Al-Furat fish farm, Babylon province (Al-
Zubaidy, 1998). No further record was reported for this monogenetic trematoda.
Therefore, the recording of G. kherulensis could be considered as the first one in
Kurdistan region.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
59
Fig. (24): Gyrodactylus elegans.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor.
db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar.
Fig. (25): Gyrodactylus gobioninum.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (500X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor.
db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
60
Fig. (26): Gyrodactylus kherulensis.
A- Photomicrograph of the worm (350X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (450X). C- Camera lucida of the haptor.
db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
61
7- Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus Zitnan, 1964 (Fig. 27)
This parasite was recorded in the present study from the skin of C. carpio
from Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of 0.95% (Table 2). Body length 0.30-0.50 mm and width 0.13 mm. Total length of hooklets
0.027-0.036 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.055-0.070 mm, main part
0.045-0.054 mm, point 0.030-0.035 mm, inner root 0.018-0.024 mm. Size of
ventral bar 0.006-0.008 X 0.023-0.030 mm, membrane 0.013-0.017 mm. Size of
dorsal bar 0.002-0.004 X 0.015-0.023 mm.
The dimensions of the present specimens appearance of the haptor agree
completely with previous description of this well characterized species reported
by Galli et al. (2010) for G. longoacuminatus found on fins and skin of C.
carpio, Carassis carassius and C. auratus in the Palaearctic. Recording of this
species seems to be the first one in Iraq, since it has never been reported in this
country before.
8- Gyrodactylus vicinus Bykhovskii, 1957 (Fig. 28)
This trematode was detected on the skin and gills of C. carpio from Lesser
Zab river with a prevalence of 4.66% (Table 2).
Small worms. Body length about 0.30-0.40 mm and width 0.12 mm. Total
length of hooklets 0.027-0.032 mm. Total length of median hooks 0.070-0.076
mm, main part 0.051-0.054mm, point 0.033-0.035 mm, inner root 0.023-0.025
mm. Size of ventral bar 0.006-0.008 X 0.028-0.034 mm, membrane 0.013-0.018
mm. Size of dorsal bar 0.002-0.003 X 0.020-0.024 mm.
Previously, G. vicinus was reported in Iraq on the skin of C. carpio from
Al-furat fish farm in Babylon province and Lesser Zab river in Kurdistan region
(Al-Zubaidy, 1998; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004). The present monogenetic
trematodes are greatly in accordance with the specimens which were recorded
previously in Iraq.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
62
Fig. (27): Gyrodactylus longoacuminatus.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (350X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor.
db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar.
Fig. (28): Gyrodactylus vicinus.
A- Photomicrograph of the haptor (600X). B- Camera lucida of the haptor.
db= dorsal bar; hl= hooklet; m= membrane; mh= median hook; vb= ventral bar.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
63
The first information on genus Gyrodactylus from the Iraq freshwater fish
was given by Ali and Shaaban (1984), who recorded G. elegans from C. carpio
and Liza abu from Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm in Baghdad. The following year, 13
species added to the list of this parasite namely: G. baicalensis, G.
ctenopharyngodontis, G. derjavini, G. gussevi, G. kherulensis, G. malmbergi, G.
makewitschi, G. menschikowi, G. medius, G. paralatus, G. salaries, G.
sprostonae and G. vicinus (Mhaisen, 2012). Among this number, only five
species were recorded in Kurdistan region namely: G. elegans, G. gussevi, G.
medius, G. paralatus and G. vicinus. All of them (except G. gussevi) found on
C. carpio (Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004; Abdullah, 2005; Al-Marjan and
Abdullah, 2009).
Paradiplozoon cyprini Khotenovsky, 1982 (Fig. 29)
This species was obtained from the gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa fish
hatchery with a prevalence of 7.61% (Table 2).
The body has different sizes and is divided into an anterior part, which lies
before the cross, and a posterior part which lies behind it. The anterior edge of
the median sclerite is connected to the connivent clamp jaws by one short
sclerite. A foliate anterior portion containing vitellaria and holdfast apparatus of
the worm. The posterior part of the body has folds, the folds are minute. The
posterior portion is differentiated into three section anterior section carrying
genital glands, midsection with terminations of intestinal trunk and posterior
section (attaching disc) with ventral surface bearing attachment clamps.
