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A Longitudinal Study of A Longitudinal Study of the the
VR Services ProgramVR Services Program
A Longitudinal Study of A Longitudinal Study of the the
VR Services ProgramVR Services ProgramRobert H. PasternackRobert H. Pasternack
Assistant SecretaryAssistant SecretaryOffice of Special Education and Office of Special Education and
Rehabilitative ServicesRehabilitative Services
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Contents of Contents of PresentationPresentation
Overview of the study’s purposes, design, Overview of the study’s purposes, design, and coverageand coverage
Findings on employment outcomesFindings on employment outcomes
Examples of policy issues the study has Examples of policy issues the study has addressedaddressed
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Study QuestionsStudy Questions
What short- and long-term outcomes do VR What short- and long-term outcomes do VR consumers achieve as a result of VR consumers achieve as a result of VR services?services?
What characteristics of individuals with What characteristics of individuals with disabilities affect theirdisabilities affect their
1.1. access to and receipt of VR services and access to and receipt of VR services and
2.2. short- and long-term outcomes?short- and long-term outcomes?
Does receipt of specific VR services Does receipt of specific VR services contribute to successful outcomes?contribute to successful outcomes?
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Study QuestionsStudy Questions
How do local environmental factors influence How do local environmental factors influence VR consumers’ services and outcomes?VR consumers’ services and outcomes?
How do the operations, resources, and How do the operations, resources, and organizational climate of VR agencies organizational climate of VR agencies influence consumers’ services and outcomes?influence consumers’ services and outcomes?
What are the results of the VR program?What are the results of the VR program?
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Overview of DesignOverview of Design
Nationally representative sample of VR Nationally representative sample of VR applicants and consumersapplicants and consumers
Two-stage sample:Two-stage sample:
40 local VR offices selected proportional to the size 40 local VR offices selected proportional to the size of the consumer populationof the consumer population
8,500 sample members8,500 sample members
Data collection periodData collection period
December 1994 through December 1999December 1994 through December 1999
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Location of Participating Location of Participating OfficesOffices
Participating VR officesParticipating VR offices
Ž
ŽŽ
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž
ŽŽŽ
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž
ŽŽ
Ž
Ž
Ž
Ž Ž Ž
Ž
ŽŽ
Ž
ŽŽ
Ž
Ž
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Findings on Findings on Employment OutcomesEmployment Outcomes
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What Helps to Improve What Helps to Improve Consumer OutcomesConsumer Outcomes
Knowledge of the world of workKnowledge of the world of work
Employment development servicesEmployment development services
Educational servicesEducational services
Mobility-related servicesMobility-related services
Miscellaneous support servicesMiscellaneous support services
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Knowledge of Knowledge of the World of Workthe World of Work
Knowledge of specific jobsKnowledge of specific jobs
Knowledge of different jobsKnowledge of different jobs
Knowledge of the non-monetary benefits of Knowledge of the non-monetary benefits of jobsjobs
Interest in career advancementInterest in career advancement
Job-related information gathering skillsJob-related information gathering skills
High self-esteemHigh self-esteem
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Employment Employment Development ServicesDevelopment Services
Job placement Job placement
On-the-job trainingOn-the-job training
Work adjustmentWork adjustment
For some consumers:For some consumers:
Supported employmentSupported employment
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1111
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S
Educational ServicesEducational Services
Business/vocational trainingBusiness/vocational training
2-year community college2-year community college
4-year college/university4-year college/university
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Mobility-Related Mobility-Related ServicesServices
Assistive technology devices and servicesAssistive technology devices and services
Driver training and licensingDriver training and licensing
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Support ServicesSupport Services
Tools, equipment, and uniformsTools, equipment, and uniforms
MaintenanceMaintenance
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Retention of Retention of Employment & EarningsEmployment & Earnings
Persons exiting VR into competitive Persons exiting VR into competitive employmentemployment
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Retention of Retention of EmploymentEmployment
84%
81%
78%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
1 Year Later 2 Years Later 3 Years Later
Percentage Still Working
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Hours Worked per WeekHours Worked per Week
40 40 40 40
34.6
35.936.4
35.9
30
35
40
Hou
rs W
orke
d
At Closure 1 Year Later 2 Years Later 3 Years Later
Changes in Hours Worked
Mean Median
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Hourly WagesHourly Wages
$7.63
$8.43
$9.26
$10.06
$6.30
$7.00
$7.79$8.00
$5
$6
$7
$8
$9
$10
$11
At Closure One Year Later Two Years Later Three Years Later
Mean Median
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Earnings Relative to Earnings Relative to the Federal Poverty the Federal Poverty LevelLevel
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Health Insurance Health Insurance Through the JobThrough the Job
38.2%
47%
54%
59%
30%
40%
50%
60%
At Closure One Year Later Two Years Later Three Years Later
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Job Satisfaction: Job Satisfaction: Earnings & BenefitsEarnings & Benefits
67.4%68.2%
73.4%
60.9%
65.2%
68.9%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
12-Month 24-Month 36-Month
Follow-up
Earnings Fringe Benefits
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Job Satisfaction: Job Satisfaction: Advancement & Advancement & IntegrationIntegration
87.1% 88.3%90.5%
65.7% 64.9%67.8%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
12-Month 24-Month 36-Month
Follow-up
Advancement Opportunities Integration in the Workplace
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Job Satisfaction: Job Satisfaction: Employer SupportEmployer Support
84.7% 84.7%
90.5%
80%
90%
100%
12-Month 24-Month 36-Month
Follow-up
Employer Support
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The Study’s Policy The Study’s Policy ImplicationsImplications
Educational achievementEducational achievementDemonstration program on Demonstration program on literacy developmentliteracy development
Higher educationHigher educationInitiative Initiative to support increased to support increased access to college under access to college under considerationconsideration
Job-related knowledgeJob-related knowledgeNew service models under New service models under consideration consideration
Self-esteem/self-efficacySelf-esteem/self-efficacyNew service models under New service models under considerationconsideration