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A Practitioner's Perspective on Services for Domestic Violence
Offenders
Charlie Stoops, PhD, LCSW Graduate School of Social Work
Dominican University
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OverviewWhat is domestic violence and abuse? A view
from a change agentIs it Clinical or Is it Behavioral? A perspective on
working to end men’s use of domestic violence How do we facilitate change: Common
components of Partner Abuse Intervention Programs
Does it work? How can the legal advocacy/process
help?
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What is domestic violence and abuse?
A view from a change agent
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Unique Form of Violence
1. Specific Target2. Specific Gender3. Specific
Relationship4. Specific Location5. Violence is a last
resort6. Planned &
Systematic
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How many men? About 12% of adult men have been violent with an
intimate female partner in past year According to US 2010 Census, 138 Million men in US. 16.6
million men will use violence with a partner this year.According to a report by the Bureau of Justice,
of 3,750 reports of intimate partner violence filed in the state courts of 16 large urban counties in May 2002:Most involved a female victim and a male
defendant (84%).1 in 20 involved a defendant and victim of the
same gender.The majority of the cases (male defendant/female
victim) were more likely to entail a history of abuse between the victim and defendant.
Defendant weapon use was more prevalent in cases with female defendants and male victims than in other cases.
(Straus & Gelles, 1987; US Census 2010,; US Dept. of Justice, 2009)
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How many men?Male Partners commit 30% of female
homicides; Female partners commit 5% of male homicides
In Chicago from January to June 2011, detectives have determined there were 10 general domestic related murders. Of these murders, most occurred in districts that averaged the lowest domestic-related calls/day. There were 4 murders in three districts that averaged 1-9 domestic-related calls/day.
(Straus & Gelles, 1987; US Census 2010, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Intimate Partner Violence in the U.S. 1993-2004, 2006; Chicago Police Department — Quarterly Domestic Violence Statistical Summary — YTD - June 2011)
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Probability of Being a Man in a PAIP
(x) Cook County IL has 1,889,934 men age 18 or older (2000 US Census)
(y) y x*.12: 157,495 batterers in Cook Co IL (Straus & Gelles, 1989 found 12% of men batter in a given year)
(z) In the year 2000, Cook County Court Dept. Social Service (DSS) disposed 1,905 new men for intervention related to domestic violence
z/y = 0.012 (1.2%) . . . the approximate probability of getting into a PAIP (via DSS) in Cook County Illinois if you batter Compare Dutton rate: 4 per 1,000 (0.4%)
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Conclusion
It is rare for a man who batters to be in a Partner Abuse Intervention Program!
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IS IT CLINICAL OR IS IT BEHAVIORAL? A perspective on working to end men’s use of domestic violence
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Intervening with men who batter
Intervention vs. Treatment
Mandatory vs. Voluntary
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Why do men batter? Social Theories
Feminist SociologicalPatriarchal Structure of SocietyMen’s violence toward women as a sanctioned action
to maintain Patriarchy
EcologicalIntegration of Biological, Individual, Environmental,
Feminist Genetic Factors Learned Behavior Societal Structure Gendered Analysis
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Characteristics of Men who abuse their intimate female partners
Environmental ConstraintsBehavioral DeficitsFamily of origin violenceDating ViolenceCommunity ViolenceAbuse of own children
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Characteristics of Men who abuse their intimate female partners
Feelings Management (Anger)Stress/AnxietyDepression Generalized Aggression /Antisocial
Traits Personality Disorders based on Saunders, D (1995)
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How do we facilitate change:
Common components of Partner Abuse Intervention Programs
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How do we Intervene!Accountability
Men'sPrograms
BeliefsCommunication SkillsSexism, Racism, Classism, HomophobiaFeelings Management vs. Anger ManagementEmpathy - Impact on Women, Children & SelfImpact of Other Issues & Referrals
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Intervening with men who batterTreatment/Intervention for Co-
occurring ConditionsEnvironmentalPhysicalPsychiatricSubstance MisusePersonality DisordersNeurological
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What we don’t do! Contraindicated Approaches
“Anger Management”Pastoral CounselingIndividual TherapyCouples Therapy
Personal Confrontation
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Why NOT Anger Management?Most men who batter
have no problem controlling anger when they are angry at a boss, or a banker, or a police officer. Usually they will stop an assault if a child, parent, or neighbor enters the room.
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Does it work?
Yes – Maybe – No
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Is Intervention Effective?Most who re-offend do so early in
programs/or while on waiting listModest effectiveness in generalOnly 6 randomized studies to date2 - small positive effects - 4 - no
significant effects when using official records
No significant effects when using victim reports
After 5 years, 75% of partners/victims of completers report feeling safe!
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Reasons for Small Effect of BIPsUnidentified and untreated substance
abuse and mental illness Poverty, culture, and “stake in
conformity” issuesApplying person-level solutions to a
societal-level problemFailure to sanction non-complianceNo intervention for the really bad guys
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Cook County StudyStudy done for Cook County Adult
Probation available at :http://www.icjia.state.il.us/public/pdf/Resea
rchReports/CookCountyDVInt.pdf
(Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority’s website)
Shows 75% completion rate in Cook Co. and that completion reduces incidence of re-arrest by 39 – 62%
Class predicts completion better than disordersMarital Status, Employment, Education, Income
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Is Intervention Effective?What works with whom?
Culturally-matched Interventions/FacilitatorsCognitive Behavioral with more AntisocialProcess-oriented with those with “Stake in
Society”Combined with case management
Victim is best predictor!
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How can the legal advocacy/process help?
How can prosecutors & defense attorneys help in the process?
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Prosecutors can…Be understanding when a victim chooses not
to proceedThe victim knows best!She maybe safer with the perpetrator
Encourage victim to use DV Advocates and Victim Services
Include in sentence or plea Mandate to PAIP rather than jail or anger
managmentMandate to additional services
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Public Defenders can…Understand SOP of Men who Batter
Minimize Deny & BlameIt’s her or the drugs or ….“you know how women are”
Encourage defendant to….(at plea or sentencing)Attend PAIP rather than jail or anger
managementEnroll in Additional services as needed
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Questions
Thank you!