Body length 1.5-2.5 mm, anterior part 1.0-1.5 mm, posterior part 0.5-0.9
mm, latter has many small folds in its anterior part. Size of clamps (1: 0.06-0.08
X 0.10-0.12; 2: 0.07-0.09 X 0.10-0.14; 3: 0.07-0.09 X 0.12-0.14; 4: 0.08-0.10 X
0.10-0.12 mm). Length of hooks anchors 0.022-0.024 mm. Diameter of suckers
0.08-0.10 mm, pharynx 0.05 mm. The testis rounded or has little lobes.
The first report about P. cyprini in Iraq was done by Al-Nasiri and Mhaisen
(2009b) from Barbus grypus from Tigris river passing through Albu-Ajeel
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
64
village at Tikreet city (Salah Al-Deen provine). No, further records are available
for it in Iraq. So, C. carpio is now considered as new host for P. cyprini in Iraq,
and the present study represents the first record of P. cyprini in Kurdistan
region.
According to the shape of the posterior part of the body, members of the
superfamily Diplozoinae are divided into five genera (Paradiplozoon,
Eudiplozoon, Diplozoon, Inustiatus and Sindiplozoon). The determination of
species is based mainly on the length of median hooks, the shape of clamp
sclerites and host specificity (Gussev, 1985). The index-catalogue of parasites of
fishes of Iraq includes ten species of Paradiplozoon, two species of Diplozoon
and one species of Eudiplozoon (Mhaisen, 2012).
In Kurdistan region, only D. barbi, D. kasimi and P. pavloskii were
recorded from Dokan Lake, Lesser Zab river and Greater Zab river (Abdullah,
1990; Abdullah and Mhaisen, 2004).
Digenea Diplostomum spathaceum (Rud., 1819) (Fig. 30)
This metacercariae was found in the eye lens of C. carpio in the Lesser Zab
river with a prevalence of 1.33% (Table 2).
Body broad, leafy shaped, unencysted white color and feebly mobile. Body
length 0.40-0.62 mm, width 0.18-0.20 mm. Lateral suckers (Pseudosuckers)
distinct and length of it 0.011 mm. Diameter of ventral sucker 0.019-0.024 mm,
oral sucker 0.007-0.010 mm. Intestinal caeca not branched, 0.29-0.32 X 0.09-
0.11 mm. Brandes organ round.
The above descriptions are similar to those of Abdullah (1990), who
recorded D. spathaceum for the first time in Iraq from eye lens of B. luteus,
C. macrostomum and C. carpio from Dokan Lake. According to Mhaisen (2012)
a total of 26 fish host species were so far known for D. spathaceum in Iraq.
Other species of Diplostomum were reported from freshwater fishes of Iraq
namely: D. indistinctum, D. pungiti and D. yogenum from Barbus esocinus from
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
65
Fig. (29): Paradiplozoon cyprini.
A- Photomicrograph (30X). B- Camera lucida drawing.
ap= anterior part; cl= clamp; o= ovary; p= pharynx; pp= posterior part; su= sucker; t= testis.
Fig. (30): Diplostomum spathaceum.
A- Photomicrograph (140X). B- Camera lucida drawing.
br= brandesʼs organ; i= intestine; os= oral sucker; p= pharynx; vs= ventral sucker.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
66
Tigris river in Mosul city (Al-Alousi et al., 1988). D. commutatum and D.
phoxini from Aspius vorax and Mystus pelusius from Tigris river in Baghdad
city. (Al-Moussawi, 1997). D. paraspathaceum from C. carpio and
Ctenopharyngodon idella in a fish farm in Al-Eskandaryia region, Babylon
province (Muhammed, 2000), and D. flexicaudum from Mastacembelus
mastacembelus from Greatar Zab river in Kurdistan region (Bashé, 2008).
Cestoda Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Fig. 31)
Many specimens of larvae and adults of this cestode were found in intestine
of C. carpio in the Lesser Zab river with a prevalence of 2% (Table 2).
Body length 70-120 mm and width 5-10 mm. Scolex heart shaped with a
relatively undeveloped terminal disc, and two anterolaterally directed bothria
(slit-like openings) which are short and deep. It has no neck; instead the
proglottids begin directly behind the scolex.
This parasite was recorded for the first time in Iraq by Khalifa (1982) from
C. carpio in some fish farms in Baghdad. Later, it was reported from 19 fish
hosts in Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012).
Two other species of Bothriocephalus were reported in Iraq namely: B.
gowkongensis in intestine of four species of fishes and B. opsariichthydis in
intestine of six species of fishes (Mhaisen, 2012).
Molnár (1977), Scholz (1989) and Hoffman (1998) considered both of B.
gowkongensis and B. opsariichthydis as synonyms of B. acheilognathi.
