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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
A General Introduction to Masonry ConstructionA General Introduction to Masonry Construction
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
TopicsTopics
• Unit Types• Brick Concrete Masonry Units• Stone Glass Block
• Mortar• Physical Properties & Technical Data • Three Dimensional Masonry Structures • Walls & Openings
• Single & Multiple Wythe• Monolithic and Composite• Reinforced (Engineered) Masonry
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
A Generic Definition for Masonry ConstructionA Generic Definition for Masonry Construction
• A variety of formations consisting of separate elements held together with a binder• elements:
• stone, fired clay elements, concrete, glass, adobe
• binder: • mud, lime mortar, cement mortar
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Potential Advantages of Masonry Construction: Potential Advantages of Masonry Construction:
• simple• materials at hand• less bracing & formwork than
concrete.
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Potential Disadvantages of Masonry Construction:Potential Disadvantages of Masonry Construction:
• labor intensive• compressive capacity only• skilled labor • mortar shrinkage• thermal exp/contr
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
BricksBricks
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Brick ManufacturingBrick Manufacturing
• Stiff Mud - Extrusion Process• Soft Mud - Molding Process
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Brick ClassificationBrick Classification
• ASTM C216 • Facing Brick• Other Classifications Exist for:
• Building Brick• Hollow Brick• Paving Brick• Glazed Ceramic Brick• Thin Brick Veneer Units• Sewer Brick• Chemical Resistant and Industrial Floor
Bricks
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Brick SelectionBrick Selection
• Aesthetics• Size• Color• Texture• Shapes
• Cost• Availability
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
• Compressive Strength• Durability• Absorption• Abrasion Resistance
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Factors to Consider in ApplicationFactors to Consider in Application
• Moisture Penetration• Temperature Variation• Structural Loading
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Weathering Grades • ASTM C216Weathering Grades • ASTM C216
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Face Brick Grades • ASTM C216Face Brick Grades • ASTM C216
• FBX • tightest tolerance, ±5/32"• FBS • less tolerance, ±1/4"• FBA • loosest tolerance, not
specified
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Basic TerminologyBasic Terminology
• Course • continuous horizontal layer of masonry units
• Wythe • continuous vertical section of masonry one unit in thickness
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Brick Course, Wythe & JointsBrick Course, Wythe & Joints
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Brick Dimensional DataBrick Dimensional Data
• Standard Modular• Face Dimension • 2 2/3" x 8"
nominal• Thickness • 4" nominal• Mortar Joint • 3/8"
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Modular Brick • Coursing DimensionsModular Brick • Coursing Dimensions
Standard Modular
Economy 8
Economy 12 (Jumbo Utility)
Norwegian
Unit Designation
t h l Modular Coursing
4"
4"
4"
4"
2 2/3"
4"
4"
3 1/5"
8"
8"
12"
12"
3C = 8"
1C = 4"
1C = 4"
5C = 16"
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Brick Positions in a WallBrick Positions in a Wall
Stretcher Header
Rowlock Header Rowlock
Soldier Sailor
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Concrete Masonry UnitsConcrete Masonry Units
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Concrete Masonry Unit ManufacturingConcrete Masonry Unit Manufacturing
Raw Materials
Delivery
Mixing
Molding
CuringStorage
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Concrete Masonry Unit ClassificationConcrete Masonry Unit Classification
• ASTM C90 • Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units
• ASTM C129 • Non-Load-Bearing Concrete Masonry Units
• ASTM C55 • Concrete Building Brick
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Concrete Masonry Unit SelectionConcrete Masonry Unit Selection
• Aesthetics• Color• Texture• Shapes
• Function• Strength• Shape
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Factors to Consider in ApplicationFactors to Consider in Application
• Exposure Condition• Moisture Penetration• Temperature Variation
• Structural Loading
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
• Moisture Content• Absorption• Face and Web Thickness• Compressive Strength
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Concrete Masonry Unit Classifications •ASTM C90
Concrete Masonry Unit Classifications •ASTM C90
• Type I • Moisture Controlled• Type II • Non-Moisture Controlled
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Strength and Absorption Requirements • ASTM C90Strength and Absorption Requirements • ASTM C90
Normalweight(>125)
Mediumweight (<125)
Lightweight(<105)
TypeWeight of concrete (PCF)
Wt of One8x8x16 Unit
Compressive Strength (Gross area) PSI
Max Water Absorption, PCF of Concrete
40
35
25
1200-1800
1100-1500
700-1500
13#
15#
18#
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Concrete Masonry Unit • Modular CoordinationConcrete Masonry Unit • Modular Coordination
.
3/8" Joint
16" Nom
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Concrete Masonry Unit Basic ShapesConcrete Masonry Unit Basic Shapes
Stretcher Single Corner Double Corner
Two Cell Three Cell
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
More Basic Shapes IMore Basic Shapes I
Steel Sash Units Wood Sash Units
Bullnose Units Capping Units
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
StoneStone
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Stone Types:Stone Types:
• Primary• Secondary• Metamorphic
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
PrimaryPrimary
• Igneous• granite• hard / no cleavage
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
SecondarySecondary
• Sedimentary• disintegration - sandstone• reconsolidation - limestone• easy to saw or split
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
LimestoneLimestone
• First quarried in South Indiana in 1827• Demand coincided with growth of the
RR• Gang saws were introduced to slice
slabs• Fires in Chicago (1871) Boston (1872) • Indiana Statehouse/ Chicago City Hall• High-rise Empire State/Tribune Tower
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Seasoning: Seasoning:
• Contains water known as quarry sap.
• Minimum 6-month seasoning.• Difficult to finish after seasoning.
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
MetamorphicMetamorphic
• Sedimentary converted by heat & pressure • marble• high
compressive strength
• low tensile strength.
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Quarrying Techniques for StoneQuarrying Techniques for Stone
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Production sizes & shapes: Production sizes & shapes:
• floor to floor panels• blocks• sills• copings• entrance features
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Compressive Strength & DensityCompressive Strength & Density
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
MortarMortar
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Mortar FunctionsMortar Functions
• Bonding• Sealing against Air and Water• Accommodating Small Movements• Leveling• Securing Reinforcement
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Properties of Plastic MortarProperties of Plastic Mortar
• Workability• Spreads Easily• Adheres to Vertical Surfaces• Supports the Weight of the Units• Maintains Position
• Water Retention• Re– tempering is Permissible to
Maintain Workability
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
MortarMortar
• ASTM C270• Four Types • M, S, N, O• Cement, Lime, Fine Aggregate
(sand), Water
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Carnegie Mellon • Department of Architecture • Materials & Assembly
Proportion & Strength SpecificationsProportion & Strength Specifications
M
S
N
O
Mortar Portland Cement
Hydrated Lime
Aggregate Strength
1
1
1
1
1/4
1/4 ~ 1/2
1/2 ~ 1 1/4
1 1/4 ~ 2 1/2
2 1/4 ~ 3
2 1/4 ~ 3
2 1/4 ~ 3
2 1/4 ~ 3
2500 psi
1800 psi
750 psi
350 psi