25

49

35

20

75

51

65

80

0 25 50 75 100

Alcatel telecom chip

DEC alpha[1]

Adaptive equalizer[2]

IBM microprocessor[3]

clock others

CLKMclk CLKS

D Db

(Vcc/2 swing)

Vcc/2

Q Qbx xb

clkb

(b) Proposed flip-flop

(a) Normal flip-flop

clk(Vcc swing)

D

QQ

clk

Mclks2

clks2_p

clkbD Db

Vcc/2(Vcc/2 swing)

level-converter

NormalFF

D Q

(a) Normal flip-flop

clock driver

NormalFF

D Q

(b) Half-swing clocking

ProposedFF

D Q

(c) Proposed scheme

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