Crustacea Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 (Fig. 32)
This parasite was found on the skin and gills of C. carpio from Ainkawa
fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 7.14% and 2.66%,
respectively (Table 2).
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
67
Fig. (31): Bothriocephalus acheilognathi.
A- Photomicrograph (25X). B- Camera lucida drawing of the anterior end.
bo= bothria; s= scolex. Fig. (32): Lernaea cyprinacea.
A- Photomicrograph (5X). B- Camera lucida drawing.
a= anchor; i= intestine.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
68
The length of the parasite without egg sac is 12-19 mm. It has a number of
arms at the tip of cephalothorax around the mouth which resemble anchors and
for this reason it is known as anchor worm. These arms arranged as a T-shaped
structure and the parasite use them as adhesive apparatus for attachment to their host. Black intestine made peristaltic movements.
The anchor worm was firstly recorded in Iraq on seven fish species in Al-
Zaafaraniya fish farm south of Baghdad (Al-Hamed and Hermiz, 1973). Later,
it was reported from 24 fish host species from many fish farms as well as from
many inland water bodies in Iraq (Mhaisen, 2012). In Kurdistan region, it was
reported from five species of fishes namely: Barbus barbulus, B. grypus, B.
luteus, Cyprinus carpio and Leuciscus Lepidus from Dokan, Darbandikhan lakes
and Ainkawa fish hatchery (Abdullah, 1990; 2005; Al-Margan, 2007).
Comparison between the Parasitic Fauna of C. Carpio from
Ainkawa Fish Hatchery and Lesser Zab River As it is shown in Table (3) the overall prevalence of infection in C. carpio
from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with various parasites was
83.8% and 80% respectively. These fish were infected with five major groups of
parasites (Protozoa, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Crustacea). Only three
of these groups were found in Ainkawa fish hatchery with a prevalence of
31.9% for protozoans, 76.19% for monogenetic trematodes and 7.14% for
crustaceans. While all of them were found in Lesser Zab river, with a prevalence
of 6% for protozoans, 32% for monogenetic trematodes, 1.33% for digenetic
trematodes, 2% for cestodes and 2.66% for crustaceans.
The statistical analysis indicated that no significant differences (P < 0.05)
were noticed in the infection of C. carpio with both monogeneans and
crustaceans as calculated t= 0.65 and 0.32 respectively,
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
69
Table (3): Prevalence of infection of Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with the major groups of parasites.
Parasites Ainkawa fish hatchery
(210 fish) Lesser Zab river
(150 fish)
No. of infected fish
Prevalence (%)
No. of infected fish
Prevalence (%)
Protozoa 67 31.9 9 6
Monogenea 160 76.19 48 32
Digenea - - 2 1.33
Cestoda - - 3 2
Crustacea 15 7.14 4 2.66
Total No. of infected fish
179 83.8 120 80
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
70
in comparison with the tabulated t value of 2.08 and 2.14 respectively. While,
the infection with the protozoans, digenetic trematodes and cestodes showed
significant differences (P < 0.05) at both locations (calculated t= 3.72 for
protozoans, 4.00 for digenetic trematodes and 4.3 for cestodes in comparison
with the tabulated t value of 2.44, 3.82 and 2.44 respectively).
It seems that parasites with indirect life cycles (Digenea and Cestoda) were
found only in Lesser Zab river, compared to Ainkawa fish hatchery which were
found only the parasites with direct life cycles (Protozoa, Monogenea and
Crustacea). The reason for that may be the environment of Ainkawa fish
hatchery as a closed basin and its water source is known (Artzahn well), which
is a clean water and free of organisms that play a role as an intermediate hosts
for parasites which have indirect life cycles. While, Lesser Zab river is open
environment and has a complete ecosystem, and this explain the reasons for the
presence of D. spathaceum and B. acheilognathi in C. carpio from this river
only to the abundance of snails and zooplanktonic crustaceans (their
intermediate hosts respectively) in the river, in comparison with absence of their
in Ainkawa fish hatchery. Bauer (1961) confirmed that the depletion of the
parasite fauna of the pond-bred fishes is attributable to lack of variety in the
ichthyofauna of the ponds, the partial or complete absence of the intermediate
hosts of many parasites and the periodical drainage and drying of the ponds.
Consequently, the parasites with direct life cycles that usually survive in the
ponds. Trematoda, Cestoda, Acanthocephala and Nematoda are, in rare
exceptions, only occasionally represented in the parasite fauna of pond fishes.
Amin (1985) and Nepszy (1988) attributed the occurrence of some fish parasites
with indirect life cycles to the availability of their intermediate hosts in their
environment in addition to the behaviour of their hosts.
Regarding the three common groups of parasites (Protozoa, Monogenea
and Crustacea) in both locations. It is clear from Table (3), that the prevalence of
infection with these groups of parasites in Ainkawa fish hatchery was higher
than that in Lesser Zab river, and this can be attributed to the closed
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
71
environment for Ainkawa fish hatchery which leads to the accumulation of eggs
and larval stages of parasites, while the environment of Lesser Zab river is an
open one that results in the spread of parasites or the larval stages in wider areas.
In this aspect, Amin (1986a; 1986b) demonstrated that fishes in closed systems
are affected by few sort or groups of parasites with a high prevalence, in contrast
to the open environments, in which the fishes are affected with many sorts of
parasites with a low prevalence.
Concerning the protozoans that infected the fishes of both stations, the
statistical analysis showed significant differences between them as mentioned
before. The reason might belong to the fact that these organisms have a short
life-span and high rate of reproduction. This fact helps their accumulation
especially in a closed environment and their infection to new fish in the same
location. Whereas the water flow and the fish diversity in the river lead to the
reduction in infection prevalence. This fact is confirmed by Mhaisen (1983) In
Iraq, Paperna (1996) in Africa and Hoffman (1998) in North American.
As it's shown in Table (2), that C. carpio infected with 19 species of
parasites from Ainkawa fish hatchery and with 16 species of parasites in Lesser
Zab river, in which seven species were common in both locations. This result
disagree with that indicated by Bauer (1961), who stated the fishes were infected
with a small number of parasite species in ponds, in comparison with the higher
number harboured by the same fish in its natural environment. For example, 65
species of parasites have been recorded from C. carpio in the natural waters in
the USSR, while various forms of pond-bred carp have only 35 known species,
only 10-12 of them were common and occur usually in carp ponds. Also,
Ayanda (2009) indicated that Clarias gariepinus in Ilorin, North-Central Nigeria
infected with five species of helminthes, with total prevalence of 27.5% in wild,
while in cultured samples the prevalence of infection was 0%. This difference in
the results of the present study as compared with other studies probably may be
due to unimproved management practices such as overcrowding of fishes, the
poor application of the laws of quarantine during the exchange of fish, poor
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
72
environmental conditions and pollution carried out by fish farmers in this study
area. On the other hand, the results of the present study agree with Al- Jadoaa
(2002) who recorded ten species of parasites from C. carpio in Diwania river at
Al-Qadisiya province, versus 18 species of parasites from Euphrates fishes farm
in Babylon province, and he attributed the reason to the same reason that
mentioned previously. Generally, in Iraq 131 species of differed groups of
parasites were recorded from C. carpio (99 species from farms and 67 from
natural water) with 35 species common between them (Mhaisen, 2012).
As shown in Table (2), the highest infection rates of C. carpio were with D.
extensus (29.52%) in Ainkawa fish hatchery and D. baueri (7.33%) in Lesser
Zab river, While the lowest percent of infection were with D. sahuensis, G.
barbi and G. longoacuminatus (0.95% for each) in Ainkawa fish hatchery and
D. anchoratus, D. deziensioides, D. molnari, G. gobioninum and Diplostomum
spathaceum (1.33% for each) in Lesser Zab river. The differences in the type of
parasites and their prevalence of infection may be due to various factors,
including physical and chemical factors of water, fish activity and method of
fishing. Dogiel (1961) indicated that the relationship between the parasite fauna
and the geographical position of the hosts habitat is governed not by a single
factor, but by a complex of factors including climatic conditions, presence or
absence of intermediate hosts, various features in the character of the water, the
type of the bottom and current velocity, … etc.
73
CONCLUSIONS
From the results of the present study, the following conclusions are drawn:
1- During this study 28 species of parasites belonging to different groups were
recorded from fishes obtained from Ainkawa fish hatchery (Erbil city) and
Lesser Zab river (passing Alton Kupri town).
2- Among these parasites five species have been recorded for the first time in
Iraq, and nine species in Kurdistan region.
3- C. carpio is regarded as a new host for T. reticulata, D. deziensioides and P.
cyprini in Iraq.
4- C. carpio highest infection rates were with D. extensus (29.52%) in Ainkawa
fish hatchery and D. baueri (7.33%) in Lesser Zab river, While the lowest
percent of infection were with D. sahuensis, G. barbi and G. longoacuminatus
(0.95%) in Ainkawa fish hatchery and D. anchoratus, D. deziensioides, D.
molnari, G. gobioninum and Diplostomum spathaceum (1.33%) in Lesser Zab
river.
5- Parasites with direct life cycles were more prevalent in Ainkawa fish
hatchery, while in Lesser Zab river the parasites which have both direct and
indirect life cycles were more prevalent.
74
RECOMMENDATIONS
On the light of previous information, it is recommended to study the following
sides:
1- As Kurdistan region is rich in natural water bodies and aquaculture most of
them did not undergone any study, therefore it is recommended to perform
further survey for parasites of the fishes.
2- To study the developmental stages of the parasite in order to identify the
weak stage to which control measures can be applied.
3- Due to the economic importance of the fish, it is necessary to perform studies
on the control and treatment of fish parasites.
4- Examination of the quality of food and feeding habits of fish in different
water bodies, to know the extent of their relation to parasitic infections.
5- Precise study and confirmative diagnosis of parasites require sophisticated
instruments like electron microscope and P.C.R., therefore it is necessary to
have them in our universities.
6- To design the fish breeding ponds in a way which ensure proper sterilization
of the water in order to prevent the infection of fish with different
microorganisms.
75
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A
الخالصة
مفقس أسماك ، تينمن بيئتين مختلف Cyprinus carpio كارب أعتيادي سمكة ٣٦٠تم جمع
) البيئة الطبيعية(نھر الزاب الصغير والواقعة في شمال غرب مدينة أربيل ) البيئة الصناعية(عينكاوة
خالل الفترة المحصورة بين ، شمال العراق، دستانورأقليم ك فيجنوب مدينة أربيل ، قرب التون كوبري
.٢٠١١ أيارنھاية شھرحتى و ٢٠١٠ أبشھر
٢٨ وجود الحالية الدراسة أظھرت. الطفيليات الخارجية والداخلية على للتعرففحصت األسماك
من الطفيليات (Chilodonella cypriniنواع من الحيوانات االبتدائيةأستة تتضمن. نوعا
T. reticulataو T. nobilisو Trichodina acuta و Ichthyophthirius multifiliisو
Dactylogyrus achmerowi(أنواع من المخرمات أحادية المنشأ ١٩و ،)Apiosoma amoebaeو
D. inexpectatus و D. extensusوD. deziensioides وD. baueri و D. anchoratus و
Gyrodactylus و D. vastator و D. sahuensis و D. molnariو D. minutes و
baikalensis و G. barbiو G. cyprini و G. elegansوG. gobioninum و G. kherulensis
ونوع، )Paradiplozoon cypriniو G. vicinus و G. longoacuminatusو من من كل ا واحد ا
Bothriocephalus(والديدان الشريطية ، )Diplostomum spathaceum(المنشأ المخرمات ثنائية
acheilognathi( ، والقشريات)Lernaea cyprinacea.(
و G. cyprini و G. barbiو (D. molnari خمسة أنواع من الطفيلياتتم تسجيل
gobioninum G. و (G. longoacuminatus أنواع وتسعة ألول مرة في العراق)T. reticulata
و D. sahuensis و D. inexpectatusو D. baueri و D. anchoratus و D. achmerowi وG. baikalensis و G. kherulensis و P. cyprini( سمكة تعتبراو. دستانورفي أقليم ك الول مرة
D. deziensioidesو T. reticulate( الطفيليات لكل من جديدا مضيفا الكارب األعتيادي
.العراق في P. cyprini )و
الكارب أسماك ان وجد، موقعي في الدراسة الحاليةاألصابات الطفيلية لألسماك من ةرناقمعند
نوع ١٩ـ ب صيبتأ في مفقس أسماك عينكاوة قد األعتيادي مقدارھا صابة كليةأنسبة وب، من الطفيليات ا
، الحيوانات األبتدائية(حياة المباشرة ال اتللطفيليات ذات دور كانت كثر األصاباتأ وتبين ان .%٨٣,٨
لوحظ انا االسماك قدفقد في نھر الزاب الصغير بينما .ذلك مفقسفي ) القشرياتو مخرمات أحادية المنشأ
نوع ١٦ ـب صيبتأ األصابات بين طفيليات ذات تنوعتو ،%٨٠نسبة اصابة كلية بو، من الطفيليات ا
تحليل ال واظھر. )والديدان الشريطية المخرمات ثنائية المنشأ( ةمباشرالمباشرة وغير الحياة ال اتدور
األبتدائية والمخرمات ثنائية المنشأ والديدان للحيوانات األصابات بين معنوية اتفروقاألحصائي
. 0.05عند مستوى داللة قيد الدراسة الموقعين في لألسماك الشريطية
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